Bahman navidshad - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Bahman navidshad

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Feb 16, 2012

The applications of conventional culture-dependent assays to quantify bacteria populations are li... more The applications of conventional culture-dependent assays to quantify bacteria populations are limited by their dependence on the inconsistent success of the different culture-steps involved. In addition, some bacteria can be pathogenic or a source of endotoxins and pose a health risk to the researchers. Bacterial quantification based on the real-time PCR method can overcome the above-mentioned problems. However, the quantification of bacteria using this approach is commonly expressed as absolute quantities even though the composition of samples (like those of digesta) can vary widely; thus, the final results may be affected if the samples are not properly homogenized, especially when multiple samples are to be pooled together before DNA extraction. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation coefficients between four different methods of expressing the output data of real-time PCR-based bacterial quantification. The four methods were: (i) the common absolute method expressed as the cell number of specific bacteria per gram of digesta; (ii) the Livak and Schmittgen, ΔΔCt method; (iii) the Pfaffl equation; and (iv) a simple relative method based on the ratio of cell number of specific bacteria to the total bacterial cells. Because of the effect on total bacteria population in the results obtained using ΔCt-based methods (ΔΔCt and Pfaffl), these methods lack the acceptable consistency to be used as valid and reliable methods in real-time PCR-based bacterial quantification studies. On the other hand, because of the variable compositions of digesta samples, a simple ratio of cell number of specific bacteria to the corresponding

Poultry Science, May 1, 2014

Exposure to high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid predisposes spermatozoa to lipid peroxidati... more Exposure to high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid predisposes spermatozoa to lipid peroxidation, resulting in their decreased fertility. Ginger powder (GP), which is high in antioxidative compounds, was fed to aged breeder roosters to improve their reproductive performance. Seventy-five 52-wk-old Cobb 500 breeder roosters randomly received either 0 (GP 0), 15 (GP 15), or 30 (GP 30) g of GP/kg of diet for 14 consecutive wk, during which time their seminal characteristics were evaluated every 2 wk. At the end of the trial, semen samples were tested for determination of sperm fatty acid (FA) concentration and seminal plasma total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, sperm penetration was assayed, and using 225 artificially inseminated hens, fertility and hatchability rates were determined. Dietary GP improved sperm forward motility, live sperm percentage, and sperm plasma membrane integrity. These were associated with a decrease in the percentage of abnormal sperm. The seminal TBA reactive species concentration was lower in birds belonging to the GP 30 treatment in comparison with those in the GP 15 and GP 0 treatments. The feeding of GP resulted in overall decreases and increases in sperm saturated and unsaturated FA, respectively. The n-6:n-3 FA ratio of sperm was decreased in the GP 30 group in comparison with controls. The highest levels of sperm C20:4(n-6) and C22:6(n-3) FA were recorded in the GP 15 and GP 30 treatments, respectively. A higher percentage of sperm C22:4(n-6) FA was found in GP-fed roosters. Seminal plasma total antioxidant capacity was considerably improved by the GP 15 and GP 30 treatments. Further, a higher number of perivitelline membrane sperm penetration holes was recorded for the GP 30 treatment in comparison with the GP 15 and GP 0 treatments. Interestingly, although hatchability, chick quality, and embryonic mortality were not affected by dietary treatment, fertility rate was improved by the feeding of GP. In conclusion, dietary GP improved most of the seminal characteristics evaluated in aged roosters of this study, suggesting that it has potential for use in attenuating age-related subfertility in senescent male commercial broiler breeders.

Animal Production Science, 2012

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary fish oil and crude protein (CP) ... more An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary fish oil and crude protein (CP) levels on fatty acid composition of the thigh and breast tissues of broiler chickens. Four hundred and fifty, 1-day-old mixed-sex broiler chicks were used in a completely randomised design with factorial arrangement consisting of two dietary CP levels (21 v. 18.0% and 19 v. 17.1% for grower and finisher diets, respectively), and three levels of fish oil inclusion (0, 2 or 4%). Specific increases in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 : 5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6) were observed in breast and thigh tissues as a response to increased fish oil supplementation. The n-6 : n-3 fatty acid ratio in breast and thigh meat samples decreased (P < 0.05) in birds fed low protein diets, but dietary protein level led to no alteration in the total n-3 fatty acids of the tissues (P > 0.05). Thigh tissue of chickens fed low protein diets had a higher concentration of DHA (P < 0.05), while the DHA and EPA concentrations in breast tissue were not affected by dietary protein level (P > 0.05). Results of the present study showed that fish oil can be used to fortify EPA and DHA levels in chicken meat and there is an interaction between dietary fatty acids and protein level on meat oxidative stability, and a reduction in dietary protein level may lead to a better oxidative stability of chicken meat.

Sheep keepers need suitable strategies to improve animal immunity and the quality of their produc... more Sheep keepers need suitable strategies to improve animal immunity and the quality of their products. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of nano-selenium (nano-Se) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on an antioxidant statue, trace minerals, and mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and selenoprotein W1 (SEPW1) genes in the liver and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and stearoyl COA desaturase 1 (SCD1) genes in fat-tail of male Moghani lambs. Thirty male Moghani lambs, three months old and average weight 30.00 ± 0.25 kg, were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 2×3 factorial arrangement with dietary supplementation of nano-Se (0, 1.00 and 2.00 mg kg-1 dry matter) and CLA (0.00 and 15.00 g kg-1 dry matter). The lambs were slaughtered at the end of the experiment, on day 90 of the experiment. Results showed that dietary inclusion of nano-Se significantly improved antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in blood, however, did not show any differences in trace mineral treatments. The analysis of qPCR showed that nano-Se inclusion at the highest level (2.00 g kg-1 dry matter) enhanced gene expression of GPX1 (0.64 vs 0.34) and SEPW1 (0.72 vs 0.35) in the liver. Dietary inclusion of CLA increased the expression of PPARγ (0.63 vs 0.38) and decreased SCD1 (0.63 vs 0.33) genes in fat-tail. It could be concluded that selenium inclusion in the growing lamb's diet could improve antioxidant status, however, no synergistic interaction was observed along with CLA on the mentioned parameters.

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Jun 1, 2019

A total of 60 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) in a finisher period (29-42d) were allotted ... more A total of 60 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) in a finisher period (29-42d) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments namely a control diet, a diet with 20 g/kg Bio-Mos, and a diet containing 200 g/kg of an enzymatically-treated PKE. There were no differences in the ileal population of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus or Enterobacteriaceae among the experimental groups. But, birds fed diets containing PKE or Bio-oOs had a lower population of Escherichia coli than the control group. The results showed that PKE potentially has comparable prebiotic features as commercial Bio-Mos for poultry.

Poultry Science, Dec 1, 2022

To evaluate the effect of level and particle size of rice husk as a source of fiber on the growth... more To evaluate the effect of level and particle size of rice husk as a source of fiber on the growth performance , carcass yield and morphology of the small intestine of chickens, two hundred day old broiler chickens Ross (308), were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates with 10 birds each. The diets consisted of a control diet without rice husk, and 4 diets containing 0.75% and 1.5% rice husk with a particle size smaller than 1 mm or1-2mm.. The Values for feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio(FCR)were measured during the growing and finishing periods.The morphology of the small intestine and carcass characteristics were measured at the end of the experiment. Dietary inclusion of rice hulls had significant effects on growth performance in grower phase and whole the 42-day rearing period (P <0.05).The diets containing 1.5 percent rice hulls with a particle size between 1 to 2 mm in grower period had highest daily gain and lowest FCR and the diets containing 0.75 percent rice hulls with a particle between 1to 2 mm had the highest daily gain and lowest FCR in 42-day breeding period(P <0.05). The lowest daily gain and feed intake in finisher period and whole the 42-day rearing period was observed in the control group and the highest daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were observed in the diets containing 0.75 percent rice hulls with a particle size below 1 mm. Using rice hulls had no significant influence on carcass yield (P <0.05) but the best carcass ratio (carcass weight relative to live weight) was found in the group that was consumed the diets containing %0.75 rice hulls, with a particle size between 1 and 2 mm and the lowest was found in husk free diet consumer group. The dietary fiber concentration was changed the ratio of liver weight to body weight (P <0.05) so that the birde fed the diet containing %0.75 rice hulls with particle size below 1 mm had the lowest and the control group had the highest proportion,respectively.The diet containing % 0.75 rice - hulls wiht particle size below 1 mm have the lowest ratio of abdominal fat and intestinal length to live weight. Generally, the best results were observed with the diets containing 0.75% rice hulls with particle size between 1 and 2 mm. At 42 days of age after slather, 1 cm from the central part of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected from 5 birds from each treatment, and sent to lab to preparing the tissue slides.In the duodenum and jejunum sections using of rice husk in broiler diets reduced the villus height compared to the control group. However, in the duodenum the villus height in RBH treatment was higher than other treatments. In the Duodenum, the largest and lowest numbers of goblet cells per 100 square micrometers of tissue were found in the control and RBH treatments, respectively. In the jejunum and ileum the situation was slightly different, so that the maximum and lowest numbers of goblet cells were observed in the RSL and control groups. In duodenum, the highest and the lowest Crypt depth were observed in the RBH and control treatments, respectively(p<0.01). In the jejunum, the ratio between villus height and crypt depth in treatments RBH and RBL were higher than control group and experimental diets were not affected this measure in the ileum. The results showed that regardless of the dietary level and particle size, use of rice husk was weakened intestinal morphological traits in broiler chickens.

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Aug 1, 2018

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of water-so... more Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of water-soluble vitamins on the parameters of hatching, growth rate and immune system in broiler chicks. In this research, 450 fertile eggs from Ross 308 broiler breeder flock were used. Eggs were divided into five treatment groups, 4 replicates each and placed in a hatchery machine. Experimental groups were inoculated with 0.211 mg nicotonic acid (B3), 0.052 mg of pantothenic acid (B5), 0/007 mg of folic acid (B9), positive control (physiological serum injection) and Negative control (non-infusion group). In ovo injection was carried out on day 14 of incubation from the broader part of the egg to the air cell. Hatching chicks were identified with foot number tag and stored in five groups for 42 days and weekly weighing was performed individually. In ovo injection of physiological serum significantly increased the hatchability (P <0.05). In ovo injection of pantothenic acid as well as nicotinic acid increased the titres of antibodies against Newcastle Virus compared to the control group and folic acid injection group. Antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were also affected by experimental treatments, such that injection of folic acid and pantothenic acid was associated with a decrease in the titres compared to the negative control group. Immunoglobulin G level in serum of vitamin injected chicks were lower than that of the control group, and a similar relationship was observed with immunoglobulin M in chickens fed folic acid and pantothenic acid. From the fifth week to the end of the rearing period, nicotonic acid treatment had more growth rate than other treatments. In general, the results of this study showed that intravenous injection of B complex vitamins, folic acid, pantothenic acid, or nicotonic acid did not have a favorable effect on the antibody titre against sheep red blood cells and the level of immune globulins M and G, and the only positive effectt was the improvement of the antibody titre against Newcastle Virus due to the in ovo injection of pantothenic acid and nicotonic acid and aldo the positive effect of nicotonic acid on growth curve of broilers.

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Mar 1, 2017

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Dec 1, 2016

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Mar 1, 2015

Production of chicken meat is an important branch of food industry. Generally, poultry meat farme... more Production of chicken meat is an important branch of food industry. Generally, poultry meat farmers aim to produce birds with superior body weight and feed conversion ratio. However, in line with current developments, there are other parameters that must to be taken into account such as lower body fat deposition and improvement in the nutrient composition of products corresponding to consumer requirements. Nowadays, extra focus has been given to designing and enrichment foods as functional foods, with components that have beneficial effects on human wellbeing. In definition, functional foods contain particular nutrients and / or non-nutrients that have an effect on human health, beyond what is usually known as nutritional effects. There are several compounds in foods that improve consumer's health status. Among them the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, n-6 and n-3 series) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are the most functional and bioactives components of lipids. Chicken meat has been a common objective of nutritional modification because the absorbed dietary fatty acids from the small intestine directly enter into the chicken tissue lipids. This paper tries to review the recent findings in the area of chicken meat enrichment using dietary fats.

Italian Journal of Animal Science, Oct 27, 2020

The objective of this trial was to determine the amount of alfalfa hay (AH) in low forage diets t... more The objective of this trial was to determine the amount of alfalfa hay (AH) in low forage diets that could be replaced with dried corn gluten feed (DCGF) without negatively altering eating behaviour, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and performance of lactating dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 Â 4 Latin square design experiment. Treatments included (dry matter [DM] basis): 18.81% AH without DCGF (0DCGF,); 12.53% AH and 6.26% DCGF (6DCGF); 6.26% AH and 12.53% DCGF (12DCGF); and 0% AH and 18.81% DCGF (18 DCGF). Diet particle size and physically effective neutral detergent fibre declined linearly (p < .001) as DCGF replaced AH resulting in a linear decrease (p < .001) in time (min/d) spent eating, ruminating, and chewing. As DCGF replaced AH, ruminal pH decreased linearly (p ¼ .003) and total VFA concentrations increased linearly (p ¼ .02) tending to be highest (p ¼ .062) for 12DCGF. Ruminal acetate and butyrate, and plasma b-hydroxybutyrate concentrations declined linearly (p ¼ .001) whereas ruminal propionate concentration increased linearly (p ¼ .001) as DCGF increased. Dry matter intake (DMI; p ¼ .001) and nutrient digestibility increased linearly (p < .05) and tended to be greatest (p < .10) for 12DCGF. Milk yield (MY; p ¼ .016) and protein yield (p ¼ .001) increased linearly, but milk fat yield declined as DCGF replaced 6 and 12% of AH and decreased more when DCGF replaced all AH resulting in a quadratic response (p ¼ .041). Results of this trial suggest that replacing 12% of the AH with DCGF increases MY because of higher DMI and nutrient digestibility, but replacing all of the AH with DCGF reduces milk fat yield and dairy efficiency. HIGHLIGHTS DCGF can replace AH to improve nutrient digestibility and milk yield. Improvements in nutrient digestibility when DCGF replaces AH potentially reduce total waste production of dairy cows. Completely replacing AH with DCGF in low forage diets reduces milk fat yield due to change in ruminal fermentation.

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Sep 1, 2019

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of nano selenium (nano-Se) and conjugated lino... more This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of nano selenium (nano-Se) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on performance, biometric and blood parameters and selenoprotein W1 (SEPW1) and lipid gene expression in male Moghani lambs. Thirty male Moghani lambs, 3-months-old and weighing 30 ± 0.25 kg, were used in completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with dietary supplemental the CLA (0 and 15 g/kg DM) and nano-Se (0, 1 and 2 mg/kg DM). The lambs were slaughtered on day 90 (end of experiment). Feeding a mixture of CLA and nano-Se tended to reduce the body weight of lambs comparing to the control group. The experimental diets had no impact on biometric parameters. Some blood parameters like high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione peroxidase depended on dietary nano-Se supplementation (P<0.05); but glucose, triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), total protein (TP) and cholesterol had no considerable effects. The results of qPCR analysis showed that nano-Se supplemental at highest level (2 mg/kg DM) increased gene expression of GPX1 and SEPW1 in liver (P<0.05). Dietary inclusion of CLA enhanced the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression and decreased stearoyl COA desaturase 1 genes in tail (P<0.01). In conclusion, nano-Se and CLA differently increased the gene expression in liver and tail and had good impacts on some blood parameters; suggesting that nano-Se and CLA have not synergism interaction in the above parameters.

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Mar 1, 2018

In last decade, the uncontrolled use of antibiotics as growth promoter for livestock has led to t... more In last decade, the uncontrolled use of antibiotics as growth promoter for livestock has led to the appearance of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and increased risk of infectious diseases. This situation has triggered intensive research efforts to find safe alternative strategies. Certainly, the plants and vegetables and their derivatives as natural safe substances could be good candidates in this respect. There is huge information on the immunostimulatory properties of herbal plans in human, and may contribute considerably to the improvement of the health and immune response and prevention of certain diseases in animals including poultry. Garlic (Allium sativum) is an herbal plant that has traditionally been used for the healing a number of human diseases and has in recent years been revealed to have immunostimulatory, anticardiovascular disease, antitumour, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The scientific evidences suggest that allicin and other active components of garlic have also some positive effects for livestock, including hypocholesterolemic, growth promoting, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.

African Journal of Biotechnology, 2013

An experiment was conducted on broiler chickens to study the effects of dietary fats rich in conj... more An experiment was conducted on broiler chickens to study the effects of dietary fats rich in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), fish oil (n-3 rich oil), soybean oil (n-6 rich oil), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) alone or in dual mixtures, as well as palm oil as a more saturated fat on tissue fat deposition and serum lipid concentrations of broiler chickens. The fat included in the experiment's diets is a dose of 7% for single fats and 3.5 + 3.5% for the dual mixtures. The conjugate linoleic acid (CLA) supplement used in this study was LUTA-CLA 60, containing 60% CLA, so that dietary inclusion of 7 and 3.5% LUTA-CLA 60 were supplied with 4.2 and 2.1% CLA, respectively. The chickens fed diets containing palm oil, soybean oil or fish oil as the only dietary fat deposited more fat in breast tissue compared with other groups (P < 0.05). The highest fat in thigh tissue was observed in birds fed 7% fish oil (P < 0.05). The CLA containing diets resulted in fatter liver tissue (P < 0.05). The diets containing 7% fish oil effectively decreased the lipid content of chicken's liver (P < 0.05). The fish oil and soybean oil as n-3 and n-6 rich sources, respectively demonstrated a comparable reduction in the serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations (P < 0.05), while the 7% CLA diet increased serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) level (P < 0.05). The results of this study showed that dietary fish oil, and CLA effectively increased fat content of meat and liver tissues, respectively; and the dietary soybean oil and fish oil were more effective on reducing serum undesired lipoproteins, as compared with CLA.

Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, 2015

Nutrient and gene interaction is an important aspect of poultry metabolism that determines perfor... more Nutrient and gene interaction is an important aspect of poultry metabolism that determines performance capacity. New technological tools in biochemistry and biotechnology make it possible to explore the molecular base of phenotypic characteristics of poultry production. Fats act as energy deposits in the poultry body and are an essential constituent of animal cell membranes. From a functional standpoint, it has been suggested that ingested lipids change liver fatty acid synthesis and other lipogenic enzymes by regulating mRNA synthesis. Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that control several genes involved in lipid metabolism. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors. Three separate PPAR genes have been identified; they are known as α, δ, and γ. The most important metabolic effect of PPARγ in chicken is its task in adipogenesis. Reviewing the ligands of chicken PPARγ gene can be useful to a better understanding of PPARγ regulatory functions.

The Journal of applied poultry research, Dec 1, 2016

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of enzymatic treatment and shell ... more Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of enzymatic treatment and shell content of palm kernel expeller meal (PKE) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, and ileal bacteria population in broiler chickens. Part of the PKE sample was sieved (3 mm) to remove the shell (lower shell PKE) and part was used as is. The primary mannan-oligosaccharides in the experimental diets were determined using HPLC analysis. During the finisher phase, one hundred male broiler chickens (Cobb-500) were fed a control diet or the diets containing 200 g/kg of normal PKE (70 g/kg shell), low shell PKE (30 g/kg shell), enzymatically (cellulase and mannanase) treated PKE, or low shell, enzymatically treated PKE. The DM, CP, and ether extract digestibility coefficients were measured using acid insoluble ash as an insoluble marker. The quantitative rea-time PCR was used to determine the ileal bacteria populations. The enzymatic treatment significantly increased the mannose and also mannan-oligosaccharides content of PKE. Feed intake was not affected by dietary inclusion of PKE. In the birds fed the low shell PKE diet the average daily weight gain was lower and the feed conversion ratio was higher than those in the control and other PKE fed groups. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter and ash were lower in PKE containing diets than the control diet. However, there were no differences in the crude protein and ether extracts digestibility coefficients between the diets containing the enzymatic treated PKE (normal or low shell) and the control diet. The lowest ileal Lactobacilli population was found in the chickens fed the low shell PKE diet. Dietary normal PKE or low shell-enzymatic treated PKE decreased the Escherichia coli population compared to the control diet. The results suggested that PKE could be included up to 200 g/kg in the finisher diet without any apparent adverse effect on performance in broilers; however, any screening practice to reduce the shell content of PKE without enzymatic degradation of β-mannan, decreased its nutritive value.

International Journal of Dairy Technology, Jun 9, 2020

Dietary intervention is a well-recognised approach to modifying milk yield and physicochemical ch... more Dietary intervention is a well-recognised approach to modifying milk yield and physicochemical characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing ewes' diet with tannin and/or linseed oil on the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of milk, as well as the antioxidant status of dairy ewes. The study involved 36 3-year-old lactating Moghani sheep randomly assigned to six treatment groups. Results demonstrated that tannin extract and linseed oil changed the fatty acid content of milk. In particular, unsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid were increased by the treatments (P < 0.05). Generally, groups receiving tannin extracts and/ or oil showed higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids in their milk, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids including C18:3n3, C20:2, C20:3n3, C20:4n6, CLA cis-9 trans-11, CLA trans-10 cis-12, C22:2 and total unsaturated fatty acids.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Feb 16, 2012

The applications of conventional culture-dependent assays to quantify bacteria populations are li... more The applications of conventional culture-dependent assays to quantify bacteria populations are limited by their dependence on the inconsistent success of the different culture-steps involved. In addition, some bacteria can be pathogenic or a source of endotoxins and pose a health risk to the researchers. Bacterial quantification based on the real-time PCR method can overcome the above-mentioned problems. However, the quantification of bacteria using this approach is commonly expressed as absolute quantities even though the composition of samples (like those of digesta) can vary widely; thus, the final results may be affected if the samples are not properly homogenized, especially when multiple samples are to be pooled together before DNA extraction. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation coefficients between four different methods of expressing the output data of real-time PCR-based bacterial quantification. The four methods were: (i) the common absolute method expressed as the cell number of specific bacteria per gram of digesta; (ii) the Livak and Schmittgen, ΔΔCt method; (iii) the Pfaffl equation; and (iv) a simple relative method based on the ratio of cell number of specific bacteria to the total bacterial cells. Because of the effect on total bacteria population in the results obtained using ΔCt-based methods (ΔΔCt and Pfaffl), these methods lack the acceptable consistency to be used as valid and reliable methods in real-time PCR-based bacterial quantification studies. On the other hand, because of the variable compositions of digesta samples, a simple ratio of cell number of specific bacteria to the corresponding

Poultry Science, May 1, 2014

Exposure to high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid predisposes spermatozoa to lipid peroxidati... more Exposure to high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid predisposes spermatozoa to lipid peroxidation, resulting in their decreased fertility. Ginger powder (GP), which is high in antioxidative compounds, was fed to aged breeder roosters to improve their reproductive performance. Seventy-five 52-wk-old Cobb 500 breeder roosters randomly received either 0 (GP 0), 15 (GP 15), or 30 (GP 30) g of GP/kg of diet for 14 consecutive wk, during which time their seminal characteristics were evaluated every 2 wk. At the end of the trial, semen samples were tested for determination of sperm fatty acid (FA) concentration and seminal plasma total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, sperm penetration was assayed, and using 225 artificially inseminated hens, fertility and hatchability rates were determined. Dietary GP improved sperm forward motility, live sperm percentage, and sperm plasma membrane integrity. These were associated with a decrease in the percentage of abnormal sperm. The seminal TBA reactive species concentration was lower in birds belonging to the GP 30 treatment in comparison with those in the GP 15 and GP 0 treatments. The feeding of GP resulted in overall decreases and increases in sperm saturated and unsaturated FA, respectively. The n-6:n-3 FA ratio of sperm was decreased in the GP 30 group in comparison with controls. The highest levels of sperm C20:4(n-6) and C22:6(n-3) FA were recorded in the GP 15 and GP 30 treatments, respectively. A higher percentage of sperm C22:4(n-6) FA was found in GP-fed roosters. Seminal plasma total antioxidant capacity was considerably improved by the GP 15 and GP 30 treatments. Further, a higher number of perivitelline membrane sperm penetration holes was recorded for the GP 30 treatment in comparison with the GP 15 and GP 0 treatments. Interestingly, although hatchability, chick quality, and embryonic mortality were not affected by dietary treatment, fertility rate was improved by the feeding of GP. In conclusion, dietary GP improved most of the seminal characteristics evaluated in aged roosters of this study, suggesting that it has potential for use in attenuating age-related subfertility in senescent male commercial broiler breeders.

Animal Production Science, 2012

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary fish oil and crude protein (CP) ... more An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary fish oil and crude protein (CP) levels on fatty acid composition of the thigh and breast tissues of broiler chickens. Four hundred and fifty, 1-day-old mixed-sex broiler chicks were used in a completely randomised design with factorial arrangement consisting of two dietary CP levels (21 v. 18.0% and 19 v. 17.1% for grower and finisher diets, respectively), and three levels of fish oil inclusion (0, 2 or 4%). Specific increases in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 : 5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6) were observed in breast and thigh tissues as a response to increased fish oil supplementation. The n-6 : n-3 fatty acid ratio in breast and thigh meat samples decreased (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) in birds fed low protein diets, but dietary protein level led to no alteration in the total n-3 fatty acids of the tissues (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 0.05). Thigh tissue of chickens fed low protein diets had a higher concentration of DHA (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05), while the DHA and EPA concentrations in breast tissue were not affected by dietary protein level (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 0.05). Results of the present study showed that fish oil can be used to fortify EPA and DHA levels in chicken meat and there is an interaction between dietary fatty acids and protein level on meat oxidative stability, and a reduction in dietary protein level may lead to a better oxidative stability of chicken meat.

Sheep keepers need suitable strategies to improve animal immunity and the quality of their produc... more Sheep keepers need suitable strategies to improve animal immunity and the quality of their products. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of nano-selenium (nano-Se) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on an antioxidant statue, trace minerals, and mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and selenoprotein W1 (SEPW1) genes in the liver and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and stearoyl COA desaturase 1 (SCD1) genes in fat-tail of male Moghani lambs. Thirty male Moghani lambs, three months old and average weight 30.00 ± 0.25 kg, were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 2×3 factorial arrangement with dietary supplementation of nano-Se (0, 1.00 and 2.00 mg kg-1 dry matter) and CLA (0.00 and 15.00 g kg-1 dry matter). The lambs were slaughtered at the end of the experiment, on day 90 of the experiment. Results showed that dietary inclusion of nano-Se significantly improved antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in blood, however, did not show any differences in trace mineral treatments. The analysis of qPCR showed that nano-Se inclusion at the highest level (2.00 g kg-1 dry matter) enhanced gene expression of GPX1 (0.64 vs 0.34) and SEPW1 (0.72 vs 0.35) in the liver. Dietary inclusion of CLA increased the expression of PPARγ (0.63 vs 0.38) and decreased SCD1 (0.63 vs 0.33) genes in fat-tail. It could be concluded that selenium inclusion in the growing lamb's diet could improve antioxidant status, however, no synergistic interaction was observed along with CLA on the mentioned parameters.

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Jun 1, 2019

A total of 60 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) in a finisher period (29-42d) were allotted ... more A total of 60 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) in a finisher period (29-42d) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments namely a control diet, a diet with 20 g/kg Bio-Mos, and a diet containing 200 g/kg of an enzymatically-treated PKE. There were no differences in the ileal population of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus or Enterobacteriaceae among the experimental groups. But, birds fed diets containing PKE or Bio-oOs had a lower population of Escherichia coli than the control group. The results showed that PKE potentially has comparable prebiotic features as commercial Bio-Mos for poultry.

Poultry Science, Dec 1, 2022

To evaluate the effect of level and particle size of rice husk as a source of fiber on the growth... more To evaluate the effect of level and particle size of rice husk as a source of fiber on the growth performance , carcass yield and morphology of the small intestine of chickens, two hundred day old broiler chickens Ross (308), were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates with 10 birds each. The diets consisted of a control diet without rice husk, and 4 diets containing 0.75% and 1.5% rice husk with a particle size smaller than 1 mm or1-2mm.. The Values for feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio(FCR)were measured during the growing and finishing periods.The morphology of the small intestine and carcass characteristics were measured at the end of the experiment. Dietary inclusion of rice hulls had significant effects on growth performance in grower phase and whole the 42-day rearing period (P <0.05).The diets containing 1.5 percent rice hulls with a particle size between 1 to 2 mm in grower period had highest daily gain and lowest FCR and the diets containing 0.75 percent rice hulls with a particle between 1to 2 mm had the highest daily gain and lowest FCR in 42-day breeding period(P <0.05). The lowest daily gain and feed intake in finisher period and whole the 42-day rearing period was observed in the control group and the highest daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were observed in the diets containing 0.75 percent rice hulls with a particle size below 1 mm. Using rice hulls had no significant influence on carcass yield (P <0.05) but the best carcass ratio (carcass weight relative to live weight) was found in the group that was consumed the diets containing %0.75 rice hulls, with a particle size between 1 and 2 mm and the lowest was found in husk free diet consumer group. The dietary fiber concentration was changed the ratio of liver weight to body weight (P <0.05) so that the birde fed the diet containing %0.75 rice hulls with particle size below 1 mm had the lowest and the control group had the highest proportion,respectively.The diet containing % 0.75 rice - hulls wiht particle size below 1 mm have the lowest ratio of abdominal fat and intestinal length to live weight. Generally, the best results were observed with the diets containing 0.75% rice hulls with particle size between 1 and 2 mm. At 42 days of age after slather, 1 cm from the central part of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected from 5 birds from each treatment, and sent to lab to preparing the tissue slides.In the duodenum and jejunum sections using of rice husk in broiler diets reduced the villus height compared to the control group. However, in the duodenum the villus height in RBH treatment was higher than other treatments. In the Duodenum, the largest and lowest numbers of goblet cells per 100 square micrometers of tissue were found in the control and RBH treatments, respectively. In the jejunum and ileum the situation was slightly different, so that the maximum and lowest numbers of goblet cells were observed in the RSL and control groups. In duodenum, the highest and the lowest Crypt depth were observed in the RBH and control treatments, respectively(p<0.01). In the jejunum, the ratio between villus height and crypt depth in treatments RBH and RBL were higher than control group and experimental diets were not affected this measure in the ileum. The results showed that regardless of the dietary level and particle size, use of rice husk was weakened intestinal morphological traits in broiler chickens.

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Aug 1, 2018

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of water-so... more Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of water-soluble vitamins on the parameters of hatching, growth rate and immune system in broiler chicks. In this research, 450 fertile eggs from Ross 308 broiler breeder flock were used. Eggs were divided into five treatment groups, 4 replicates each and placed in a hatchery machine. Experimental groups were inoculated with 0.211 mg nicotonic acid (B3), 0.052 mg of pantothenic acid (B5), 0/007 mg of folic acid (B9), positive control (physiological serum injection) and Negative control (non-infusion group). In ovo injection was carried out on day 14 of incubation from the broader part of the egg to the air cell. Hatching chicks were identified with foot number tag and stored in five groups for 42 days and weekly weighing was performed individually. In ovo injection of physiological serum significantly increased the hatchability (P <0.05). In ovo injection of pantothenic acid as well as nicotinic acid increased the titres of antibodies against Newcastle Virus compared to the control group and folic acid injection group. Antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were also affected by experimental treatments, such that injection of folic acid and pantothenic acid was associated with a decrease in the titres compared to the negative control group. Immunoglobulin G level in serum of vitamin injected chicks were lower than that of the control group, and a similar relationship was observed with immunoglobulin M in chickens fed folic acid and pantothenic acid. From the fifth week to the end of the rearing period, nicotonic acid treatment had more growth rate than other treatments. In general, the results of this study showed that intravenous injection of B complex vitamins, folic acid, pantothenic acid, or nicotonic acid did not have a favorable effect on the antibody titre against sheep red blood cells and the level of immune globulins M and G, and the only positive effectt was the improvement of the antibody titre against Newcastle Virus due to the in ovo injection of pantothenic acid and nicotonic acid and aldo the positive effect of nicotonic acid on growth curve of broilers.

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Mar 1, 2017

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Dec 1, 2016

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Mar 1, 2015

Production of chicken meat is an important branch of food industry. Generally, poultry meat farme... more Production of chicken meat is an important branch of food industry. Generally, poultry meat farmers aim to produce birds with superior body weight and feed conversion ratio. However, in line with current developments, there are other parameters that must to be taken into account such as lower body fat deposition and improvement in the nutrient composition of products corresponding to consumer requirements. Nowadays, extra focus has been given to designing and enrichment foods as functional foods, with components that have beneficial effects on human wellbeing. In definition, functional foods contain particular nutrients and / or non-nutrients that have an effect on human health, beyond what is usually known as nutritional effects. There are several compounds in foods that improve consumer's health status. Among them the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, n-6 and n-3 series) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are the most functional and bioactives components of lipids. Chicken meat has been a common objective of nutritional modification because the absorbed dietary fatty acids from the small intestine directly enter into the chicken tissue lipids. This paper tries to review the recent findings in the area of chicken meat enrichment using dietary fats.

Italian Journal of Animal Science, Oct 27, 2020

The objective of this trial was to determine the amount of alfalfa hay (AH) in low forage diets t... more The objective of this trial was to determine the amount of alfalfa hay (AH) in low forage diets that could be replaced with dried corn gluten feed (DCGF) without negatively altering eating behaviour, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and performance of lactating dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 Â 4 Latin square design experiment. Treatments included (dry matter [DM] basis): 18.81% AH without DCGF (0DCGF,); 12.53% AH and 6.26% DCGF (6DCGF); 6.26% AH and 12.53% DCGF (12DCGF); and 0% AH and 18.81% DCGF (18 DCGF). Diet particle size and physically effective neutral detergent fibre declined linearly (p < .001) as DCGF replaced AH resulting in a linear decrease (p < .001) in time (min/d) spent eating, ruminating, and chewing. As DCGF replaced AH, ruminal pH decreased linearly (p ¼ .003) and total VFA concentrations increased linearly (p ¼ .02) tending to be highest (p ¼ .062) for 12DCGF. Ruminal acetate and butyrate, and plasma b-hydroxybutyrate concentrations declined linearly (p ¼ .001) whereas ruminal propionate concentration increased linearly (p ¼ .001) as DCGF increased. Dry matter intake (DMI; p ¼ .001) and nutrient digestibility increased linearly (p < .05) and tended to be greatest (p < .10) for 12DCGF. Milk yield (MY; p ¼ .016) and protein yield (p ¼ .001) increased linearly, but milk fat yield declined as DCGF replaced 6 and 12% of AH and decreased more when DCGF replaced all AH resulting in a quadratic response (p ¼ .041). Results of this trial suggest that replacing 12% of the AH with DCGF increases MY because of higher DMI and nutrient digestibility, but replacing all of the AH with DCGF reduces milk fat yield and dairy efficiency. HIGHLIGHTS DCGF can replace AH to improve nutrient digestibility and milk yield. Improvements in nutrient digestibility when DCGF replaces AH potentially reduce total waste production of dairy cows. Completely replacing AH with DCGF in low forage diets reduces milk fat yield due to change in ruminal fermentation.

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Sep 1, 2019

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of nano selenium (nano-Se) and conjugated lino... more This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of nano selenium (nano-Se) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on performance, biometric and blood parameters and selenoprotein W1 (SEPW1) and lipid gene expression in male Moghani lambs. Thirty male Moghani lambs, 3-months-old and weighing 30 ± 0.25 kg, were used in completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with dietary supplemental the CLA (0 and 15 g/kg DM) and nano-Se (0, 1 and 2 mg/kg DM). The lambs were slaughtered on day 90 (end of experiment). Feeding a mixture of CLA and nano-Se tended to reduce the body weight of lambs comparing to the control group. The experimental diets had no impact on biometric parameters. Some blood parameters like high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione peroxidase depended on dietary nano-Se supplementation (P<0.05); but glucose, triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), total protein (TP) and cholesterol had no considerable effects. The results of qPCR analysis showed that nano-Se supplemental at highest level (2 mg/kg DM) increased gene expression of GPX1 and SEPW1 in liver (P<0.05). Dietary inclusion of CLA enhanced the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression and decreased stearoyl COA desaturase 1 genes in tail (P<0.01). In conclusion, nano-Se and CLA differently increased the gene expression in liver and tail and had good impacts on some blood parameters; suggesting that nano-Se and CLA have not synergism interaction in the above parameters.

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, Mar 1, 2018

In last decade, the uncontrolled use of antibiotics as growth promoter for livestock has led to t... more In last decade, the uncontrolled use of antibiotics as growth promoter for livestock has led to the appearance of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and increased risk of infectious diseases. This situation has triggered intensive research efforts to find safe alternative strategies. Certainly, the plants and vegetables and their derivatives as natural safe substances could be good candidates in this respect. There is huge information on the immunostimulatory properties of herbal plans in human, and may contribute considerably to the improvement of the health and immune response and prevention of certain diseases in animals including poultry. Garlic (Allium sativum) is an herbal plant that has traditionally been used for the healing a number of human diseases and has in recent years been revealed to have immunostimulatory, anticardiovascular disease, antitumour, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The scientific evidences suggest that allicin and other active components of garlic have also some positive effects for livestock, including hypocholesterolemic, growth promoting, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.

African Journal of Biotechnology, 2013

An experiment was conducted on broiler chickens to study the effects of dietary fats rich in conj... more An experiment was conducted on broiler chickens to study the effects of dietary fats rich in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), fish oil (n-3 rich oil), soybean oil (n-6 rich oil), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) alone or in dual mixtures, as well as palm oil as a more saturated fat on tissue fat deposition and serum lipid concentrations of broiler chickens. The fat included in the experiment's diets is a dose of 7% for single fats and 3.5 + 3.5% for the dual mixtures. The conjugate linoleic acid (CLA) supplement used in this study was LUTA-CLA 60, containing 60% CLA, so that dietary inclusion of 7 and 3.5% LUTA-CLA 60 were supplied with 4.2 and 2.1% CLA, respectively. The chickens fed diets containing palm oil, soybean oil or fish oil as the only dietary fat deposited more fat in breast tissue compared with other groups (P < 0.05). The highest fat in thigh tissue was observed in birds fed 7% fish oil (P < 0.05). The CLA containing diets resulted in fatter liver tissue (P < 0.05). The diets containing 7% fish oil effectively decreased the lipid content of chicken's liver (P < 0.05). The fish oil and soybean oil as n-3 and n-6 rich sources, respectively demonstrated a comparable reduction in the serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations (P < 0.05), while the 7% CLA diet increased serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) level (P < 0.05). The results of this study showed that dietary fish oil, and CLA effectively increased fat content of meat and liver tissues, respectively; and the dietary soybean oil and fish oil were more effective on reducing serum undesired lipoproteins, as compared with CLA.

Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, 2015

Nutrient and gene interaction is an important aspect of poultry metabolism that determines perfor... more Nutrient and gene interaction is an important aspect of poultry metabolism that determines performance capacity. New technological tools in biochemistry and biotechnology make it possible to explore the molecular base of phenotypic characteristics of poultry production. Fats act as energy deposits in the poultry body and are an essential constituent of animal cell membranes. From a functional standpoint, it has been suggested that ingested lipids change liver fatty acid synthesis and other lipogenic enzymes by regulating mRNA synthesis. Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that control several genes involved in lipid metabolism. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors. Three separate PPAR genes have been identified; they are known as α, δ, and γ. The most important metabolic effect of PPARγ in chicken is its task in adipogenesis. Reviewing the ligands of chicken PPARγ gene can be useful to a better understanding of PPARγ regulatory functions.

The Journal of applied poultry research, Dec 1, 2016

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of enzymatic treatment and shell ... more Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of enzymatic treatment and shell content of palm kernel expeller meal (PKE) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, and ileal bacteria population in broiler chickens. Part of the PKE sample was sieved (3 mm) to remove the shell (lower shell PKE) and part was used as is. The primary mannan-oligosaccharides in the experimental diets were determined using HPLC analysis. During the finisher phase, one hundred male broiler chickens (Cobb-500) were fed a control diet or the diets containing 200 g/kg of normal PKE (70 g/kg shell), low shell PKE (30 g/kg shell), enzymatically (cellulase and mannanase) treated PKE, or low shell, enzymatically treated PKE. The DM, CP, and ether extract digestibility coefficients were measured using acid insoluble ash as an insoluble marker. The quantitative rea-time PCR was used to determine the ileal bacteria populations. The enzymatic treatment significantly increased the mannose and also mannan-oligosaccharides content of PKE. Feed intake was not affected by dietary inclusion of PKE. In the birds fed the low shell PKE diet the average daily weight gain was lower and the feed conversion ratio was higher than those in the control and other PKE fed groups. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter and ash were lower in PKE containing diets than the control diet. However, there were no differences in the crude protein and ether extracts digestibility coefficients between the diets containing the enzymatic treated PKE (normal or low shell) and the control diet. The lowest ileal Lactobacilli population was found in the chickens fed the low shell PKE diet. Dietary normal PKE or low shell-enzymatic treated PKE decreased the Escherichia coli population compared to the control diet. The results suggested that PKE could be included up to 200 g/kg in the finisher diet without any apparent adverse effect on performance in broilers; however, any screening practice to reduce the shell content of PKE without enzymatic degradation of β-mannan, decreased its nutritive value.

International Journal of Dairy Technology, Jun 9, 2020

Dietary intervention is a well-recognised approach to modifying milk yield and physicochemical ch... more Dietary intervention is a well-recognised approach to modifying milk yield and physicochemical characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing ewes' diet with tannin and/or linseed oil on the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of milk, as well as the antioxidant status of dairy ewes. The study involved 36 3-year-old lactating Moghani sheep randomly assigned to six treatment groups. Results demonstrated that tannin extract and linseed oil changed the fatty acid content of milk. In particular, unsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid were increased by the treatments (P < 0.05). Generally, groups receiving tannin extracts and/ or oil showed higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids in their milk, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids including C18:3n3, C20:2, C20:3n3, C20:4n6, CLA cis-9 trans-11, CLA trans-10 cis-12, C22:2 and total unsaturated fatty acids.