Brian Jason H . Ponce (original) (raw)

Papers by Brian Jason H . Ponce

Research Square (Research Square), Nov 15, 2022

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

We examined the relationship of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with real per capita GDP and energ... more We examined the relationship of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with real per capita GDP and energy consumption in the ASEAN region using panel data from 1960 to 2021. We employed various panel unit root tests (IPS, Fisher-ADF, Fisher-PP) and panel cointegration tests (Kao and Pedroni). We find robust empirical evidence supporting the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, suggesting the existence of a per capita income turning point (approximately USD 4,808.85) where CO2 emissions and real income begin to decouple. This suggests the presence of an environmentally sustainable economic growth path beyond this threshold. The study highlights the importance of a reduction of fossil fuel use and the adoption of coordinated strategic plans among ASEAN member states to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Research Square (Research Square), Oct 17, 2022

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis posits an inverted-U relationship between pollut... more The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis posits an inverted-U relationship between pollution emissions and economic growth. This means that economic growth goes hand-in-hand with environmental pollution emissions until a turning point is reached where pollution emissions and economic growth begin to decouple. This study examined the nonlinear cointegrating relationship of pollution emissions with economic growth alongside select developmental variables to test the EKC hypothesis using a panel data sample comprising 34 Asian economies over the period 2001 to 2013. The study estimated panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) models in the forms of Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Mean Group (MG) models, which were tested against one another using the Hausman speci cation test. For robustness checks, the same procedure was applied to disaggregated panel groupings by income classi cations of Asian economies. The results reveal that the EKC hypothesis holds in the total Asia sample; but not robust across the disaggregated panel groups. Interestingly, the EKC holds only among the middle-income economies and not among the low-income and high-income economies. The turning point GDP in the Asian EKC was estimated to be within the range of US$ 32,003 to US$ 38,793 per capita, con rming that only Singapore, Japan, and the United Arab Emirates were the only economies to have transitioned towards the coveted second half of the EKC, while some economies like Hong Kong and Israel are almost at the turning point. These ndings support the argument that majority of the Asian economies have not yet reached the ideal phase where economic growth decouples with environmental degradation.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Aug 25, 2023

We examined the relationship of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with real per capita GDP and energ... more We examined the relationship of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with real per capita GDP and energy consumption in the ASEAN region using panel data from 1960 to 2021. We employed various panel unit root tests (IPS, Fisher-ADF, Fisher-PP) and panel cointegration tests (Kao and Pedroni). We find robust empirical evidence supporting the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, suggesting the existence of a per capita income turning point (approximately USD 4,808.85) where CO2 emissions and real income begin to decouple. This suggests the presence of an environmentally sustainable economic growth path beyond this threshold. The study highlights the importance of a reduction of fossil fuel use and the adoption of coordinated strategic plans among ASEAN member states to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Research Square (Research Square), Nov 15, 2022

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

We examined the relationship of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with real per capita GDP and energ... more We examined the relationship of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with real per capita GDP and energy consumption in the ASEAN region using panel data from 1960 to 2021. We employed various panel unit root tests (IPS, Fisher-ADF, Fisher-PP) and panel cointegration tests (Kao and Pedroni). We find robust empirical evidence supporting the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, suggesting the existence of a per capita income turning point (approximately USD 4,808.85) where CO2 emissions and real income begin to decouple. This suggests the presence of an environmentally sustainable economic growth path beyond this threshold. The study highlights the importance of a reduction of fossil fuel use and the adoption of coordinated strategic plans among ASEAN member states to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Research Square (Research Square), Oct 17, 2022

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis posits an inverted-U relationship between pollut... more The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis posits an inverted-U relationship between pollution emissions and economic growth. This means that economic growth goes hand-in-hand with environmental pollution emissions until a turning point is reached where pollution emissions and economic growth begin to decouple. This study examined the nonlinear cointegrating relationship of pollution emissions with economic growth alongside select developmental variables to test the EKC hypothesis using a panel data sample comprising 34 Asian economies over the period 2001 to 2013. The study estimated panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) models in the forms of Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Mean Group (MG) models, which were tested against one another using the Hausman speci cation test. For robustness checks, the same procedure was applied to disaggregated panel groupings by income classi cations of Asian economies. The results reveal that the EKC hypothesis holds in the total Asia sample; but not robust across the disaggregated panel groups. Interestingly, the EKC holds only among the middle-income economies and not among the low-income and high-income economies. The turning point GDP in the Asian EKC was estimated to be within the range of US$ 32,003 to US$ 38,793 per capita, con rming that only Singapore, Japan, and the United Arab Emirates were the only economies to have transitioned towards the coveted second half of the EKC, while some economies like Hong Kong and Israel are almost at the turning point. These ndings support the argument that majority of the Asian economies have not yet reached the ideal phase where economic growth decouples with environmental degradation.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Aug 25, 2023

We examined the relationship of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with real per capita GDP and energ... more We examined the relationship of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with real per capita GDP and energy consumption in the ASEAN region using panel data from 1960 to 2021. We employed various panel unit root tests (IPS, Fisher-ADF, Fisher-PP) and panel cointegration tests (Kao and Pedroni). We find robust empirical evidence supporting the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, suggesting the existence of a per capita income turning point (approximately USD 4,808.85) where CO2 emissions and real income begin to decouple. This suggests the presence of an environmentally sustainable economic growth path beyond this threshold. The study highlights the importance of a reduction of fossil fuel use and the adoption of coordinated strategic plans among ASEAN member states to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.