Antoine Bily - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Antoine Bily
Journal of ethnopharmacology, Jan 12, 2009
Fraxinus excelsior L. (Family: Oleaceae) seeds are consumed as a food, condiment, and folk medici... more Fraxinus excelsior L. (Family: Oleaceae) seeds are consumed as a food, condiment, and folk medicine. The seeds are traditionally used as a potent hypoglycemic agent, but no clinical evidence exists in as to this regard. We assessed the clinical efficacy and safety of the seed extract (FraxiPure, Naturex), containing 6.8% of nuzhenide and 5.8% of GI3 (w/w), on plasma glucose and insulin levels against glucose (50 g) induced postprandial glycemia.
Fusarium graminearum est responsable d'une pathologie majeure du mais. Le but de cette de the... more Fusarium graminearum est responsable d'une pathologie majeure du mais. Le but de cette de these a ete de comprendre les mecanismes de resistance varietale impliquant les phenylpropanoides, metabolites secondaires du mais. Des methodes LC/MS ont ete developpees pour analyser le contenu de nombreux echantillons en phenylpropanoides et mycotoxines. La production de trichothecenes par F. Graminearum est influencee par la nature des tissus du grain de mais et leur composition en composes phenoliques. Les dehydrodimeres d'acide ferulique (DFA) sont des acteurs importants de la resistance varietale : un phenomene de dimerisation des residus feruloyl de la paroi se produit dans les tissus externes des grains infectes d'une lignee resistante. A la recolte, les niveaux de DFA sont correles avec la resistance. Les cartographies QTL des phenylpropanoides de la paroi et de la resistance a la fusariose indique un determinisme genetique de l'implication des DFA dans la resistance a...
Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 2015
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver is recognized as one of harmful consequences of the metabol... more Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver is recognized as one of harmful consequences of the metabolic syndrome and hepatocytes steatosis is well connected with loss of insulin sensitivity, impaired glucose tolerance and can lead to impaired fasting glucose and type2 diabetes mellitus. Fraxinus excelsior L. seed extract has been used as traditional folk medicine by Mediterranean population and Glucevia®, a natural extract of Fraxinus excelsior L. derived from seeds/fruits of the plant and standardized to 10% Nuzhenide and GI3, has been previously reported to regulate glucose homeostasis in healthy overweight people. Methods: The effect of seven-month administration of Glucevia® on liver parameters was investigated in a diabetic mouse strain (BKS ++Lepr db (db/db)). The severity of fatty change and grading of hepatic steatosis were determined by estimating the fat hepatocytes contain in animals fed with a control diet or with a control diet supplemented with 0.07 % (w/w) of the extract. Results: Glucevia® was shown to significantly reduce fatty liver in diabetics mice (-54%; p<0.05). A concomitant improvement in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and in aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio were observed between groups (p<0.05). A significant decrease in insulin plasma level (-22%; p<0.05) was measured in Glucevia® group leading to an improvement of HOMA-IR between groups (p<0.001) while no significant change of fasting blood glucose was observed between group. Conclusion: The results observed supports the potential hepatoprotective function of Glucevia®, which seems to prevent fatty liver formation in type 2 diabetes mice model.
Foods
Nowadays, “green analytical chemistry” challenges are to develop techniques which reduce the envi... more Nowadays, “green analytical chemistry” challenges are to develop techniques which reduce the environmental impact not only in term of analysis but also in the sample preparation step. Within this objective, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was investigated to determine the initial composition of key antioxidants contained in rosemary leaves: Rosmarinic acid (RA), carnosic acid (CA), and carnosol (CO). An experimental design was applied to identify an optimized PLE set of extraction parameters: A temperature of 183 °C, a pressure of 130 bar, and an extraction duration of 3 min enabled recovering rosemary antioxidants. PLE was further compared to conventional Soxhlet extraction (CSE) in term of global processing time, energy used, solvent recovery, raw material used, accuracy, reproducibility, and robustness to extract quantitatively RA, CA, and CO from rosemary leaves. A statistical comparison of the two extraction procedure (PLE and CSE) was achieved and showed no significant dif...
European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology
Unsaturated lipids are prone to get oxidized through a sequence of reactions known as lipid oxida... more Unsaturated lipids are prone to get oxidized through a sequence of reactions known as lipid oxidation. From a phenomenon considered at the beginning as a mere chemical process and described by the triptych of initiation, propagation, and termination, the vision of lipid oxidation has progressively evolved to further integrate the physical dimension of the phenomenon. Despite tremendous research efforts, however, this sequence of reactions is not yet well understood, especially in lipid dispersions where many facts are still inexplicable and unpredictable under the current paradigm. Here, the aim is to suggest that the main reason why a better understanding has not already been achieved is that the reactional network is not yet organized in a coherent spatiotemporal framework. The novel concepts and hypotheses proposed in this article may help redirecting a significant part of research efforts toward the establishment of a spatially and temporally resolved model of oxidation in dispersed lipids. Practical Application: Predicting how oxidation spreads in lipid dispersions represents a goal of crucial importance for academia but also for industry. Such prediction models would indeed greatly help food manufacturers prevent oxidation by using the most adapted antioxidative strategies for their specific products. To achieve such an objective, it is proposed that the first thing to do is to go beyond the extremely reductive and narrow framework in which this chemical process has been locked in. Indeed, while lipid dispersions are composed of a multitude of lipid colloids, researchers usually consider oxidation at the sole level of an individual droplet or membrane. Instead, lipid oxidation is advocated as a dynamic trafficking of chemical species within large communities of different colloidal objects such as droplets, membranes, or micelles dispersed in water-a system that dubbed "colloidal ecosystem". This might represent a scale complementary to the scales of individual colloids or molecules that were the sole consideration so far to try to represent lipid oxidation. Only then can one hope to effectively apply modeling and "omics" approaches, as is explained in more details in this article.
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
Natural Product Communications
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) has properties which are hypolipidemic, hypocholesterole... more Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) has properties which are hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, insulinotropic, and antioxidant. These properties are related to the control of the Metabolic Syndrome, a disorder of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism which increases the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of fenugreek extract (Hydroxylean ® , Naturex) containing 25% of 4-hydroxyisoleucine (4-OH-Ile, isomer 2S,3R,4S) and 15.7% of trigonelline on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) transcriptional activity and Cu 2+-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vitro. The activation of PPARα is linked to controlling lipidemia, cholesterolemia and glycemia, all associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Also, the inhibition of LDL oxidation reduces the risk of stroke. 1,000 μg/mL of fenugreek extract showed a 31.2% activation of PPARα as compared with the positive control, 100 µM of fenofibrate. Fenugreek extract also inhibited LDL oxidation induced by Cu 2+ at concentrations higher than 5 μg/mL (P<0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first report on PPARα transcriptional activity and Cu 2+-induced LDL oxidation in vitro for fenugreek extract rich in 4-OH-Ile and trigonelline. The findings support the current evidence on fenugreek's capacity to control the Metabolic Syndrome.
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
Plant Physiology
Carnosic acid, a phenolic diterpene specific to the Lamiaceae family, is highly abundant in rosem... more Carnosic acid, a phenolic diterpene specific to the Lamiaceae family, is highly abundant in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Despite numerous industrial and medicinal/pharmaceutical applications of its antioxidative features, this compound in planta and its antioxidant mechanism have received little attention, except a few studies of rosemary plants under natural conditions. In vitro analyses, using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet and luminescence imaging, revealed that carnosic acid and its major oxidized derivative, carnosol, protect lipids from oxidation. Both compounds preserved linolenic acid and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from singlet oxygen and from hydroxyl radical. When applied exogenously, they were both able to protect thylakoid membranes prepared from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves against lipid peroxidation. Different levels of carnosic acid and carnosol in two contrasting rosemary varieties correlated with tolerance to lipid peroxidation. Upon reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidation of lipids, carnosic acid was consumed and oxidized into various derivatives, including into carnosol, while carnosol resisted, suggesting that carnosic acid is a chemical quencher of ROS. The antioxidative function of carnosol relies on another mechanism, occurring directly in the lipid oxidation process. Under oxidative conditions that did not involve ROS generation, carnosol inhibited lipid peroxidation, contrary to carnosic acid. Using spin probes and electron paramagnetic resonance detection, we confirmed that carnosic acid, rather than carnosol, is a ROS quencher. Various oxidized derivatives of carnosic acid were detected in rosemary leaves in low light, indicating chronic oxidation of this compound, and accumulated in plants exposed to stress conditions, in parallel with a loss of carnosic acid, confirming that chemical quenching of ROS by carnosic acid takes place in planta. 1 M.L. was supported by a CIFRE studentship from the French National Association for Research and Technology (ANRT).
Comptes Rendus Chimie, 2016
Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 2017
Green Chem., 2016
Pinane, obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of α/β-pinenes or turpentine oil, was used as an alte... more Pinane, obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of α/β-pinenes or turpentine oil, was used as an alternative solvent for the extraction of several bioactive compounds.
RSC Adv., 2016
Evaluation of five green solvents i.e. 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), dimethyl carbonate (DMC... more Evaluation of five green solvents i.e. 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and ethyl acetate, for replacing of hexane in extraction of carotenoids from carrots.
ABSTRACT Camellia japonica is a native plant grown in China, Korea and Japan. Tsubaki (C. japonic... more ABSTRACT Camellia japonica is a native plant grown in China, Korea and Japan. Tsubaki (C. japonica) oil has a long history of cosmetic usage traditionally in the oriental region as a protectant, to keep health of skin and hair, and as a soothing agent. It has been reported that Tsubaki oil possesses anti-inflammatory activity (Kim et al., 2011), anti-ageing properties and a skin barrier function (Jung et al., 2007). It particularly shows the capacity to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase MMP-1 and to induce the synthesis of human type I procollagen. However, the composition of the fatty acid profile and unsaponifiable matter revealed a vegetable oil sensitive to oxidation, which was confirmed by Rancimat® experiments (Induction time = 3.6h ± 0.2h – T°C = 110°C, Q = 10L/h). Indeed, the main fatty acids are oleic acid C18:1 (>80%), linoleic acid C18:2 (1-5%) and palmitic acid C16:0 (4-12%) but with a relative low content in tocopherols (190 mg/kg) and sterols content (47 mg/100g). This point is thus important to ensure the integrity of Tsubaki oil and the preservation of its biological activities on skin. Naturex has developed new antioxidant solutions to stabilize fragile oils. As regards Tsubaki oil, the innovative Olei-protect™ process improves the resistance to oxidation up to 20 times. In a double-bind placebo-control clinical trial conducted by Naturex, Tsubaki oil at 5% in a gel-cream increases skin hydration by 14.4% vs. placebo (measurement after 1 hour; p < 0.001).
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2015
ABSTRACT Ultrasound and microwave as green processes are investigated in this study, focusing on ... more ABSTRACT Ultrasound and microwave as green processes are investigated in this study, focusing on the extraction selectivity towards antioxidant extraction from rosemary leaves. Due to its richness in valuable compounds such as rosmarinic, carnosic and ursolic acids, rosemary is a reference matrix for extraction study. In this work, six alternative processes are compared: ultrasound (bath, reactor and probe), microwave (reflux under microwave, microwave under nitrogen pressure and microwave under vapor pressure). The main result of this study is that selective extraction can be achieved according to extraction techniques and therefore to the extraction process.
Journal of ethnopharmacology, Jan 12, 2009
Fraxinus excelsior L. (Family: Oleaceae) seeds are consumed as a food, condiment, and folk medici... more Fraxinus excelsior L. (Family: Oleaceae) seeds are consumed as a food, condiment, and folk medicine. The seeds are traditionally used as a potent hypoglycemic agent, but no clinical evidence exists in as to this regard. We assessed the clinical efficacy and safety of the seed extract (FraxiPure, Naturex), containing 6.8% of nuzhenide and 5.8% of GI3 (w/w), on plasma glucose and insulin levels against glucose (50 g) induced postprandial glycemia.
Fusarium graminearum est responsable d'une pathologie majeure du mais. Le but de cette de the... more Fusarium graminearum est responsable d'une pathologie majeure du mais. Le but de cette de these a ete de comprendre les mecanismes de resistance varietale impliquant les phenylpropanoides, metabolites secondaires du mais. Des methodes LC/MS ont ete developpees pour analyser le contenu de nombreux echantillons en phenylpropanoides et mycotoxines. La production de trichothecenes par F. Graminearum est influencee par la nature des tissus du grain de mais et leur composition en composes phenoliques. Les dehydrodimeres d'acide ferulique (DFA) sont des acteurs importants de la resistance varietale : un phenomene de dimerisation des residus feruloyl de la paroi se produit dans les tissus externes des grains infectes d'une lignee resistante. A la recolte, les niveaux de DFA sont correles avec la resistance. Les cartographies QTL des phenylpropanoides de la paroi et de la resistance a la fusariose indique un determinisme genetique de l'implication des DFA dans la resistance a...
Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 2015
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver is recognized as one of harmful consequences of the metabol... more Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver is recognized as one of harmful consequences of the metabolic syndrome and hepatocytes steatosis is well connected with loss of insulin sensitivity, impaired glucose tolerance and can lead to impaired fasting glucose and type2 diabetes mellitus. Fraxinus excelsior L. seed extract has been used as traditional folk medicine by Mediterranean population and Glucevia®, a natural extract of Fraxinus excelsior L. derived from seeds/fruits of the plant and standardized to 10% Nuzhenide and GI3, has been previously reported to regulate glucose homeostasis in healthy overweight people. Methods: The effect of seven-month administration of Glucevia® on liver parameters was investigated in a diabetic mouse strain (BKS ++Lepr db (db/db)). The severity of fatty change and grading of hepatic steatosis were determined by estimating the fat hepatocytes contain in animals fed with a control diet or with a control diet supplemented with 0.07 % (w/w) of the extract. Results: Glucevia® was shown to significantly reduce fatty liver in diabetics mice (-54%; p<0.05). A concomitant improvement in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and in aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio were observed between groups (p<0.05). A significant decrease in insulin plasma level (-22%; p<0.05) was measured in Glucevia® group leading to an improvement of HOMA-IR between groups (p<0.001) while no significant change of fasting blood glucose was observed between group. Conclusion: The results observed supports the potential hepatoprotective function of Glucevia®, which seems to prevent fatty liver formation in type 2 diabetes mice model.
Foods
Nowadays, “green analytical chemistry” challenges are to develop techniques which reduce the envi... more Nowadays, “green analytical chemistry” challenges are to develop techniques which reduce the environmental impact not only in term of analysis but also in the sample preparation step. Within this objective, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was investigated to determine the initial composition of key antioxidants contained in rosemary leaves: Rosmarinic acid (RA), carnosic acid (CA), and carnosol (CO). An experimental design was applied to identify an optimized PLE set of extraction parameters: A temperature of 183 °C, a pressure of 130 bar, and an extraction duration of 3 min enabled recovering rosemary antioxidants. PLE was further compared to conventional Soxhlet extraction (CSE) in term of global processing time, energy used, solvent recovery, raw material used, accuracy, reproducibility, and robustness to extract quantitatively RA, CA, and CO from rosemary leaves. A statistical comparison of the two extraction procedure (PLE and CSE) was achieved and showed no significant dif...
European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology
Unsaturated lipids are prone to get oxidized through a sequence of reactions known as lipid oxida... more Unsaturated lipids are prone to get oxidized through a sequence of reactions known as lipid oxidation. From a phenomenon considered at the beginning as a mere chemical process and described by the triptych of initiation, propagation, and termination, the vision of lipid oxidation has progressively evolved to further integrate the physical dimension of the phenomenon. Despite tremendous research efforts, however, this sequence of reactions is not yet well understood, especially in lipid dispersions where many facts are still inexplicable and unpredictable under the current paradigm. Here, the aim is to suggest that the main reason why a better understanding has not already been achieved is that the reactional network is not yet organized in a coherent spatiotemporal framework. The novel concepts and hypotheses proposed in this article may help redirecting a significant part of research efforts toward the establishment of a spatially and temporally resolved model of oxidation in dispersed lipids. Practical Application: Predicting how oxidation spreads in lipid dispersions represents a goal of crucial importance for academia but also for industry. Such prediction models would indeed greatly help food manufacturers prevent oxidation by using the most adapted antioxidative strategies for their specific products. To achieve such an objective, it is proposed that the first thing to do is to go beyond the extremely reductive and narrow framework in which this chemical process has been locked in. Indeed, while lipid dispersions are composed of a multitude of lipid colloids, researchers usually consider oxidation at the sole level of an individual droplet or membrane. Instead, lipid oxidation is advocated as a dynamic trafficking of chemical species within large communities of different colloidal objects such as droplets, membranes, or micelles dispersed in water-a system that dubbed "colloidal ecosystem". This might represent a scale complementary to the scales of individual colloids or molecules that were the sole consideration so far to try to represent lipid oxidation. Only then can one hope to effectively apply modeling and "omics" approaches, as is explained in more details in this article.
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
Natural Product Communications
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) has properties which are hypolipidemic, hypocholesterole... more Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) has properties which are hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, insulinotropic, and antioxidant. These properties are related to the control of the Metabolic Syndrome, a disorder of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism which increases the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of fenugreek extract (Hydroxylean ® , Naturex) containing 25% of 4-hydroxyisoleucine (4-OH-Ile, isomer 2S,3R,4S) and 15.7% of trigonelline on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) transcriptional activity and Cu 2+-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vitro. The activation of PPARα is linked to controlling lipidemia, cholesterolemia and glycemia, all associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Also, the inhibition of LDL oxidation reduces the risk of stroke. 1,000 μg/mL of fenugreek extract showed a 31.2% activation of PPARα as compared with the positive control, 100 µM of fenofibrate. Fenugreek extract also inhibited LDL oxidation induced by Cu 2+ at concentrations higher than 5 μg/mL (P<0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first report on PPARα transcriptional activity and Cu 2+-induced LDL oxidation in vitro for fenugreek extract rich in 4-OH-Ile and trigonelline. The findings support the current evidence on fenugreek's capacity to control the Metabolic Syndrome.
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
Plant Physiology
Carnosic acid, a phenolic diterpene specific to the Lamiaceae family, is highly abundant in rosem... more Carnosic acid, a phenolic diterpene specific to the Lamiaceae family, is highly abundant in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Despite numerous industrial and medicinal/pharmaceutical applications of its antioxidative features, this compound in planta and its antioxidant mechanism have received little attention, except a few studies of rosemary plants under natural conditions. In vitro analyses, using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet and luminescence imaging, revealed that carnosic acid and its major oxidized derivative, carnosol, protect lipids from oxidation. Both compounds preserved linolenic acid and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from singlet oxygen and from hydroxyl radical. When applied exogenously, they were both able to protect thylakoid membranes prepared from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves against lipid peroxidation. Different levels of carnosic acid and carnosol in two contrasting rosemary varieties correlated with tolerance to lipid peroxidation. Upon reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidation of lipids, carnosic acid was consumed and oxidized into various derivatives, including into carnosol, while carnosol resisted, suggesting that carnosic acid is a chemical quencher of ROS. The antioxidative function of carnosol relies on another mechanism, occurring directly in the lipid oxidation process. Under oxidative conditions that did not involve ROS generation, carnosol inhibited lipid peroxidation, contrary to carnosic acid. Using spin probes and electron paramagnetic resonance detection, we confirmed that carnosic acid, rather than carnosol, is a ROS quencher. Various oxidized derivatives of carnosic acid were detected in rosemary leaves in low light, indicating chronic oxidation of this compound, and accumulated in plants exposed to stress conditions, in parallel with a loss of carnosic acid, confirming that chemical quenching of ROS by carnosic acid takes place in planta. 1 M.L. was supported by a CIFRE studentship from the French National Association for Research and Technology (ANRT).
Comptes Rendus Chimie, 2016
Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 2017
Green Chem., 2016
Pinane, obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of α/β-pinenes or turpentine oil, was used as an alte... more Pinane, obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of α/β-pinenes or turpentine oil, was used as an alternative solvent for the extraction of several bioactive compounds.
RSC Adv., 2016
Evaluation of five green solvents i.e. 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), dimethyl carbonate (DMC... more Evaluation of five green solvents i.e. 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and ethyl acetate, for replacing of hexane in extraction of carotenoids from carrots.
ABSTRACT Camellia japonica is a native plant grown in China, Korea and Japan. Tsubaki (C. japonic... more ABSTRACT Camellia japonica is a native plant grown in China, Korea and Japan. Tsubaki (C. japonica) oil has a long history of cosmetic usage traditionally in the oriental region as a protectant, to keep health of skin and hair, and as a soothing agent. It has been reported that Tsubaki oil possesses anti-inflammatory activity (Kim et al., 2011), anti-ageing properties and a skin barrier function (Jung et al., 2007). It particularly shows the capacity to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase MMP-1 and to induce the synthesis of human type I procollagen. However, the composition of the fatty acid profile and unsaponifiable matter revealed a vegetable oil sensitive to oxidation, which was confirmed by Rancimat® experiments (Induction time = 3.6h ± 0.2h – T°C = 110°C, Q = 10L/h). Indeed, the main fatty acids are oleic acid C18:1 (>80%), linoleic acid C18:2 (1-5%) and palmitic acid C16:0 (4-12%) but with a relative low content in tocopherols (190 mg/kg) and sterols content (47 mg/100g). This point is thus important to ensure the integrity of Tsubaki oil and the preservation of its biological activities on skin. Naturex has developed new antioxidant solutions to stabilize fragile oils. As regards Tsubaki oil, the innovative Olei-protect™ process improves the resistance to oxidation up to 20 times. In a double-bind placebo-control clinical trial conducted by Naturex, Tsubaki oil at 5% in a gel-cream increases skin hydration by 14.4% vs. placebo (measurement after 1 hour; p < 0.001).
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2015
ABSTRACT Ultrasound and microwave as green processes are investigated in this study, focusing on ... more ABSTRACT Ultrasound and microwave as green processes are investigated in this study, focusing on the extraction selectivity towards antioxidant extraction from rosemary leaves. Due to its richness in valuable compounds such as rosmarinic, carnosic and ursolic acids, rosemary is a reference matrix for extraction study. In this work, six alternative processes are compared: ultrasound (bath, reactor and probe), microwave (reflux under microwave, microwave under nitrogen pressure and microwave under vapor pressure). The main result of this study is that selective extraction can be achieved according to extraction techniques and therefore to the extraction process.