Bratislav Stankovic - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Bratislav Stankovic
Physiologia Plantarum (Denmark), 1998
IntechOpen eBooks, Jul 18, 2022
The term "essentially derived varieties" (EDVs) was introduced by the International Union for the... more The term "essentially derived varieties" (EDVs) was introduced by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) to prevent the exploitation of minor changes in relation to the initial plant variety (IV), without the holder of the IV right being able to share in the revenues. A plant variety is deemed an EDV when it is predominantly derived from the IV, or from a variety that is itself predominantly derived from the IV, while retaining the expression of the essential characteristics that result from the genotype of the IV. Molecular markers can be used to characterize plant genetic resources and to provide measures of genetic (dis)similarities between plant varieties. Genetic distance estimates based on molecular markers are a preferred approach to estimate genetic conformity between putative EDVs and their IVs. Numerous publications have shown the advantages of molecular markers, their high throughput, high map resolution, and high repeatability for determination of EDVs. They help reduce the legal uncertainty surrounding the EDV concept, thus providing a more predictable business environment that allows genetic diversity to be surveyed with ever-increasing effectiveness, improving the selection of new genotypes that are optimally able to perform in target agricultural environments.
Social Science Research Network, Nov 15, 2013
Plant and Cell Physiology, Mar 1, 1998
(English) Localized heat wounding of tomato plants triggered rapid changes in growth and in elect... more (English) Localized heat wounding of tomato plants triggered rapid changes in growth and in electrical activity. The growth alterations were manifested as a transient increase in growth (petiole elongation), followed by a massive, long-lasting growth reduction. The electrical potential changes consisted of a wave of depolarization and re-polarization, ie, a variation potential (VP). The tissue deformation apparently resulted from a pressure surge rapidly transmitted through the xylem, and preceded the changes in ...
Case W. Res. JL Tech. & Internet, 2012
What is patentable in the United States, according to statute, dates back to the first United Sta... more What is patentable in the United States, according to statute, dates back to the first United States Patent Act of 1790. The provisions of the US patent code contain nothing specific about patenting living organisms; late nineteenth-century developments at the US Patent and Trademark Office (" USPTO") both allowed3 and prohibited4 Pat-ents on living organisms. Fast forward a century, and the rapid advancements in biotechnology have led universities and companies conducting biotechnology research and development (R & D) ...
Progress in molecular biology and the engineering of controlled environments for plant growth are... more Progress in molecular biology and the engineering of controlled environments for plant growth are allowing plant space biologists to separate genuine microgravity related phenotypes from other stress responses present in space. The Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics in partnership with Space Explorers Inc., recently flew the Advanced Astroculture (ADVASC) growth chamber on the International Space Station (ISS). Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants were grown from seed to seed in microgravity. Light ...
The recent advances in genetic engineering, gene therapy, potential for cloning animals and human... more The recent advances in genetic engineering, gene therapy, potential for cloning animals and humans, and the isolation and manipulation of human embryonic stem cells, easily capture the imagination. These rapid developments in biotechnology have affected and significantly challenged many areas of law, in particular patent law. While research with and patentability of genes, transgenic organisms, and stem cells makes for headline news, it is also at the center of a myriad of ethical, religious, metaphysical, and political debates. Because the moral and legal justifications are not identical, it is possible for a legal decision to be immoral although consistent with legal precedent and procedure. Contributing to that debate and enriching the conversation, this article addresses some of the issues surrounding patentability of inventions related to DNA, genes, stem cells, transgenic organisms and, in general to living matter.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011
Page 1. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2049538 1 TRIPLE HELIX INNOVATION ... more Page 1. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2049538 1 TRIPLE HELIX INNOVATION MODEL: LINKING THE ACADEMIA, THE BUSINESS SECTOR AND THE GOVERNMENT, CASE STUDY OF MACEDONIA MIRJANA TODOROVSKA AND BRATISLAV STANKOVIC 1. INTRODUCTION Innovation has become a key factor to sustainable growth and knowledge economy creation, having impact on the national competitiveness in the regional and global economy. 1 ...
This chapter is concerned with the intracellular signaling events that take place in individual p... more This chapter is concerned with the intracellular signaling events that take place in individual plant cells. It summarizes the known intracellular signaling events, cascades, molecular and cellular participants, receptors, transducers, and effectors; as well as their connectivity, interplay, and crosstalk. First, we review the signaling anatomy and physiology of a plant cell, describing the molecular and cellular components that are involved. Then, we provide an overview of the events taking place from perception to attenuation in a variety of contexts. We highlight some intracellular signaling components that are unique to plants. Finally, we use case studies of several types of plant cells and of several types of stimuli that trigger signaling events and result in cellular responses. The analysis of signaling pathways and networks has become an essential tool for understanding cellular functions. The presence of numerous components, their degree of interconnectivity, and their dyn...
ERPN: Patents (Sub-Topic), 2021
The Intellectual Property (IP) Attaché Program was established by the United States Patent and Tr... more The Intellectual Property (IP) Attaché Program was established by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to assist U.S. stakeholders in other countries and improve IP systems worldwide. Operating across five continents, the IP attachés are diplomats with IP expertise assigned to U.S. embassies and consulates throughout the world. The IP Attaché Program epitomizes the USPTO’s mission of “foster[ing] innovation, competitiveness and economic growth, domestically and abroad, … guiding domestic and international intellectual property policy, and delivering intellectual property information and education worldwide.” IP protection affects commerce throughout the economy in a variety of ways, including: (i) providing incentives to invent and create; (ii) protecting innovators from unauthorized copying; (iii) facilitating financial investments in innovation; (iv) supporting startup liquidity and growth; (v) making licensing-based technology business models possible; and (vi) e...
The International Journal of Knowledge, Culture, and Change Management: Annual Review, 2012
Abstract: Macedonia is experiencing constrains in relation to science, technology and innovation ... more Abstract: Macedonia is experiencing constrains in relation to science, technology and innovation policies which are similar to those of other South Eastern European countries since gaining independence. The country needs a holistic approach to research and development (R&D) issues and human capital creation in order to align its scientific and research target policies with the ones set in the EU's Lisbon strategy 2020 (augmenting the R&D part in the nation's GDP up to 3%).
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2000
Crop production and utilization are undergoing significant modifications and improvements that em... more Crop production and utilization are undergoing significant modifications and improvements that emanate from adaptation of recently developed plant biotechnologies. Several innovative technologies will impact US agriculture in the next century. One of these is the transfer of desirable genes from organisms to economically important crop species in a way that cannot be accomplished with traditional plant breeding techniques. Such plant genetic engineering offers opportunities to improve crop species for a number of characteristics as ...
Astrobiology, 2014
Arabidopsis thaliana was grown from seed to seed wholly in microgravity on the International Spac... more Arabidopsis thaliana was grown from seed to seed wholly in microgravity on the International Space Station. Arabidopsis plants were germinated, grown, and maintained inside a growth chamber prior to returning to Earth. Some of these seeds were used in a subsequent experiment to successfully produce a second (back-toback) generation of microgravity-grown Arabidopsis. In general, plant growth and development in microgravity proceeded similarly to those of the ground controls, which were grown in an identical chamber. Morphologically, the most striking feature of space-grown Arabidopsis was that the secondary inflorescence branches and siliques formed nearly perpendicular angles to the inflorescence stems. The branches grew out perpendicularly to the main inflorescence stem, indicating that gravity was the key determinant of branch and silique angle and that light had either no role or a secondary role in Arabidopsis branch and silique orientation. Seed protein bodies were 55% smaller in space seed than in controls, but protein assays showed only a 9% reduction in seed protein content. Germination rates for space-produced seed were 92%, indicating that the seeds developed in microgravity were healthy and viable. Gravity is not necessary for seed-to-seed growth of plants, though it plays a direct role in plant form and may influence seed reserves.
PlantOmics: The Omics of Plant Science, 2015
PlantOmics: The Omics of Plant Science, 2015
Concept: (Plasmid, engineering the plasmid, getting plasmid into the bacteria, screening the bact... more Concept: (Plasmid, engineering the plasmid, getting plasmid into the bacteria, screening the bacterial colonies, hybridization, making a probe, cloning and gene libraries.) Genetic Engineering or gene technology is a particular field of biotechnology which involves alteration of genetic constitution of cells or individuals (genetic manipulation) by the selective removal, insertion, or modification of individual gene sets. The product is thus obtained is recombinant DNA. (The term recombinant DNA refers to the creation of a new combination of DNA molecules that are not found together naturally.) Although human beings have altering the genetic makeup of organisms for centuries by selective breeding, only recently has the direct manipulation of DNA been possible. The deliberate modification of an organism's genetic information by directly changing its nucleic acid genome is called genetic engineering and is accompanied by a collection of methods known as recombinant DNA technology. The basic procedures involve a series of steps: 1. First, the DNA responsible for a particular phenotype is identified and purified from cells or tissues (isolation of gene). 2. Once purified, the gene(s) are fused with other pieces of DNA (mostly the plasmid) to form recombinant DNA(r DNA) molecules. 3. These are propagated (gene cloning) by insertion into an organism (the host cell) that need not even be in the same kingdom as the original gene donor. Within the host cell, the recombinant molecule replicates, producing dozens of identical copies known as clones. (Clones are identical organisms, cells, or molecules descended from a single ancestor.) 4. Production of expression vector (mostly an E. coli strain) for cloned gene to express the foreign gene where the cloned gene can be transcribed, its mRNA translated, and the gene product isolated and used for research, or sold commercially. In addition, DNA sequences up to about 100 bases long can now be chemically synthesized by entirely automated procedures. Recombinant DNA molecules thus can be produced containing either natural DNA fragments resulting from restriction-enzyme cleavage or any desired chemically synthesized mutant sequences. Thus it is an essential part of biotechnology, which is now experiencing a stage of exceptionally rapid growth and development. Although the term has several definitions, in
Mankind will explore the solar system. Some of that exploration will be done robotically, allowin... more Mankind will explore the solar system. Some of that exploration will be done robotically, allowing vicarious human experience and study of extraterrestrial locations. However, the US space program's plans are replete with strategies to enable the first-hand human exploration of space. With the human system such an essential part of the long-term plan, technologies to keep humans alive and performing at full capacity in extraterrestrial environments must be developed.
Physiologia Plantarum (Denmark), 1998
IntechOpen eBooks, Jul 18, 2022
The term "essentially derived varieties" (EDVs) was introduced by the International Union for the... more The term "essentially derived varieties" (EDVs) was introduced by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) to prevent the exploitation of minor changes in relation to the initial plant variety (IV), without the holder of the IV right being able to share in the revenues. A plant variety is deemed an EDV when it is predominantly derived from the IV, or from a variety that is itself predominantly derived from the IV, while retaining the expression of the essential characteristics that result from the genotype of the IV. Molecular markers can be used to characterize plant genetic resources and to provide measures of genetic (dis)similarities between plant varieties. Genetic distance estimates based on molecular markers are a preferred approach to estimate genetic conformity between putative EDVs and their IVs. Numerous publications have shown the advantages of molecular markers, their high throughput, high map resolution, and high repeatability for determination of EDVs. They help reduce the legal uncertainty surrounding the EDV concept, thus providing a more predictable business environment that allows genetic diversity to be surveyed with ever-increasing effectiveness, improving the selection of new genotypes that are optimally able to perform in target agricultural environments.
Social Science Research Network, Nov 15, 2013
Plant and Cell Physiology, Mar 1, 1998
(English) Localized heat wounding of tomato plants triggered rapid changes in growth and in elect... more (English) Localized heat wounding of tomato plants triggered rapid changes in growth and in electrical activity. The growth alterations were manifested as a transient increase in growth (petiole elongation), followed by a massive, long-lasting growth reduction. The electrical potential changes consisted of a wave of depolarization and re-polarization, ie, a variation potential (VP). The tissue deformation apparently resulted from a pressure surge rapidly transmitted through the xylem, and preceded the changes in ...
Case W. Res. JL Tech. & Internet, 2012
What is patentable in the United States, according to statute, dates back to the first United Sta... more What is patentable in the United States, according to statute, dates back to the first United States Patent Act of 1790. The provisions of the US patent code contain nothing specific about patenting living organisms; late nineteenth-century developments at the US Patent and Trademark Office (" USPTO") both allowed3 and prohibited4 Pat-ents on living organisms. Fast forward a century, and the rapid advancements in biotechnology have led universities and companies conducting biotechnology research and development (R & D) ...
Progress in molecular biology and the engineering of controlled environments for plant growth are... more Progress in molecular biology and the engineering of controlled environments for plant growth are allowing plant space biologists to separate genuine microgravity related phenotypes from other stress responses present in space. The Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics in partnership with Space Explorers Inc., recently flew the Advanced Astroculture (ADVASC) growth chamber on the International Space Station (ISS). Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants were grown from seed to seed in microgravity. Light ...
The recent advances in genetic engineering, gene therapy, potential for cloning animals and human... more The recent advances in genetic engineering, gene therapy, potential for cloning animals and humans, and the isolation and manipulation of human embryonic stem cells, easily capture the imagination. These rapid developments in biotechnology have affected and significantly challenged many areas of law, in particular patent law. While research with and patentability of genes, transgenic organisms, and stem cells makes for headline news, it is also at the center of a myriad of ethical, religious, metaphysical, and political debates. Because the moral and legal justifications are not identical, it is possible for a legal decision to be immoral although consistent with legal precedent and procedure. Contributing to that debate and enriching the conversation, this article addresses some of the issues surrounding patentability of inventions related to DNA, genes, stem cells, transgenic organisms and, in general to living matter.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011
Page 1. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2049538 1 TRIPLE HELIX INNOVATION ... more Page 1. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2049538 1 TRIPLE HELIX INNOVATION MODEL: LINKING THE ACADEMIA, THE BUSINESS SECTOR AND THE GOVERNMENT, CASE STUDY OF MACEDONIA MIRJANA TODOROVSKA AND BRATISLAV STANKOVIC 1. INTRODUCTION Innovation has become a key factor to sustainable growth and knowledge economy creation, having impact on the national competitiveness in the regional and global economy. 1 ...
This chapter is concerned with the intracellular signaling events that take place in individual p... more This chapter is concerned with the intracellular signaling events that take place in individual plant cells. It summarizes the known intracellular signaling events, cascades, molecular and cellular participants, receptors, transducers, and effectors; as well as their connectivity, interplay, and crosstalk. First, we review the signaling anatomy and physiology of a plant cell, describing the molecular and cellular components that are involved. Then, we provide an overview of the events taking place from perception to attenuation in a variety of contexts. We highlight some intracellular signaling components that are unique to plants. Finally, we use case studies of several types of plant cells and of several types of stimuli that trigger signaling events and result in cellular responses. The analysis of signaling pathways and networks has become an essential tool for understanding cellular functions. The presence of numerous components, their degree of interconnectivity, and their dyn...
ERPN: Patents (Sub-Topic), 2021
The Intellectual Property (IP) Attaché Program was established by the United States Patent and Tr... more The Intellectual Property (IP) Attaché Program was established by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to assist U.S. stakeholders in other countries and improve IP systems worldwide. Operating across five continents, the IP attachés are diplomats with IP expertise assigned to U.S. embassies and consulates throughout the world. The IP Attaché Program epitomizes the USPTO’s mission of “foster[ing] innovation, competitiveness and economic growth, domestically and abroad, … guiding domestic and international intellectual property policy, and delivering intellectual property information and education worldwide.” IP protection affects commerce throughout the economy in a variety of ways, including: (i) providing incentives to invent and create; (ii) protecting innovators from unauthorized copying; (iii) facilitating financial investments in innovation; (iv) supporting startup liquidity and growth; (v) making licensing-based technology business models possible; and (vi) e...
The International Journal of Knowledge, Culture, and Change Management: Annual Review, 2012
Abstract: Macedonia is experiencing constrains in relation to science, technology and innovation ... more Abstract: Macedonia is experiencing constrains in relation to science, technology and innovation policies which are similar to those of other South Eastern European countries since gaining independence. The country needs a holistic approach to research and development (R&D) issues and human capital creation in order to align its scientific and research target policies with the ones set in the EU's Lisbon strategy 2020 (augmenting the R&D part in the nation's GDP up to 3%).
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2000
Crop production and utilization are undergoing significant modifications and improvements that em... more Crop production and utilization are undergoing significant modifications and improvements that emanate from adaptation of recently developed plant biotechnologies. Several innovative technologies will impact US agriculture in the next century. One of these is the transfer of desirable genes from organisms to economically important crop species in a way that cannot be accomplished with traditional plant breeding techniques. Such plant genetic engineering offers opportunities to improve crop species for a number of characteristics as ...
Astrobiology, 2014
Arabidopsis thaliana was grown from seed to seed wholly in microgravity on the International Spac... more Arabidopsis thaliana was grown from seed to seed wholly in microgravity on the International Space Station. Arabidopsis plants were germinated, grown, and maintained inside a growth chamber prior to returning to Earth. Some of these seeds were used in a subsequent experiment to successfully produce a second (back-toback) generation of microgravity-grown Arabidopsis. In general, plant growth and development in microgravity proceeded similarly to those of the ground controls, which were grown in an identical chamber. Morphologically, the most striking feature of space-grown Arabidopsis was that the secondary inflorescence branches and siliques formed nearly perpendicular angles to the inflorescence stems. The branches grew out perpendicularly to the main inflorescence stem, indicating that gravity was the key determinant of branch and silique angle and that light had either no role or a secondary role in Arabidopsis branch and silique orientation. Seed protein bodies were 55% smaller in space seed than in controls, but protein assays showed only a 9% reduction in seed protein content. Germination rates for space-produced seed were 92%, indicating that the seeds developed in microgravity were healthy and viable. Gravity is not necessary for seed-to-seed growth of plants, though it plays a direct role in plant form and may influence seed reserves.
PlantOmics: The Omics of Plant Science, 2015
PlantOmics: The Omics of Plant Science, 2015
Concept: (Plasmid, engineering the plasmid, getting plasmid into the bacteria, screening the bact... more Concept: (Plasmid, engineering the plasmid, getting plasmid into the bacteria, screening the bacterial colonies, hybridization, making a probe, cloning and gene libraries.) Genetic Engineering or gene technology is a particular field of biotechnology which involves alteration of genetic constitution of cells or individuals (genetic manipulation) by the selective removal, insertion, or modification of individual gene sets. The product is thus obtained is recombinant DNA. (The term recombinant DNA refers to the creation of a new combination of DNA molecules that are not found together naturally.) Although human beings have altering the genetic makeup of organisms for centuries by selective breeding, only recently has the direct manipulation of DNA been possible. The deliberate modification of an organism's genetic information by directly changing its nucleic acid genome is called genetic engineering and is accompanied by a collection of methods known as recombinant DNA technology. The basic procedures involve a series of steps: 1. First, the DNA responsible for a particular phenotype is identified and purified from cells or tissues (isolation of gene). 2. Once purified, the gene(s) are fused with other pieces of DNA (mostly the plasmid) to form recombinant DNA(r DNA) molecules. 3. These are propagated (gene cloning) by insertion into an organism (the host cell) that need not even be in the same kingdom as the original gene donor. Within the host cell, the recombinant molecule replicates, producing dozens of identical copies known as clones. (Clones are identical organisms, cells, or molecules descended from a single ancestor.) 4. Production of expression vector (mostly an E. coli strain) for cloned gene to express the foreign gene where the cloned gene can be transcribed, its mRNA translated, and the gene product isolated and used for research, or sold commercially. In addition, DNA sequences up to about 100 bases long can now be chemically synthesized by entirely automated procedures. Recombinant DNA molecules thus can be produced containing either natural DNA fragments resulting from restriction-enzyme cleavage or any desired chemically synthesized mutant sequences. Thus it is an essential part of biotechnology, which is now experiencing a stage of exceptionally rapid growth and development. Although the term has several definitions, in
Mankind will explore the solar system. Some of that exploration will be done robotically, allowin... more Mankind will explore the solar system. Some of that exploration will be done robotically, allowing vicarious human experience and study of extraterrestrial locations. However, the US space program's plans are replete with strategies to enable the first-hand human exploration of space. With the human system such an essential part of the long-term plan, technologies to keep humans alive and performing at full capacity in extraterrestrial environments must be developed.
PLANTOMICS: THE OMICS OF PLANT SCIENCE. Springer, pp 413-438, 2015
PLANTOMICS: THE OMICS OF PLANT SCIENCE. Springer, pp 459-490, 2015
CURRENT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS. European Biotechnology Thematic Network Association, 2015
Current Biotechnology and Applications, 2014
Advances in Plant Omics, 2014