Breige McNulty - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Breige McNulty

Research paper thumbnail of Vitamin B-6 and riboflavin, their metabolic interaction, and relationship with MTHFR genotype in adults aged 18–102 years

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Background The generation of the active form of vitamin B-6, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), in tis... more Background The generation of the active form of vitamin B-6, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), in tissues is dependent upon riboflavin as flavin mononucleotide, but whether this interaction is important for maintaining vitamin B-6 status is unclear. Objective To investigate vitamin B-6 and riboflavin status, their metabolic interaction, and relationship with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotype in adulthood. Methods Data from 5612 adults aged 18–102 y were drawn from the Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS; population-based sample) and the Trinity-Ulster Department of Agriculture (TUDA) and Genovit cohorts (volunteer samples). Plasma PLP and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac), as a functional indicator of riboflavin, were determined. Results Older (≥65 y) compared with younger (<65 y) adults had significantly lower PLP concentrations (P < 0.001). A stepwise decrease in plasma PLP was observed across riboflavin categories, from ...

Research paper thumbnail of Characterising the fortified foods consumed by school-aged children (5–12y) in Ireland

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2021

Fortification of foods with micronutrients can represent an opportunity to increase intakes of mi... more Fortification of foods with micronutrients can represent an opportunity to increase intakes of micronutrients in population groups. Within Europe, micronutrients are permitted to be added to foods voluntarily at the discretion of the manufacturer under EU Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006 (1). The aim of this study was to characterise the fortified foods consumed by school-aged children in Ireland including the amount and types of fortified foods and the specific nutrients added. Analyses were based on the National Children's Food Survey II (NCFS II) (2017-18) which used a 4-day weighed food diary to collect detailed information on food and beverage consumption in a nationally representative sample of school-aged children (5-12years) in Ireland (2). Participants were asked to provide product labels for all foods and beverages consumed during the recording period. Where product labels were unavailable, a photograph of the product label was obtained from retail outlets. Fortified foods were identified as those that had one or more micronutrients added in the ingredient list. A database of fortified foods consumed by school-aged children in Ireland was created providing detailed information on the type and brand of the food and the specific nutrients added. A total of 278 foods were identified as fortified foods in the NCFS II food consumption database. Of these, 30% were breakfast cereals (27% ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (RTEBC); 3% oat cereals) and 26% were dairy and non-dairy alternatives including milks and alternatives (8%), fat spreads (6%), yogurts (9%), cheeses (2%) and dairy desserts (<1%). Other fortified food groups included soft drinks (9%) cereal bars (8%), biscuits, cakes, confectionery & savoury snacks (7%), breads (5%), other foods/beverages (6%) and components of composite dishes (9%). The most common nutrients added to fortified foods were vitamin D (64%), riboflavin (53%), folic acid (51%), vitamin B12 (44%), niacin (43%), vitamin B6 (42%), thiamin (41%), iron (40%), calcium (35%) biotin (21%), vitamins E (20%), C (14%) and A (9%). Zinc, pantothenate, magnesium, iodine and vitamin K were less commonly added to foods (≤4%). RTEBC were primarily fortified with vitamin D, B-vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, folic acid and biotin) and iron. Milks were primarily fortified with vitamins D, E, riboflavin, folic acid and calcium and non-dairy alternative milks were fortified with vitamins D, riboflavin, B12 and calcium. Fat spreads were primarily fortified with vitamins A and D and non-dairy fat spreads were also fortified with vitamins E and B12. Yogurts were primarily fortified with vitamin D and calcium and soft drinks with vitamins C, B6, B12 and zinc. This database of fortified foods shows that a wide range of foods consumed by school-aged children in Ireland are fortified with a variety of micronutrients and will be useful for policy makers and the food industry.

Research paper thumbnail of Food and nutrient intake across social class in Irish adults

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2021

Food and nutrient intakes have been shown to follow a socioeconomic gradient whereby higher-quali... more Food and nutrient intakes have been shown to follow a socioeconomic gradient whereby higher-quality diets are associated with greater affluence, while nutrient-poor diets are associated with lower socioeconomic status (1). The current Irish Obesity Policy highlights socioeconomic inequalities as a priority (2). The aim of this analysis was to identify differences in dietary intake (excluding supplements) among Irish adults across social classes. Nationally representative dietary data (4-day, semi-weighed food diary) from n1500 Irish adults, aged 18-90 years who participated in the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS; 2008-2010) were analysed. Of the n1500 participants, a sub sample of n1276 provided sufficient socioeconomic information which allowed for classification among one of two groups: higher social class (professional, managerial & technical or managerial) or lower social class (skilled manual, semiskilled or unskilled). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS v26. Chi-squared and Students t-tests explored differences between social classes in terms of demographics. Multivariate general linear models, adjusted for misreporting of energy and gender, compared food and nutrient intakes of individuals from the two social class groups. The Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) was applied to assess diet quality. When classified according to social class, n937 participants met the classification of the higher social class group, while n339 were categorised into the lower social class group. The groups differed significantly (p < 0.001) in terms of gender, with males accounting for 34.1% and 15.4%, and females accounting for 39.3% and 11.2% of the higher and lower social class groups, respectively. Body Mass Index (BMI) also differed significantly (p < 0.001) between the groups with 22% of the higher and 33% of the lower social class groups classified as living with obesity (BMI ≥ 30kg/m2)(3). Significant differences were identified between the two groups in terms of the percentage energy from total fat (p0.015); saturated fat (p0.003) and mean daily intake of fibre (g/day) (p0.009). With regards to diet quality, the AHEI identified a significant difference between the two groups, with those from the higher social class group displaying an overall healthier diet score (p < 0.001). Food groups which differed significantly between the social class groups, were 'butter, fat spreads and hard cooking fats' and 'chips and processed potatoes', both of which saw higher contributions in the lower social class group. These findings indicate dietary differences among social class groups in terms of nutrients, food groups and overall diet quality within the Irish population. This provides evidence of the socioeconomic gradient of dietary intake in Ireland. Future research should focus on providing current dietary intakes of the Irish population to assess the social socioeconomic gradient and the impact of policies on such.

Research paper thumbnail of The Potential of Multi-Biomarker Panels in Nutrition Research: Total Fruit Intake as an Example

Frontiers in Nutrition, 2021

Dietary and food intake biomarkers offer the potential of improving the accuracy of dietary asses... more Dietary and food intake biomarkers offer the potential of improving the accuracy of dietary assessment. An extensive range of putative intake biomarkers of commonly consumed foods have been identified to date. As the field of food intake biomarkers progresses toward solving the complexities of dietary habits, combining biomarkers associated with single foods or food groups may be required. The objective of this work was to examine the ability of a multi-biomarker panel to classify individuals into categories of fruit intake. Biomarker data was measured using 1H NMR spectroscopy in two studies: (1) An intervention study where varying amounts of fruit was consumed and (2) the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS). Using data from an intervention study a biomarker panel (Proline betaine, Hippurate, and Xylose) was constructed from three urinary biomarker concentrations. Biomarker cut-off values for three categories of fruit intake were developed. The biomarker sum cut-offs were ≤ 4.76...

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of the common MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism on blood pressure in adulthood and role of riboflavin in modifying the genetic risk of hypertension: evidence from the JINGO project

BMC Medicine, 2020

Background Genome-wide and clinical studies have linked the 677C→T polymorphism in the gene encod... more Background Genome-wide and clinical studies have linked the 677C→T polymorphism in the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) with hypertension, whilst limited evidence shows that intervention with riboflavin (i.e. the MTHFR co-factor) can lower blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients with the variant MTHFR 677TT genotype. We investigated the impact of this common polymorphism on BP throughout adulthood and hypothesised that riboflavin status would modulate the genetic risk of hypertension. Methods Observational data on 6076 adults of 18–102 years were drawn from the Joint Irish Nutrigenomics Organisation project, comprising the Trinity-Ulster Department of Agriculture (TUDA; volunteer sample) and the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS; population-based sample) cohorts. Participants were recruited from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (UK) in 2008–2012 using standardised methods. Results The variant MTHFR 677TT genotype was identified in 12% of...

Research paper thumbnail of Intakes and sources of menaquinones (vitamin K2) in the Irish population aged 1–90 years

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2020

Recent evidence suggests that menaquinones (Vitamin K2) may be important for both bone health and... more Recent evidence suggests that menaquinones (Vitamin K2) may be important for both bone health and cardiovascular health. With the exception of menaquinone-4 which is formed from the tissue specific conversion of phylloquinone or menadione, menaquinones are synthesized by bacteria. They are typically found in foods of animal origin such as meat, dairy and fermented foods and may account for up to 25% of total vitamin K intake. There are few data available on menaquinone intakes in population groups due to lack of available composition data. The Irish food composition database however has recently been updated to include data on menaquinones. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use these data to estimate the intakes and key dietary sources of menaquinones (menaquinone-4 & menaquinone-5–10) in the Irish population.Analyses included data from four nationally representative surveys of the Irish population; The National Pre-School Nutrition Survey (1–4y; 2010–2011), the National Child...

Research paper thumbnail of Intakes and status of riboflavin in a representative sample of Irish adults aged 18–90 years screened for MTHFR C677T polymorphism

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2020

Meta-analyses of epidemiological data report that adults who carry a common polymorphism, the MTH... more Meta-analyses of epidemiological data report that adults who carry a common polymorphism, the MTHFR 677C→T, in the gene encoding the folate-metabolising enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) have a 40% increased risk of CVD and an 87% increased risk of hypertension. Riboflavin (vitamin B2), in its co-enzymatic form flavin adenine nucleotide (FAD), is required as a co-factor by MTHFR and previous trials in hypertensive patients have shown a blood pressure lowering response to riboflavin supplementation that is specific to individuals homozygous for this polymorphism (TT genotype). Low folate status is commonly reported in adults with the TT genotype however the effect of this genetic variant on riboflavin status has not previously been investigated. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate dietary intake and biomarker status of riboflavin by MTHFR genotype in Irish adults using data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey (2008–2010) (www.iuna.net).A 4-day s...

Research paper thumbnail of The role of unprocessed beef and lamb in the diets of Irish children and teenagers (5–17 years)

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2020

IntroductionMeat is a nutrient-dense food that plays a central role in the diets of many children... more IntroductionMeat is a nutrient-dense food that plays a central role in the diets of many children globally, contributing significantly to intakes of energy, protein and a number of essential micronutrients. However, nutritive quality is variable across meat types and cuts, and dietary guidelines across Europe typically encourage the consumption of lean meats whilst limiting the consumption of processed meats. The current work aimed to estimate intakes of unprocessed beef and lamb and their contribution to nutrient intakes in Irish children and teenagers.MethodsAnalyses were based on data from the Irish National Children's Food Survey (NCFS) (2003–2004; 5–12 years; n 594) and National Teens’ Food Survey (NTFS) (2005–2006; 13–17 years; n 441) (www.iuna.net). Both surveys used a 7-day weighed (NCFS) or semi-weighed (NTFS) food record to collect dietary intake data from nationally representative samples of Irish children. Dietary intake data were converted to nutrient data using WIS...

Research paper thumbnail of The role of breakfast in the diets of Irish adults (18–90y)

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2020

Breakfast is often referred to as ‘the most important meal of the day’ and is consumed after the ... more Breakfast is often referred to as ‘the most important meal of the day’ and is consumed after the longest postprandial fast (an overnight fast). Breakfast consumption has been positively linked to many health benefits and has been shown in many studies to be associated with a better diet quality. The aim of this study was to characterise breakfast in Irish adults and to investigate the contribution of breakfast to overall daily nutrient intake.Analyses were based on the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2008–2010) (www.iuna.net). A 4 day semi-weighed food record was used to collect food and beverage intake data from a nationally representative sample of 1500 adults in the Republic of Ireland. Nutrient intakes were estimated using WISP© based on UK and Irish food composition data. Breakfast was subjectively defined by the participant and reported in the food diary. In line with recommendations on breakfast studies, this study confined analyses to nutrients derived from breakfast...

Research paper thumbnail of Eating behaviour styles in Irish teens: a cross-sectional study

Public Health Nutrition, 2020

Objectives: To describe the eating behaviour styles of Irish teens and to explore the relationshi... more Objectives: To describe the eating behaviour styles of Irish teens and to explore the relationships between demographic factors, BMI and dietary intake and these eating behaviour styles. Design: Cross-sectional data from the Irish National Teens’ Food Survey (2005–2006). The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire assessed three eating behaviour styles in teens: restrained, emotional and external eating. Data were stratified by sex and age groups. Setting: The Republic of Ireland. Participants: Nationally representative sample of teens aged 13–17 years (n 441). Results: The highest scoring eating behaviour style was external eating (2·83 external v. 1·79 restraint and 1·84 emotional). Girls scored higher than boys on all three scales (Restraint: 2·04 v. 1·56, P < 0·001, Emotional: 2·15 v. 1·55, P < 0·001 and External: 2·91 v. 2·76, P = 0·03), and older teens scored higher than younger teens on the Emotional (1·97 v. 1·67, P < 0·001) and External scales (2·91 v. 2·72, P = 0·01)...

Research paper thumbnail of Intakes and sources of Vitamin K1 in Irish pre-school children aged 1–4 years

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of The role of yogurt in the diets of the Irish population (5–90y)

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2017

Yogurt is a nutrient dense food from the dairy category which provides an array of important nutr... more Yogurt is a nutrient dense food from the dairy category which provides an array of important nutrients to the diet (1). The healthy eating guidelines in Ireland recommend the following number of servings of dairy per day: for children aged 5-13 years; 3 servings, 14-18y; 5 servings, females >19y; 3 servings, males 19-50y; 3-5 servings and males >51y; 3 servings (2). One carton (125 g) of yogurt is equivalent to one serving of dairy (3). The objective of this analysis was to estimate the intake of yogurt (g/d, contribution to dairy servings) in the Irish population and to investigate the contribution of yogurt to energy and selected nutrient intakes by age-group. Analyses were based on data collected from three nationally representative surveys in the Irish population; the National Children's Food Survey (NCFS) of 5-12 year olds (2003-04), the National Teens' Food Survey (NTFS) of 13-17 year olds (2005-06) and the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) of adults 18-90 year olds (2008-10) (www.iuna.net). In all surveys, dietary intake data were collected using food diaries (NCFS; 7d weighed, NTFS; 7d semi-weighed and NANS; 4d semi-weighed). Nutrient intakes were estimated using WISP based on McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods 6 th edition (4) and the Irish food composition database (5). The nutritional composition of yogurts was updated to reflect the current (2017) composition of this food group. The table below presents the mean daily intake (MDI) of yogurt (g/d) and the contribution (%) of yogurt to intake of energy and selected nutrients by age group in consumers only.

Research paper thumbnail of Metabolomic‐Based Approach to Identify Biomarkers of Apple Intake

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2020

ScopeThere is an increased interest in developing biomarkers of food intake to address some of th... more ScopeThere is an increased interest in developing biomarkers of food intake to address some of the limitations associated with self‐reported data. The objective is to identify biomarkers of apple intake, examine dose–response relationships, and agreement with self‐reported data.Methods and resultsMetabolomic data from three studies are examined: an acute intervention, a short‐term intervention, and a free‐living cohort study. Fasting and postprandial urine samples are collected for analysis by 1H‐NMR and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Calibration curves are developed to determine apple intake and classify individuals into categories of intake. Multivariate analysis of data reveals that levels of multiple metabolites increase significantly post‐apple consumption, compared to the control food—broccoli. In the dose‐response study, urinary xylose, epicatechin sulfate, and 2,6‐dimethyl‐2‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1‐benzopyran increase as apple intake increases. Ur...

Research paper thumbnail of Adiposity Associated Plasma Linoleic Acid is Related to Demographic, Metabolic Health and Haplotypes of FADS1/2 Genes in Irish Adults

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2018

Adiposity associated plasma linoleic acid is related to demographic, metabolic health and haploty... more Adiposity associated plasma linoleic acid is related to demographic, metabolic health and haplotypes of FADS1/2 genes in Irish adults.

Research paper thumbnail of Dietary determinants of saturated fat intake in Irish children (5–12 years)

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Contribution of meals and snacks to dietary intakes by Irish preschool children (1–4 years)

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2018

Guidance as part of the food based dietary guidelines on the role of snacks and snacking is varie... more Guidance as part of the food based dietary guidelines on the role of snacks and snacking is varied yet population studies reveal food and/or drinks are regularly eaten between meals (1,2). The aim of this analysis was to characterise dietary intakes at meals and snacks in a representative sample of 1-4 year old children. The Irish National Preschool Nutrition Survey (NPNS) (2010-2011) used a 4-d weighed food diary to collect detailed food and beverage intake data (www.iuna.net). Dietary intake data was analysed using WISP © (Tinuviel Software, Anglesey, UK), which is based on McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, Sixth Edition (2). For the present analysis, all eating occasions (EO) of less than 0KJ and supplements were excluded with meal-types defined in the food diary by the recorder. Each EO was initially grouped into one of 10 categories based on whether they were recorded as breakfast, light or main lunch or dinner, beverages or morning (before 12pm), afternoon (12-6pm), evening (6-10pm) or night time (after 10pm) snacks. Subsequently, all meal types were aggregated as 'breakfast', 'lunch', 'dinner', 'snacks' and 'beverages'. Included in 'beverages' were milks, formulae, juices and other juice drinks consumed as drinks. PASW © v20 was used to calculate mean daily intake (MDI) of nutrients and the percentage at each EO.

Research paper thumbnail of Dietary Determinants of iron intakes in Irish teenage girls (13–17 years)

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2018

The teenage years are a period of significant growth and development with increased iron requirem... more The teenage years are a period of significant growth and development with increased iron requirements for females. Recent data from the UK shows that teenage girls have low intakes of iron and there is evidence of anaemia and low iron stores in this group (1). The objective of this study was to estimate the dietary intake, adequacy, sources and dietary determinants of iron in Irish teenage girls aged 13-17 years. Analyses were based on the Irish National Teen's Food Survey (2005-2006) (www.iuna.net), which used a 7-day semiweighed food record to collect food and beverage intake data from a nationally representative sample of 441 adolescents (224 males, 217 females). Dietary intakes were analysed using WISP © (Tinuviel Software, Anglesey, UK), which is based on McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, Sixth Edition (2). For the purpose of this analysis, participants taking iron supplements containing >100 mg of iron were excluded (n = 4). Usual intakes of iron were calculated via the NCI-method (4) using SAS © Enterprise Guide. The proportion of the population with intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) (3) of 7 mg/d was determined excluding energy under-reporters. SPSS © v22 was used to calculate the key sources of iron by the population proportion method (5) and dietary determinants of iron intake. On the basis of mean daily intake of iron, participants were divided into three intake groups: low, medium or high. The food groups that accounted for the greatest proportion of the difference between the high (top third) and low (bottom third) of iron intakes were identified.

Research paper thumbnail of Association of key sources of riboflavin with EGRac status in a representative sample of Irish adults aged 18-90 years

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2019

Previous analysis has identified that 10-26 % of Irish adults (range across age groups) have low ... more Previous analysis has identified that 10-26 % of Irish adults (range across age groups) have low dietary intakes of riboflavin while 61 % have evidence of low/deficient riboflavin biomarker status (erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac) >1.3) (1). The key dietary sources of riboflavin in the Irish population were identified as milks, 'meat & meat products' and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (RTEBC) (1). The objective of this study was to examine the association of consumption of these food groups with EGRac status in Irish adults using data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey (2008-2010) (www.iuna.net). A 4-day semi-weighed food record was used to collect food and beverage intake data from a nationally representative sample of 1500 Irish adults (18-90 years) (1,2). Blood samples (n 1126) were collected by venepuncture by a trained professional and processed and analysed using stardard operating procedures (1,2). Determination of riboflavin biomarker status was by EGRac, calculated as the ratio of flavin-dependent glutathione reductase activity before and after in vitro reactivation with its prosthetic group FAD, with a cutoff value of >1.3 generally used to indicate low/deficient status (3). For the purposes of this analysis; only those participants with both food intake and biochemical data were included (n 1126). Participants were divided into three intake groups (stratified by age-group and gender); non/low, medium or high consumers of milks, 'meat & meat products' and RTEBC, respectively; on the basis of their mean daily intake. The prevalence of EGRac >1.3 was examined across tertiles of intake of each food group and a chi-square test for inependence was used to determine significant associations (p < 0.001). The prevalence of low/deficient riboflavin status signficiantly decreased (p < 0.001) across tertile of milk intake: 71 % among those with a non/low intake (equivalent to approx. 0.3 servings/day based on a 200ml serving) compared to 51 % among those with a high intake (approx. 2.1 servings/day). No significant association was found between tertile of 'meat & meat products' intake and EGRac status. The prevalence of low/deficient riboflavin status signficiantly decreased (p < 0.001) across tertile of RTEBC intake: 69 % among those with a non/low intake (approx. 0 servings/day based on a 30g serving) compared to 26 % among those with a high intake (approx. 1.9 servings/day). These findings show that the consumption of 'meat & meat products' is not associated with EGRac status in Irish adults. However, the increased consumption of milks and RTEBC are associated with an improved EGRac status. As RTEBCs are commonly consumed with milk, it is likely that the combined food pattern will be important in determining EGRac

Research paper thumbnail of Whole grain intakes in Irish adults: findings from the National Adults Nutrition Survey (NANS)

European Journal of Nutrition, 2018

Observational studies link high whole grain intakes to reduced risk of many chronic diseases. Thi... more Observational studies link high whole grain intakes to reduced risk of many chronic diseases. This study quantified whole grain intakes in the Irish adult population and examined the major contributing sources. It also investigated potential dietary strategies to improve whole grain intakes. Methods: Whole grain intakes were calculated in a nationally representative sample of 1500 Irish adults using data from the most recent national food survey, the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS). Food consumption was assessed, at brand level where possible, using a 4-day semiweighed food diary with whole grain content estimated from labels on a dry matter basis. Results: Mean daily whole grain intakes were 27.8 ± 29.4 g/d, with only 19% of the population meeting the quantity specific recommendation of 48g per day. Wheat was the highest contributor to whole grain intake at 66%, followed by oats at 26%. High whole grain intakes were associated with higher dietary intakes of fibre, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and a higher alternative Mediterranean Diet Score. Whole grain foods were most frequently eaten at breakfast time. Regression analysis revealed that consumption of an additional 10g of whole grain containing 'ready to eat breakfast cereals', 'rice or pastas', or 'breads' each day would increase intake of whole grains by an extra 5g, 3.5g and 2.7g respectively. Conclusions: This study reveals low intakes of whole grains in Irish adults. Recommending cereals, breads and grains with higher whole grain content as part of public health campaigns could improve whole grain intakes.

Research paper thumbnail of Estimation of Chicken Intake by Adults Using Metabolomics-Derived Markers

The Journal of Nutrition, 2017

Background: Improved assessment of meat intake using metabolomics derived markers can provide obj... more Background: Improved assessment of meat intake using metabolomics derived markers can provide objective data and could be helpful in clarifying proposed associations between meat intake and health. Objective: The objective was to identify novel markers of chicken intake using a metabolomics approach, and use markers to determine intake in an independent cohort. Methods: Ten participants (age, 62 y; BMI, 28.25 Kg/m 2) in NutriTech Food Intake Study (NCT01684917) consumed increased amounts of chicken from 88 to 290 g/day over three weeks. Urine and blood samples were analyzed by NMR and MS, respectively. Multivariate data analysis was performed to identify markers associated with chicken intake. A calibration curve was built based on dose response association using NutriTech data. Bland and Altman analysis evaluated the agreement between reported and calculated chicken intake in National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) cohort. Results: Multivariate data analysis of postprandial and fasting urine samples collected in NutriTech revealed good discrimination between high (290 g/day) and low (88 g/day) chicken intakes. Urinary metabolite profiles showed differences in metabolite levels between low and high chicken intakes. Examining metabolite profiles revealed guanidoacetate significantly increased from 1.47 to 3.66 mmol/L following increasing chicken intake from 88 to 290 g/day (P < 0.01). Using a calibration curve developed from NutriTech study, chicken intake was calculated in NANS, where chicken consumers had higher guanidoacetate excretion (0.70 mmol/L) than non-consumers (0.47 mmol/L) (P < 0.01). Bland and Altman analysis revealed good agreement between reported and calculated intakes with a bias of-30.2g/day. Plasma metabolite analysis demonstrated that 3-methylhistidine (3-Meth-His) was a more suitable indicator of chicken intake compared with 1-methylhistidine (1-Meth-His). 4 Conclusions: Guanidoacetate was successfully identified and confirmed as a marker of chicken intake, and importantly its measurement in fasting urine samples could be used to determine chicken intake in a free-living population.

Research paper thumbnail of Vitamin B-6 and riboflavin, their metabolic interaction, and relationship with MTHFR genotype in adults aged 18–102 years

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Background The generation of the active form of vitamin B-6, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), in tis... more Background The generation of the active form of vitamin B-6, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), in tissues is dependent upon riboflavin as flavin mononucleotide, but whether this interaction is important for maintaining vitamin B-6 status is unclear. Objective To investigate vitamin B-6 and riboflavin status, their metabolic interaction, and relationship with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotype in adulthood. Methods Data from 5612 adults aged 18–102 y were drawn from the Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS; population-based sample) and the Trinity-Ulster Department of Agriculture (TUDA) and Genovit cohorts (volunteer samples). Plasma PLP and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac), as a functional indicator of riboflavin, were determined. Results Older (≥65 y) compared with younger (<65 y) adults had significantly lower PLP concentrations (P < 0.001). A stepwise decrease in plasma PLP was observed across riboflavin categories, from ...

Research paper thumbnail of Characterising the fortified foods consumed by school-aged children (5–12y) in Ireland

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2021

Fortification of foods with micronutrients can represent an opportunity to increase intakes of mi... more Fortification of foods with micronutrients can represent an opportunity to increase intakes of micronutrients in population groups. Within Europe, micronutrients are permitted to be added to foods voluntarily at the discretion of the manufacturer under EU Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006 (1). The aim of this study was to characterise the fortified foods consumed by school-aged children in Ireland including the amount and types of fortified foods and the specific nutrients added. Analyses were based on the National Children's Food Survey II (NCFS II) (2017-18) which used a 4-day weighed food diary to collect detailed information on food and beverage consumption in a nationally representative sample of school-aged children (5-12years) in Ireland (2). Participants were asked to provide product labels for all foods and beverages consumed during the recording period. Where product labels were unavailable, a photograph of the product label was obtained from retail outlets. Fortified foods were identified as those that had one or more micronutrients added in the ingredient list. A database of fortified foods consumed by school-aged children in Ireland was created providing detailed information on the type and brand of the food and the specific nutrients added. A total of 278 foods were identified as fortified foods in the NCFS II food consumption database. Of these, 30% were breakfast cereals (27% ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (RTEBC); 3% oat cereals) and 26% were dairy and non-dairy alternatives including milks and alternatives (8%), fat spreads (6%), yogurts (9%), cheeses (2%) and dairy desserts (<1%). Other fortified food groups included soft drinks (9%) cereal bars (8%), biscuits, cakes, confectionery & savoury snacks (7%), breads (5%), other foods/beverages (6%) and components of composite dishes (9%). The most common nutrients added to fortified foods were vitamin D (64%), riboflavin (53%), folic acid (51%), vitamin B12 (44%), niacin (43%), vitamin B6 (42%), thiamin (41%), iron (40%), calcium (35%) biotin (21%), vitamins E (20%), C (14%) and A (9%). Zinc, pantothenate, magnesium, iodine and vitamin K were less commonly added to foods (≤4%). RTEBC were primarily fortified with vitamin D, B-vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, folic acid and biotin) and iron. Milks were primarily fortified with vitamins D, E, riboflavin, folic acid and calcium and non-dairy alternative milks were fortified with vitamins D, riboflavin, B12 and calcium. Fat spreads were primarily fortified with vitamins A and D and non-dairy fat spreads were also fortified with vitamins E and B12. Yogurts were primarily fortified with vitamin D and calcium and soft drinks with vitamins C, B6, B12 and zinc. This database of fortified foods shows that a wide range of foods consumed by school-aged children in Ireland are fortified with a variety of micronutrients and will be useful for policy makers and the food industry.

Research paper thumbnail of Food and nutrient intake across social class in Irish adults

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2021

Food and nutrient intakes have been shown to follow a socioeconomic gradient whereby higher-quali... more Food and nutrient intakes have been shown to follow a socioeconomic gradient whereby higher-quality diets are associated with greater affluence, while nutrient-poor diets are associated with lower socioeconomic status (1). The current Irish Obesity Policy highlights socioeconomic inequalities as a priority (2). The aim of this analysis was to identify differences in dietary intake (excluding supplements) among Irish adults across social classes. Nationally representative dietary data (4-day, semi-weighed food diary) from n1500 Irish adults, aged 18-90 years who participated in the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS; 2008-2010) were analysed. Of the n1500 participants, a sub sample of n1276 provided sufficient socioeconomic information which allowed for classification among one of two groups: higher social class (professional, managerial & technical or managerial) or lower social class (skilled manual, semiskilled or unskilled). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS v26. Chi-squared and Students t-tests explored differences between social classes in terms of demographics. Multivariate general linear models, adjusted for misreporting of energy and gender, compared food and nutrient intakes of individuals from the two social class groups. The Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) was applied to assess diet quality. When classified according to social class, n937 participants met the classification of the higher social class group, while n339 were categorised into the lower social class group. The groups differed significantly (p < 0.001) in terms of gender, with males accounting for 34.1% and 15.4%, and females accounting for 39.3% and 11.2% of the higher and lower social class groups, respectively. Body Mass Index (BMI) also differed significantly (p < 0.001) between the groups with 22% of the higher and 33% of the lower social class groups classified as living with obesity (BMI ≥ 30kg/m2)(3). Significant differences were identified between the two groups in terms of the percentage energy from total fat (p0.015); saturated fat (p0.003) and mean daily intake of fibre (g/day) (p0.009). With regards to diet quality, the AHEI identified a significant difference between the two groups, with those from the higher social class group displaying an overall healthier diet score (p < 0.001). Food groups which differed significantly between the social class groups, were 'butter, fat spreads and hard cooking fats' and 'chips and processed potatoes', both of which saw higher contributions in the lower social class group. These findings indicate dietary differences among social class groups in terms of nutrients, food groups and overall diet quality within the Irish population. This provides evidence of the socioeconomic gradient of dietary intake in Ireland. Future research should focus on providing current dietary intakes of the Irish population to assess the social socioeconomic gradient and the impact of policies on such.

Research paper thumbnail of The Potential of Multi-Biomarker Panels in Nutrition Research: Total Fruit Intake as an Example

Frontiers in Nutrition, 2021

Dietary and food intake biomarkers offer the potential of improving the accuracy of dietary asses... more Dietary and food intake biomarkers offer the potential of improving the accuracy of dietary assessment. An extensive range of putative intake biomarkers of commonly consumed foods have been identified to date. As the field of food intake biomarkers progresses toward solving the complexities of dietary habits, combining biomarkers associated with single foods or food groups may be required. The objective of this work was to examine the ability of a multi-biomarker panel to classify individuals into categories of fruit intake. Biomarker data was measured using 1H NMR spectroscopy in two studies: (1) An intervention study where varying amounts of fruit was consumed and (2) the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS). Using data from an intervention study a biomarker panel (Proline betaine, Hippurate, and Xylose) was constructed from three urinary biomarker concentrations. Biomarker cut-off values for three categories of fruit intake were developed. The biomarker sum cut-offs were ≤ 4.76...

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of the common MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism on blood pressure in adulthood and role of riboflavin in modifying the genetic risk of hypertension: evidence from the JINGO project

BMC Medicine, 2020

Background Genome-wide and clinical studies have linked the 677C→T polymorphism in the gene encod... more Background Genome-wide and clinical studies have linked the 677C→T polymorphism in the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) with hypertension, whilst limited evidence shows that intervention with riboflavin (i.e. the MTHFR co-factor) can lower blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients with the variant MTHFR 677TT genotype. We investigated the impact of this common polymorphism on BP throughout adulthood and hypothesised that riboflavin status would modulate the genetic risk of hypertension. Methods Observational data on 6076 adults of 18–102 years were drawn from the Joint Irish Nutrigenomics Organisation project, comprising the Trinity-Ulster Department of Agriculture (TUDA; volunteer sample) and the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS; population-based sample) cohorts. Participants were recruited from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (UK) in 2008–2012 using standardised methods. Results The variant MTHFR 677TT genotype was identified in 12% of...

Research paper thumbnail of Intakes and sources of menaquinones (vitamin K2) in the Irish population aged 1–90 years

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2020

Recent evidence suggests that menaquinones (Vitamin K2) may be important for both bone health and... more Recent evidence suggests that menaquinones (Vitamin K2) may be important for both bone health and cardiovascular health. With the exception of menaquinone-4 which is formed from the tissue specific conversion of phylloquinone or menadione, menaquinones are synthesized by bacteria. They are typically found in foods of animal origin such as meat, dairy and fermented foods and may account for up to 25% of total vitamin K intake. There are few data available on menaquinone intakes in population groups due to lack of available composition data. The Irish food composition database however has recently been updated to include data on menaquinones. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use these data to estimate the intakes and key dietary sources of menaquinones (menaquinone-4 & menaquinone-5–10) in the Irish population.Analyses included data from four nationally representative surveys of the Irish population; The National Pre-School Nutrition Survey (1–4y; 2010–2011), the National Child...

Research paper thumbnail of Intakes and status of riboflavin in a representative sample of Irish adults aged 18–90 years screened for MTHFR C677T polymorphism

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2020

Meta-analyses of epidemiological data report that adults who carry a common polymorphism, the MTH... more Meta-analyses of epidemiological data report that adults who carry a common polymorphism, the MTHFR 677C→T, in the gene encoding the folate-metabolising enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) have a 40% increased risk of CVD and an 87% increased risk of hypertension. Riboflavin (vitamin B2), in its co-enzymatic form flavin adenine nucleotide (FAD), is required as a co-factor by MTHFR and previous trials in hypertensive patients have shown a blood pressure lowering response to riboflavin supplementation that is specific to individuals homozygous for this polymorphism (TT genotype). Low folate status is commonly reported in adults with the TT genotype however the effect of this genetic variant on riboflavin status has not previously been investigated. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate dietary intake and biomarker status of riboflavin by MTHFR genotype in Irish adults using data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey (2008–2010) (www.iuna.net).A 4-day s...

Research paper thumbnail of The role of unprocessed beef and lamb in the diets of Irish children and teenagers (5–17 years)

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2020

IntroductionMeat is a nutrient-dense food that plays a central role in the diets of many children... more IntroductionMeat is a nutrient-dense food that plays a central role in the diets of many children globally, contributing significantly to intakes of energy, protein and a number of essential micronutrients. However, nutritive quality is variable across meat types and cuts, and dietary guidelines across Europe typically encourage the consumption of lean meats whilst limiting the consumption of processed meats. The current work aimed to estimate intakes of unprocessed beef and lamb and their contribution to nutrient intakes in Irish children and teenagers.MethodsAnalyses were based on data from the Irish National Children's Food Survey (NCFS) (2003–2004; 5–12 years; n 594) and National Teens’ Food Survey (NTFS) (2005–2006; 13–17 years; n 441) (www.iuna.net). Both surveys used a 7-day weighed (NCFS) or semi-weighed (NTFS) food record to collect dietary intake data from nationally representative samples of Irish children. Dietary intake data were converted to nutrient data using WIS...

Research paper thumbnail of The role of breakfast in the diets of Irish adults (18–90y)

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2020

Breakfast is often referred to as ‘the most important meal of the day’ and is consumed after the ... more Breakfast is often referred to as ‘the most important meal of the day’ and is consumed after the longest postprandial fast (an overnight fast). Breakfast consumption has been positively linked to many health benefits and has been shown in many studies to be associated with a better diet quality. The aim of this study was to characterise breakfast in Irish adults and to investigate the contribution of breakfast to overall daily nutrient intake.Analyses were based on the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2008–2010) (www.iuna.net). A 4 day semi-weighed food record was used to collect food and beverage intake data from a nationally representative sample of 1500 adults in the Republic of Ireland. Nutrient intakes were estimated using WISP© based on UK and Irish food composition data. Breakfast was subjectively defined by the participant and reported in the food diary. In line with recommendations on breakfast studies, this study confined analyses to nutrients derived from breakfast...

Research paper thumbnail of Eating behaviour styles in Irish teens: a cross-sectional study

Public Health Nutrition, 2020

Objectives: To describe the eating behaviour styles of Irish teens and to explore the relationshi... more Objectives: To describe the eating behaviour styles of Irish teens and to explore the relationships between demographic factors, BMI and dietary intake and these eating behaviour styles. Design: Cross-sectional data from the Irish National Teens’ Food Survey (2005–2006). The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire assessed three eating behaviour styles in teens: restrained, emotional and external eating. Data were stratified by sex and age groups. Setting: The Republic of Ireland. Participants: Nationally representative sample of teens aged 13–17 years (n 441). Results: The highest scoring eating behaviour style was external eating (2·83 external v. 1·79 restraint and 1·84 emotional). Girls scored higher than boys on all three scales (Restraint: 2·04 v. 1·56, P < 0·001, Emotional: 2·15 v. 1·55, P < 0·001 and External: 2·91 v. 2·76, P = 0·03), and older teens scored higher than younger teens on the Emotional (1·97 v. 1·67, P < 0·001) and External scales (2·91 v. 2·72, P = 0·01)...

Research paper thumbnail of Intakes and sources of Vitamin K1 in Irish pre-school children aged 1–4 years

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of The role of yogurt in the diets of the Irish population (5–90y)

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2017

Yogurt is a nutrient dense food from the dairy category which provides an array of important nutr... more Yogurt is a nutrient dense food from the dairy category which provides an array of important nutrients to the diet (1). The healthy eating guidelines in Ireland recommend the following number of servings of dairy per day: for children aged 5-13 years; 3 servings, 14-18y; 5 servings, females >19y; 3 servings, males 19-50y; 3-5 servings and males >51y; 3 servings (2). One carton (125 g) of yogurt is equivalent to one serving of dairy (3). The objective of this analysis was to estimate the intake of yogurt (g/d, contribution to dairy servings) in the Irish population and to investigate the contribution of yogurt to energy and selected nutrient intakes by age-group. Analyses were based on data collected from three nationally representative surveys in the Irish population; the National Children's Food Survey (NCFS) of 5-12 year olds (2003-04), the National Teens' Food Survey (NTFS) of 13-17 year olds (2005-06) and the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) of adults 18-90 year olds (2008-10) (www.iuna.net). In all surveys, dietary intake data were collected using food diaries (NCFS; 7d weighed, NTFS; 7d semi-weighed and NANS; 4d semi-weighed). Nutrient intakes were estimated using WISP based on McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods 6 th edition (4) and the Irish food composition database (5). The nutritional composition of yogurts was updated to reflect the current (2017) composition of this food group. The table below presents the mean daily intake (MDI) of yogurt (g/d) and the contribution (%) of yogurt to intake of energy and selected nutrients by age group in consumers only.

Research paper thumbnail of Metabolomic‐Based Approach to Identify Biomarkers of Apple Intake

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2020

ScopeThere is an increased interest in developing biomarkers of food intake to address some of th... more ScopeThere is an increased interest in developing biomarkers of food intake to address some of the limitations associated with self‐reported data. The objective is to identify biomarkers of apple intake, examine dose–response relationships, and agreement with self‐reported data.Methods and resultsMetabolomic data from three studies are examined: an acute intervention, a short‐term intervention, and a free‐living cohort study. Fasting and postprandial urine samples are collected for analysis by 1H‐NMR and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Calibration curves are developed to determine apple intake and classify individuals into categories of intake. Multivariate analysis of data reveals that levels of multiple metabolites increase significantly post‐apple consumption, compared to the control food—broccoli. In the dose‐response study, urinary xylose, epicatechin sulfate, and 2,6‐dimethyl‐2‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1‐benzopyran increase as apple intake increases. Ur...

Research paper thumbnail of Adiposity Associated Plasma Linoleic Acid is Related to Demographic, Metabolic Health and Haplotypes of FADS1/2 Genes in Irish Adults

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2018

Adiposity associated plasma linoleic acid is related to demographic, metabolic health and haploty... more Adiposity associated plasma linoleic acid is related to demographic, metabolic health and haplotypes of FADS1/2 genes in Irish adults.

Research paper thumbnail of Dietary determinants of saturated fat intake in Irish children (5–12 years)

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Contribution of meals and snacks to dietary intakes by Irish preschool children (1–4 years)

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2018

Guidance as part of the food based dietary guidelines on the role of snacks and snacking is varie... more Guidance as part of the food based dietary guidelines on the role of snacks and snacking is varied yet population studies reveal food and/or drinks are regularly eaten between meals (1,2). The aim of this analysis was to characterise dietary intakes at meals and snacks in a representative sample of 1-4 year old children. The Irish National Preschool Nutrition Survey (NPNS) (2010-2011) used a 4-d weighed food diary to collect detailed food and beverage intake data (www.iuna.net). Dietary intake data was analysed using WISP © (Tinuviel Software, Anglesey, UK), which is based on McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, Sixth Edition (2). For the present analysis, all eating occasions (EO) of less than 0KJ and supplements were excluded with meal-types defined in the food diary by the recorder. Each EO was initially grouped into one of 10 categories based on whether they were recorded as breakfast, light or main lunch or dinner, beverages or morning (before 12pm), afternoon (12-6pm), evening (6-10pm) or night time (after 10pm) snacks. Subsequently, all meal types were aggregated as 'breakfast', 'lunch', 'dinner', 'snacks' and 'beverages'. Included in 'beverages' were milks, formulae, juices and other juice drinks consumed as drinks. PASW © v20 was used to calculate mean daily intake (MDI) of nutrients and the percentage at each EO.

Research paper thumbnail of Dietary Determinants of iron intakes in Irish teenage girls (13–17 years)

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2018

The teenage years are a period of significant growth and development with increased iron requirem... more The teenage years are a period of significant growth and development with increased iron requirements for females. Recent data from the UK shows that teenage girls have low intakes of iron and there is evidence of anaemia and low iron stores in this group (1). The objective of this study was to estimate the dietary intake, adequacy, sources and dietary determinants of iron in Irish teenage girls aged 13-17 years. Analyses were based on the Irish National Teen's Food Survey (2005-2006) (www.iuna.net), which used a 7-day semiweighed food record to collect food and beverage intake data from a nationally representative sample of 441 adolescents (224 males, 217 females). Dietary intakes were analysed using WISP © (Tinuviel Software, Anglesey, UK), which is based on McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, Sixth Edition (2). For the purpose of this analysis, participants taking iron supplements containing >100 mg of iron were excluded (n = 4). Usual intakes of iron were calculated via the NCI-method (4) using SAS © Enterprise Guide. The proportion of the population with intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) (3) of 7 mg/d was determined excluding energy under-reporters. SPSS © v22 was used to calculate the key sources of iron by the population proportion method (5) and dietary determinants of iron intake. On the basis of mean daily intake of iron, participants were divided into three intake groups: low, medium or high. The food groups that accounted for the greatest proportion of the difference between the high (top third) and low (bottom third) of iron intakes were identified.

Research paper thumbnail of Association of key sources of riboflavin with EGRac status in a representative sample of Irish adults aged 18-90 years

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2019

Previous analysis has identified that 10-26 % of Irish adults (range across age groups) have low ... more Previous analysis has identified that 10-26 % of Irish adults (range across age groups) have low dietary intakes of riboflavin while 61 % have evidence of low/deficient riboflavin biomarker status (erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac) >1.3) (1). The key dietary sources of riboflavin in the Irish population were identified as milks, 'meat & meat products' and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (RTEBC) (1). The objective of this study was to examine the association of consumption of these food groups with EGRac status in Irish adults using data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey (2008-2010) (www.iuna.net). A 4-day semi-weighed food record was used to collect food and beverage intake data from a nationally representative sample of 1500 Irish adults (18-90 years) (1,2). Blood samples (n 1126) were collected by venepuncture by a trained professional and processed and analysed using stardard operating procedures (1,2). Determination of riboflavin biomarker status was by EGRac, calculated as the ratio of flavin-dependent glutathione reductase activity before and after in vitro reactivation with its prosthetic group FAD, with a cutoff value of >1.3 generally used to indicate low/deficient status (3). For the purposes of this analysis; only those participants with both food intake and biochemical data were included (n 1126). Participants were divided into three intake groups (stratified by age-group and gender); non/low, medium or high consumers of milks, 'meat & meat products' and RTEBC, respectively; on the basis of their mean daily intake. The prevalence of EGRac >1.3 was examined across tertiles of intake of each food group and a chi-square test for inependence was used to determine significant associations (p < 0.001). The prevalence of low/deficient riboflavin status signficiantly decreased (p < 0.001) across tertile of milk intake: 71 % among those with a non/low intake (equivalent to approx. 0.3 servings/day based on a 200ml serving) compared to 51 % among those with a high intake (approx. 2.1 servings/day). No significant association was found between tertile of 'meat & meat products' intake and EGRac status. The prevalence of low/deficient riboflavin status signficiantly decreased (p < 0.001) across tertile of RTEBC intake: 69 % among those with a non/low intake (approx. 0 servings/day based on a 30g serving) compared to 26 % among those with a high intake (approx. 1.9 servings/day). These findings show that the consumption of 'meat & meat products' is not associated with EGRac status in Irish adults. However, the increased consumption of milks and RTEBC are associated with an improved EGRac status. As RTEBCs are commonly consumed with milk, it is likely that the combined food pattern will be important in determining EGRac

Research paper thumbnail of Whole grain intakes in Irish adults: findings from the National Adults Nutrition Survey (NANS)

European Journal of Nutrition, 2018

Observational studies link high whole grain intakes to reduced risk of many chronic diseases. Thi... more Observational studies link high whole grain intakes to reduced risk of many chronic diseases. This study quantified whole grain intakes in the Irish adult population and examined the major contributing sources. It also investigated potential dietary strategies to improve whole grain intakes. Methods: Whole grain intakes were calculated in a nationally representative sample of 1500 Irish adults using data from the most recent national food survey, the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS). Food consumption was assessed, at brand level where possible, using a 4-day semiweighed food diary with whole grain content estimated from labels on a dry matter basis. Results: Mean daily whole grain intakes were 27.8 ± 29.4 g/d, with only 19% of the population meeting the quantity specific recommendation of 48g per day. Wheat was the highest contributor to whole grain intake at 66%, followed by oats at 26%. High whole grain intakes were associated with higher dietary intakes of fibre, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and a higher alternative Mediterranean Diet Score. Whole grain foods were most frequently eaten at breakfast time. Regression analysis revealed that consumption of an additional 10g of whole grain containing 'ready to eat breakfast cereals', 'rice or pastas', or 'breads' each day would increase intake of whole grains by an extra 5g, 3.5g and 2.7g respectively. Conclusions: This study reveals low intakes of whole grains in Irish adults. Recommending cereals, breads and grains with higher whole grain content as part of public health campaigns could improve whole grain intakes.

Research paper thumbnail of Estimation of Chicken Intake by Adults Using Metabolomics-Derived Markers

The Journal of Nutrition, 2017

Background: Improved assessment of meat intake using metabolomics derived markers can provide obj... more Background: Improved assessment of meat intake using metabolomics derived markers can provide objective data and could be helpful in clarifying proposed associations between meat intake and health. Objective: The objective was to identify novel markers of chicken intake using a metabolomics approach, and use markers to determine intake in an independent cohort. Methods: Ten participants (age, 62 y; BMI, 28.25 Kg/m 2) in NutriTech Food Intake Study (NCT01684917) consumed increased amounts of chicken from 88 to 290 g/day over three weeks. Urine and blood samples were analyzed by NMR and MS, respectively. Multivariate data analysis was performed to identify markers associated with chicken intake. A calibration curve was built based on dose response association using NutriTech data. Bland and Altman analysis evaluated the agreement between reported and calculated chicken intake in National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) cohort. Results: Multivariate data analysis of postprandial and fasting urine samples collected in NutriTech revealed good discrimination between high (290 g/day) and low (88 g/day) chicken intakes. Urinary metabolite profiles showed differences in metabolite levels between low and high chicken intakes. Examining metabolite profiles revealed guanidoacetate significantly increased from 1.47 to 3.66 mmol/L following increasing chicken intake from 88 to 290 g/day (P < 0.01). Using a calibration curve developed from NutriTech study, chicken intake was calculated in NANS, where chicken consumers had higher guanidoacetate excretion (0.70 mmol/L) than non-consumers (0.47 mmol/L) (P < 0.01). Bland and Altman analysis revealed good agreement between reported and calculated intakes with a bias of-30.2g/day. Plasma metabolite analysis demonstrated that 3-methylhistidine (3-Meth-His) was a more suitable indicator of chicken intake compared with 1-methylhistidine (1-Meth-His). 4 Conclusions: Guanidoacetate was successfully identified and confirmed as a marker of chicken intake, and importantly its measurement in fasting urine samples could be used to determine chicken intake in a free-living population.