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Bituminous silt represents an enormous source of discarded energy that is polluting the environme... more Bituminous silt represents an enormous source of discarded energy that is polluting the environment. Although bituminous silt is a potential opportunity fuel for circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers, handling problems and uncertainties about the impact of this fuel on CFB boiler performance and operating economics have prevented its use. Under sponsorship of the Pennsylvania Energy Development Authority, five different technologies having the potential to process silt into CFB boiler fuel were evaluated. The technologies evaluated include: washing, pelletizing, thermal drying, mulling and flaking. The desired goal was to process the silt into a form that can be fed to CFB boilers using conventional coal handling equipment and combusted in an environmentally acceptable manner. Criteria were developed for the product characteristics that are desired and tests were run to evaluate the technical feasibility of each silt processing technology. Based on these test results, the design a...
Powder Technology, 1992
Experimental measurements of local solid mass flux were made in the riser component of two differ... more Experimental measurements of local solid mass flux were made in the riser component of two different circulating fluidized beds (CFBs). Tests were conducted in both a lab-scale riser measuring 5 cm i.d. and 2.7 m in height and a pilot-scale riser of 15 cm i.d. and 10.8 m height. FCC catalyst particles with a Sauter mean diameter of 68 pm and sand particles with mean diameters of 125 pm and 276 pm were used in the tests. The results showed the local time-average solid mass flux to vary with radial position, elevation, total solid mass flow, superficial gas velocity and mean particle diameter. Based on the solid mass flux and local solid concentration measurements, and on video studies, a physical description of the solid flow phenomena in CFBs is presented.
An apparatus for heating, reforming, or cracking hydrocarbon fluids or other fluids in a process ... more An apparatus for heating, reforming, or cracking hydrocarbon fluids or other fluids in a process having a requirement of process heat to heat a process fluid in the process, including: an elongated shell (24) having an inner wall, first longitudinal axis, a first end and a second end opposite said first end, said shell (24) substantially symmetrical about said first longitudinal axis and enclosing a first adjacent first inner end region and a second interior region adjacent the second end, each of said first and second interior regions substantially symmetrical about said first longitudinal axis.
Convective heat transfer coefficients were measured experimentally for a tube immersed vertically... more Convective heat transfer coefficients were measured experimentally for a tube immersed vertically in a circulating fluidized bed. Circulating fluidized beds operate in the dilute transport regime of two-phase (solid/gas) flow. The dominant mechanism for heat transfer to surfaces is particle-induced convection. In this study, experiments were carried out in a circulating fluidized bed of15 cm diameter and 11 m height. An instrumented tube of 9.5 mm diameter and 1.3 m length was placed vertically at the centeriine of the fluidized bed to measure convective heat transfer coefficients at several different elevations in the bed. Three types of particles, with mean diameters ranging from 68 to 2S1 urn, were used in the experiments at superficial gas velocities in the range of 1.3 to 8.2 m/s. Results showed that the convective heat transfer coefficients with solid/gas two-phase circulation were two to three times greater than those for single-phase gas convection at the same velocity. For ...
An apparatus for producing a hydrogen rich gas comprising: a first region conversion catalyst hav... more An apparatus for producing a hydrogen rich gas comprising: a first region conversion catalyst having an input, wherein the first region contains a conversion catalyst conversion catalyst based on iron oxide; a first source of gas stream comprising a catalytic steam reformer to provide a first gaseous stream comprising CO and H2O, said first gas stream source in fluid communication with the inlet of said first region conversion catalyst; and at least one of a second region conversion catalyst having an outlet and a region selective oxidation catalyst having an outlet, wherein at least one of the second output region conversion catalyst and the output of the region of selective oxidation catalyst is in fluid communication with the inlet of said first region conversion catalyst.
Bituminous silt represents an enormous source of discarded energy that is polluting the environme... more Bituminous silt represents an enormous source of discarded energy that is polluting the environment. Although bituminous silt is a potential opportunity fuel for circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers, handling problems and uncertainties about the impact of this fuel on CFB boiler performance and operating economics have prevented its use. Under sponsorship of the Pennsylvania Energy Development Authority, five different technologies having the potential to process silt into CFB boiler fuel were evaluated. The technologies evaluated include: washing, pelletizing, thermal drying, mulling and flaking. The desired goal was to process the silt into a form that can be fed to CFB boilers using conventional coal handling equipment and combusted in an environmentally acceptable manner. Criteria were developed for the product characteristics that are desired and tests were run to evaluate the technical feasibility of each silt processing technology. Based on these test results, the design a...
Powder Technology, 1992
Experimental measurements of local solid mass flux were made in the riser component of two differ... more Experimental measurements of local solid mass flux were made in the riser component of two different circulating fluidized beds (CFBs). Tests were conducted in both a lab-scale riser measuring 5 cm i.d. and 2.7 m in height and a pilot-scale riser of 15 cm i.d. and 10.8 m height. FCC catalyst particles with a Sauter mean diameter of 68 pm and sand particles with mean diameters of 125 pm and 276 pm were used in the tests. The results showed the local time-average solid mass flux to vary with radial position, elevation, total solid mass flow, superficial gas velocity and mean particle diameter. Based on the solid mass flux and local solid concentration measurements, and on video studies, a physical description of the solid flow phenomena in CFBs is presented.
An apparatus for heating, reforming, or cracking hydrocarbon fluids or other fluids in a process ... more An apparatus for heating, reforming, or cracking hydrocarbon fluids or other fluids in a process having a requirement of process heat to heat a process fluid in the process, including: an elongated shell (24) having an inner wall, first longitudinal axis, a first end and a second end opposite said first end, said shell (24) substantially symmetrical about said first longitudinal axis and enclosing a first adjacent first inner end region and a second interior region adjacent the second end, each of said first and second interior regions substantially symmetrical about said first longitudinal axis.
Convective heat transfer coefficients were measured experimentally for a tube immersed vertically... more Convective heat transfer coefficients were measured experimentally for a tube immersed vertically in a circulating fluidized bed. Circulating fluidized beds operate in the dilute transport regime of two-phase (solid/gas) flow. The dominant mechanism for heat transfer to surfaces is particle-induced convection. In this study, experiments were carried out in a circulating fluidized bed of15 cm diameter and 11 m height. An instrumented tube of 9.5 mm diameter and 1.3 m length was placed vertically at the centeriine of the fluidized bed to measure convective heat transfer coefficients at several different elevations in the bed. Three types of particles, with mean diameters ranging from 68 to 2S1 urn, were used in the experiments at superficial gas velocities in the range of 1.3 to 8.2 m/s. Results showed that the convective heat transfer coefficients with solid/gas two-phase circulation were two to three times greater than those for single-phase gas convection at the same velocity. For ...
An apparatus for producing a hydrogen rich gas comprising: a first region conversion catalyst hav... more An apparatus for producing a hydrogen rich gas comprising: a first region conversion catalyst having an input, wherein the first region contains a conversion catalyst conversion catalyst based on iron oxide; a first source of gas stream comprising a catalytic steam reformer to provide a first gaseous stream comprising CO and H2O, said first gas stream source in fluid communication with the inlet of said first region conversion catalyst; and at least one of a second region conversion catalyst having an outlet and a region selective oxidation catalyst having an outlet, wherein at least one of the second output region conversion catalyst and the output of the region of selective oxidation catalyst is in fluid communication with the inlet of said first region conversion catalyst.