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Papers by Brian Stults

Demography, 2002

We investigate whether a three-generation model of linguistic assimilation, known from previous w... more We investigate whether a three-generation model of linguistic assimilation, known from previous waves of immigration, can be applied to the descendants of contemporary immigrant groups. Using the 5% Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample 1990 file, we examine the home languages of second-and third-generation children and compare the degree of their language shift against that among the descendants of European immigrants, as evidenced in the 1940 and 1970 censuses. Overall, the rates of speaking only English for a number of contemporary groups suggest that Anglicization is occurring at roughly the same pace for Asians as it did for Europeans, but is slower among the descendants of Spanish speakers. Multivariate models for three critical groups-Chinese, Cubans, and Mexicans-indicate that the home languages of third-generation children are most affected by factors, such as intermarriage, that determine the languages spoken by adults and by the communal context.

Social Problems, 2014

ABSTRACT Popular support for enhanced border and internal controls to deal with undocumented immi... more ABSTRACT Popular support for enhanced border and internal controls to deal with undocumented immigration is examined in relation to contextual measures of group threat as well as perceived levels of cultural and economic threat posed by undocumented immigrants. Results from a national survey of non-Latino respondents (N = 1,364) indicate that presumed threatening context measured in static terms is inconsequential. But when context is measured in dynamic terms that also reflect dispersion and potential contact, it significantly predicts support for border controls. Perceived threats are stronger predictors of support for enhanced controls than either contextual indicators of presumed threat or individual characteristics of respondents. Results also show that perceived economic and cultural threats mediate the effects of individual respondent characteristics and dynamic contextual conditions as well. Implications for future research on immigrant threat emphasize the importance of context measured in both change and dispersion-related terms and responses to threat that distinguish alternative dimensions of control. Future work should also consider that perceptions of threat may not only have direct influence on immigration policy preferences but can mediate the effects of context and individual characteristics on those preferences.

Age is the only factor used to demarcate the boundary between juvenile and adult justice. However... more Age is the only factor used to demarcate the boundary between juvenile and adult justice. However, little research has examined how age guides the juvenile court in determining which youth within the juvenile justice system merit particular dispositions, especially those that reflect the court's emphasis on rehabilitation. Drawing on scholarship on the court's origins, attribution theory, and cognitive heuristics, we hypothesize that the court focuses on youth in the middle of the range of the court's age of jurisdiction-characterized in this article as "true" juveniles-who may be viewed as meriting more specialized intervention. We use data from Florida for court referrals in 2008 (N = 71,388) to examine the decision to proceed formally or informally and, in turn, to examine formally processed youth dispositions (dismissal, diversion, probation, commitment, and transfer) and informally processed youth dispositions (dismissal, diversion, and probation). The analyses provide partial support for the hypothesis. The very young were more likely to be informally processed; however, among the informally processed youth, the youngest, not "true" juveniles, were most likely to be diverted or placed on probation. By contrast, among formally processed youth, "true" juveniles were most likely to receive traditional juvenile court responses, such as diversion or probation.

Social Forces, 2000

To understand theimpacts of large-scale immigration on neighborhood contexts, we employ locationa... more To understand theimpacts of large-scale immigration on neighborhood contexts, we employ locational-attainment models, in which two characteristics ofa neighborhood, itsaverage household income andthemajority group's percentage among itsresidents, are taken as the dependent variables and a number of individual and household characteristics, such asrace/ethnicity and household composition, form thevector of independent variables. Models are estimated separately for major racial/ethnic populationswhites, blacks, Asians, and Latinosin five different metropolitan regions of immigrant concentration -Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco. In thecross section, thefindings largely uphold thewell-known model of spatial assimilation, in that socioeconomic status, assimilation level, and suburban residence are all strongly linked toresidence in neighborhoods displaying greater affluence andwithagreater number of non-Hispanic whites. when theresults are considered longitudinally, by comparing them with previously estimated models for 1980, the consistency with spatial-assimilation theory is no longer so striking. The impact of immigration isevident in thechanging racial/ethnic composition of theneighborhoods ofallgroups, but especially for those where Asians andLatinos reside.

The Professional Geographer, 2014

Differences in the reporting units of data from diverse sources and changes in units over time ar... more Differences in the reporting units of data from diverse sources and changes in units over time are common obstacles to analysis of areal data. We compare common approaches to this problem in the context of changes over time in the boundaries of U.S. census tracts. In every decennial census, many tracts are split, consolidated, or changed in other ways from the previous boundaries to reflect population growth or decline. We examine two interpolation methods to create a bridge between years, one that relies only on areal weighting and another that also introduces population weights. Results demonstrate that these approaches produce substantially different estimates for variables that involve population counts, but they have a high degree of convergence for variables defined as rates or averages. Finally, the article describes the Longitudinal Tract Database (LTDB), through which we are making available public-use tools to implement these methods to create estimates within 2010 tract boundaries for any tract-level data (from the census or other sources) that are available for prior years as early as 1970.

Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 2012

International Migration Review, 2006

Demography, 2004

Data from Census 2000 show that black-white segregation declined modestly at the national level a... more Data from Census 2000 show that black-white segregation declined modestly at the national level after 1980, while Hispanic and Asian segregation rose in most metropolitan areas. Changes that may have produced greater changes for blacks proved to have insignificant effects: there was no net shift of the black population toward less-segregated areas, segregation at the metropolitan level did not decline more in areas where the incomes of blacks came closer to the incomes of whites over time, and the emergence of more multiethnic metropolises had no impact. As in the past, declines were centered in the South and West and in areas with smaller black populations. Increases in Hispanic and Asian segregation in individual metropolitan areas were counterbalanced by a net movement of these two groups toward areas of lower segregation. These increases were associated especially with the more rapid growth in the Hispanic and Asian populations. Hispanic segregation increased more in regions where group members had declining incomes relative to the incomes of whites and included a growing share of immigrants.

Criminology, 1999

Do minorities live in higher crime neighborhoods because they lack the class resources to live in... more Do minorities live in higher crime neighborhoods because they lack the class resources to live in better areas, or do racial differences in exposure to crime persist even for blacks and whites of comparable backgrounds? Does living in the suburbs reduce exposure to crime equally for whites and blacks? This study analyzes the determinants of living in local areas with higher or lower crime rates in the Cleveland metropolitan region in 1990. Multivariate models are estimated for whites and blacks, with separate models for city and suburban residents and for violent crime and property crime. Within the city, exposure to both types of crime is strongly related to socioeconomic status for both races, but there are also strong independent effects of race on exposure to violent crime. In the suburbs, whites are concentrated in communities with low crime rates regardless of their social class. There are substantial class differences among suburban nonwhites, but even afluent blacks live in places with a higher violent crime rate than do poor whites.

Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2012

ABSTRACT Many programs try to reduce adolescent offending with a risk factor approach in which se... more ABSTRACT Many programs try to reduce adolescent offending with a risk factor approach in which services target the key causes of crime pertaining to families, peer groups, and schools. These programs often reduce crime, presumably through either prevention (in which exposure to a risk factor is prevented from ever occurring) or reversal (in which an individual possessing a risk factor advances to a state of no longer having it). This study examines an alternative way in which such programs may reduce delinquency: They may achieve the goal of risk factor suppression, whereby a risk factor that is neither prevented nor reversed is rendered inconsequential by program treatment. Thus, the risk factor continues to be present, but by virtue of program treatment, it no longer elevates individual involvement in crime. The authors consider this possibility with evaluation data from the experimental Children at Risk program, a 2-year case management intervention that served high-risk early adolescents.

Project US2010 Census Brief, 2011

... United States Brian J. Stults, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State Uni... more ... United States Brian J. Stults, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, United States Eric P. Baumer, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, United States urn:nbn:de:0070-ijcv-2008244 IJCV: Vol. 2 (2) 2008, pp. ...

American Sociological Review, 1999

Page 1. IMMIGRANT GROUPS IN THE SUBURBS: A REEXAMINATION OF SUBURBANIZATION AND SPATIAL ASSIMILAT... more Page 1. IMMIGRANT GROUPS IN THE SUBURBS: A REEXAMINATION OF SUBURBANIZATION AND SPATIAL ASSIMILATION * Richard D. Alba John R. Logan University at Albany-SUNY University at Albany-SUNY Brian J. Stults Gilbert Marzan Wenquan Zhang ...

American Journal of Sociology, 2007

Prior studies demonstrating a relationship between racial context and levels of crime control hav... more Prior studies demonstrating a relationship between racial context and levels of crime control have not explicitly examined the factors that may account for this relationship. The authors advance the literature by examining whether geographic differences in black economic and political threat explain the effects of %black and racial segregation on police size. They also examine the potential mediating roles of whites' fear of crime and antiblack prejudice. The results show that whites' fear and perceived economic threat account for more than one-third of the effect of %black on police size. They also find a significant positive effect of segregation on police size that is not accounted for by the intervening mechanisms considered. The findings are partially consistent with the minority threat perspective, but also suggest that it does not fully explain the link between racial context and crime control.

Demography, 2002

We investigate whether a three-generation model of linguistic assimilation, known from previous w... more We investigate whether a three-generation model of linguistic assimilation, known from previous waves of immigration, can be applied to the descendants of contemporary immigrant groups. Using the 5% Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample 1990 file, we examine the home languages of second-and third-generation children and compare the degree of their language shift against that among the descendants of European immigrants, as evidenced in the 1940 and 1970 censuses. Overall, the rates of speaking only English for a number of contemporary groups suggest that Anglicization is occurring at roughly the same pace for Asians as it did for Europeans, but is slower among the descendants of Spanish speakers. Multivariate models for three critical groups-Chinese, Cubans, and Mexicans-indicate that the home languages of third-generation children are most affected by factors, such as intermarriage, that determine the languages spoken by adults and by the communal context.

2014: Vol 61, Issue 4 by Brian Stults

Popular support for enhanced border and internal controls to deal with undocumented immigration i... more Popular support for enhanced border and internal controls to deal with undocumented immigration is examined in relation to contextual measures of group threat as well as perceived levels of cultural and economic threat posed by undocumented immigrants. Results from a national survey of non-Latino respondents (N = 1,364) indicate that presumed threatening context measured in static terms is inconsequential. But when context is measured in dynamic terms that also reflect dispersion and potential contact, it significantly predicts support for border controls. Perceived threats are stronger predictors of support for enhanced controls than either contextual indicators of presumed threat or individual characteristics of respondents. Results also show that perceived economic and cultural threats mediate the effects of individual respondent characteristics and dynamic contextual conditions as well. Implications for future research on immigrant threat emphasize the importance of context measured in both change and dispersion-related terms and responses to threat that distinguish alternative dimensions of control. Future work should also consider that perceptions of threat may not only have direct influence on immigration policy preferences but can mediate the effects of context and individual characteristics on those preferences.

Demography, 2002

We investigate whether a three-generation model of linguistic assimilation, known from previous w... more We investigate whether a three-generation model of linguistic assimilation, known from previous waves of immigration, can be applied to the descendants of contemporary immigrant groups. Using the 5% Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample 1990 file, we examine the home languages of second-and third-generation children and compare the degree of their language shift against that among the descendants of European immigrants, as evidenced in the 1940 and 1970 censuses. Overall, the rates of speaking only English for a number of contemporary groups suggest that Anglicization is occurring at roughly the same pace for Asians as it did for Europeans, but is slower among the descendants of Spanish speakers. Multivariate models for three critical groups-Chinese, Cubans, and Mexicans-indicate that the home languages of third-generation children are most affected by factors, such as intermarriage, that determine the languages spoken by adults and by the communal context.

Social Problems, 2014

ABSTRACT Popular support for enhanced border and internal controls to deal with undocumented immi... more ABSTRACT Popular support for enhanced border and internal controls to deal with undocumented immigration is examined in relation to contextual measures of group threat as well as perceived levels of cultural and economic threat posed by undocumented immigrants. Results from a national survey of non-Latino respondents (N = 1,364) indicate that presumed threatening context measured in static terms is inconsequential. But when context is measured in dynamic terms that also reflect dispersion and potential contact, it significantly predicts support for border controls. Perceived threats are stronger predictors of support for enhanced controls than either contextual indicators of presumed threat or individual characteristics of respondents. Results also show that perceived economic and cultural threats mediate the effects of individual respondent characteristics and dynamic contextual conditions as well. Implications for future research on immigrant threat emphasize the importance of context measured in both change and dispersion-related terms and responses to threat that distinguish alternative dimensions of control. Future work should also consider that perceptions of threat may not only have direct influence on immigration policy preferences but can mediate the effects of context and individual characteristics on those preferences.

Age is the only factor used to demarcate the boundary between juvenile and adult justice. However... more Age is the only factor used to demarcate the boundary between juvenile and adult justice. However, little research has examined how age guides the juvenile court in determining which youth within the juvenile justice system merit particular dispositions, especially those that reflect the court's emphasis on rehabilitation. Drawing on scholarship on the court's origins, attribution theory, and cognitive heuristics, we hypothesize that the court focuses on youth in the middle of the range of the court's age of jurisdiction-characterized in this article as "true" juveniles-who may be viewed as meriting more specialized intervention. We use data from Florida for court referrals in 2008 (N = 71,388) to examine the decision to proceed formally or informally and, in turn, to examine formally processed youth dispositions (dismissal, diversion, probation, commitment, and transfer) and informally processed youth dispositions (dismissal, diversion, and probation). The analyses provide partial support for the hypothesis. The very young were more likely to be informally processed; however, among the informally processed youth, the youngest, not "true" juveniles, were most likely to be diverted or placed on probation. By contrast, among formally processed youth, "true" juveniles were most likely to receive traditional juvenile court responses, such as diversion or probation.

Social Forces, 2000

To understand theimpacts of large-scale immigration on neighborhood contexts, we employ locationa... more To understand theimpacts of large-scale immigration on neighborhood contexts, we employ locational-attainment models, in which two characteristics ofa neighborhood, itsaverage household income andthemajority group's percentage among itsresidents, are taken as the dependent variables and a number of individual and household characteristics, such asrace/ethnicity and household composition, form thevector of independent variables. Models are estimated separately for major racial/ethnic populationswhites, blacks, Asians, and Latinosin five different metropolitan regions of immigrant concentration -Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco. In thecross section, thefindings largely uphold thewell-known model of spatial assimilation, in that socioeconomic status, assimilation level, and suburban residence are all strongly linked toresidence in neighborhoods displaying greater affluence andwithagreater number of non-Hispanic whites. when theresults are considered longitudinally, by comparing them with previously estimated models for 1980, the consistency with spatial-assimilation theory is no longer so striking. The impact of immigration isevident in thechanging racial/ethnic composition of theneighborhoods ofallgroups, but especially for those where Asians andLatinos reside.

The Professional Geographer, 2014

Differences in the reporting units of data from diverse sources and changes in units over time ar... more Differences in the reporting units of data from diverse sources and changes in units over time are common obstacles to analysis of areal data. We compare common approaches to this problem in the context of changes over time in the boundaries of U.S. census tracts. In every decennial census, many tracts are split, consolidated, or changed in other ways from the previous boundaries to reflect population growth or decline. We examine two interpolation methods to create a bridge between years, one that relies only on areal weighting and another that also introduces population weights. Results demonstrate that these approaches produce substantially different estimates for variables that involve population counts, but they have a high degree of convergence for variables defined as rates or averages. Finally, the article describes the Longitudinal Tract Database (LTDB), through which we are making available public-use tools to implement these methods to create estimates within 2010 tract boundaries for any tract-level data (from the census or other sources) that are available for prior years as early as 1970.

Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 2012

International Migration Review, 2006

Demography, 2004

Data from Census 2000 show that black-white segregation declined modestly at the national level a... more Data from Census 2000 show that black-white segregation declined modestly at the national level after 1980, while Hispanic and Asian segregation rose in most metropolitan areas. Changes that may have produced greater changes for blacks proved to have insignificant effects: there was no net shift of the black population toward less-segregated areas, segregation at the metropolitan level did not decline more in areas where the incomes of blacks came closer to the incomes of whites over time, and the emergence of more multiethnic metropolises had no impact. As in the past, declines were centered in the South and West and in areas with smaller black populations. Increases in Hispanic and Asian segregation in individual metropolitan areas were counterbalanced by a net movement of these two groups toward areas of lower segregation. These increases were associated especially with the more rapid growth in the Hispanic and Asian populations. Hispanic segregation increased more in regions where group members had declining incomes relative to the incomes of whites and included a growing share of immigrants.

Criminology, 1999

Do minorities live in higher crime neighborhoods because they lack the class resources to live in... more Do minorities live in higher crime neighborhoods because they lack the class resources to live in better areas, or do racial differences in exposure to crime persist even for blacks and whites of comparable backgrounds? Does living in the suburbs reduce exposure to crime equally for whites and blacks? This study analyzes the determinants of living in local areas with higher or lower crime rates in the Cleveland metropolitan region in 1990. Multivariate models are estimated for whites and blacks, with separate models for city and suburban residents and for violent crime and property crime. Within the city, exposure to both types of crime is strongly related to socioeconomic status for both races, but there are also strong independent effects of race on exposure to violent crime. In the suburbs, whites are concentrated in communities with low crime rates regardless of their social class. There are substantial class differences among suburban nonwhites, but even afluent blacks live in places with a higher violent crime rate than do poor whites.

Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2012

ABSTRACT Many programs try to reduce adolescent offending with a risk factor approach in which se... more ABSTRACT Many programs try to reduce adolescent offending with a risk factor approach in which services target the key causes of crime pertaining to families, peer groups, and schools. These programs often reduce crime, presumably through either prevention (in which exposure to a risk factor is prevented from ever occurring) or reversal (in which an individual possessing a risk factor advances to a state of no longer having it). This study examines an alternative way in which such programs may reduce delinquency: They may achieve the goal of risk factor suppression, whereby a risk factor that is neither prevented nor reversed is rendered inconsequential by program treatment. Thus, the risk factor continues to be present, but by virtue of program treatment, it no longer elevates individual involvement in crime. The authors consider this possibility with evaluation data from the experimental Children at Risk program, a 2-year case management intervention that served high-risk early adolescents.

Project US2010 Census Brief, 2011

... United States Brian J. Stults, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State Uni... more ... United States Brian J. Stults, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, United States Eric P. Baumer, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, United States urn:nbn:de:0070-ijcv-2008244 IJCV: Vol. 2 (2) 2008, pp. ...

American Sociological Review, 1999

Page 1. IMMIGRANT GROUPS IN THE SUBURBS: A REEXAMINATION OF SUBURBANIZATION AND SPATIAL ASSIMILAT... more Page 1. IMMIGRANT GROUPS IN THE SUBURBS: A REEXAMINATION OF SUBURBANIZATION AND SPATIAL ASSIMILATION * Richard D. Alba John R. Logan University at Albany-SUNY University at Albany-SUNY Brian J. Stults Gilbert Marzan Wenquan Zhang ...

American Journal of Sociology, 2007

Prior studies demonstrating a relationship between racial context and levels of crime control hav... more Prior studies demonstrating a relationship between racial context and levels of crime control have not explicitly examined the factors that may account for this relationship. The authors advance the literature by examining whether geographic differences in black economic and political threat explain the effects of %black and racial segregation on police size. They also examine the potential mediating roles of whites' fear of crime and antiblack prejudice. The results show that whites' fear and perceived economic threat account for more than one-third of the effect of %black on police size. They also find a significant positive effect of segregation on police size that is not accounted for by the intervening mechanisms considered. The findings are partially consistent with the minority threat perspective, but also suggest that it does not fully explain the link between racial context and crime control.

Demography, 2002

We investigate whether a three-generation model of linguistic assimilation, known from previous w... more We investigate whether a three-generation model of linguistic assimilation, known from previous waves of immigration, can be applied to the descendants of contemporary immigrant groups. Using the 5% Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample 1990 file, we examine the home languages of second-and third-generation children and compare the degree of their language shift against that among the descendants of European immigrants, as evidenced in the 1940 and 1970 censuses. Overall, the rates of speaking only English for a number of contemporary groups suggest that Anglicization is occurring at roughly the same pace for Asians as it did for Europeans, but is slower among the descendants of Spanish speakers. Multivariate models for three critical groups-Chinese, Cubans, and Mexicans-indicate that the home languages of third-generation children are most affected by factors, such as intermarriage, that determine the languages spoken by adults and by the communal context.

Popular support for enhanced border and internal controls to deal with undocumented immigration i... more Popular support for enhanced border and internal controls to deal with undocumented immigration is examined in relation to contextual measures of group threat as well as perceived levels of cultural and economic threat posed by undocumented immigrants. Results from a national survey of non-Latino respondents (N = 1,364) indicate that presumed threatening context measured in static terms is inconsequential. But when context is measured in dynamic terms that also reflect dispersion and potential contact, it significantly predicts support for border controls. Perceived threats are stronger predictors of support for enhanced controls than either contextual indicators of presumed threat or individual characteristics of respondents. Results also show that perceived economic and cultural threats mediate the effects of individual respondent characteristics and dynamic contextual conditions as well. Implications for future research on immigrant threat emphasize the importance of context measured in both change and dispersion-related terms and responses to threat that distinguish alternative dimensions of control. Future work should also consider that perceptions of threat may not only have direct influence on immigration policy preferences but can mediate the effects of context and individual characteristics on those preferences.