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Loai  Aljerf

Loai Aljerf is a Prof in the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry/University of Damascus. He is a specialist in analytical and industrial chemistry. He obtained many awards and published more than 20 peer-reviewed papers (two of them in French) in Environmental Sciences, Green Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Synthesis Chemistry, Concrete, Ceramics, Paper Industry, Petrochemical, Extraction, Separation, Lithium-Ion-Batteries, and Oral Chemistry. In addition, he participated as an invited speaker at several conferences and presented his newborn product “Cardolite” in Euoranalysis XVIII (18 ed.) on September 6-10, 2015 in Bordeaux, France. He is a partner in Advances in Cleaner Production Network, and a member of the German Chemical Society e.V. (GDCh) and the American University of Beirut. He is a member of the higher committee of the 6th International Workshop-Advance in Cleaner Production (São Paulo, Brazil (May 24th to 26th - 2017)). Loai Aljerf is an editor of more than 20 journals and a reviewer for Top journals in Industry, Chemical Engineering, and Environmental Chemistry. He is interested in researching the following fields: Environmental Chemical Engineering, Environmental Science, Environmental Chemistry, Advances in Cleaner Production, Climate Change, Pollution, Wastewater Treatment, Air Pollution, Eco-friendly Biopolymers, Persistent Organic Pollutants, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Nanotechnology, Adsorption, Ecology and Natural Resources, Biodiversity, Sustainable Development, Waste Management, Environmental Management, Life Cycle Assessment, Ecodesign, Design for the Environment, Energy Labeling, and Eco-efficiency.

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Papers by Loai Aljerf

Research paper thumbnail of Calcium supplementation in pregnancy: An analysis of potential determinants in an under-resourced setting

PLOS ONE, Oct 4, 2023

This is a Registered Report and may have an associated publication; please check the article page... more This is a Registered Report and may have an associated publication; please check the article page on the journal site for any related articles.

Research paper thumbnail of Market analysis on Materials Engineering

Awards 2020 on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology The honour to the specialists who have made exc... more Awards 2020 on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology The honour to the specialists who have made exceptional commitments to progressing in Materials Engineering 2020. It is the most renowned honour of the entire meeting and is labelled as a logical help Achievement grant. The qualification criteria for accomplishing this honour is that one ought to have at least 20+ long periods of involvement with the relative field in people in general or private division. The recipient of this honour ought to have a committed interest and should step up to the plate in investigating the ongoing patterns and advancements towards the related subjects. You can select meriting the honour on the web.

Research paper thumbnail of Up-To-Date Methods Used in Dental Materials Designs

Mathews journal of dentistry, Oct 11, 2018

Amalgam remains a fertile subject for investigation. Research conducted during the past year has ... more Amalgam remains a fertile subject for investigation. Research conducted during the past year has shed additional light on the setting reactions and on the variables influencing clinical behavior [1,2]. Uncombined mercury rapidly disappears as the alloy hardens; either by diffusion, combination or recombination in or with other phases present [3]. The initial shrinkage, subsequent expansion and final shrinkage can be explained by these actions. However, if polishing techniques are employed that produce temperatures above 65°C., mercury will be released, resulting in a mercury-rich amalgam at the critical marginal areas. A study of the exact relationship between residual mercury and compressive strength again established the weakening effect of excess mercury in the restoration [4]. The residual mercury content varied with the original mercury-alloy ratio and the condensation pressure. Serious loss in strength occurred when the mercury exceeded 55%. The particular study [5] made use of an improved laboratory method for measuring residual mercury has been worked out by Stone and his team. Other investigations have been carried out to evaluate the efficiency of various matrix band techniques in restoring the normal tooth contour [6-8]. Silhouettes of the restorations which were made by seven techniques disclosed that both contouring and wedging of the matrix were essential to accurate reproduction of the contours. Gross cervical overhang occurred if the matrix band was not securely wedged. RESINS Research in the field of dental resins, both basic and applied, continues at an accelerated rate. The sorption of water as related to temperature and degree of polymerization and molecular weight has been reported [9]. The mechanical proper

Research paper thumbnail of he Efficient Implementation of the Jift as one of the Olive Mill Waste (OMW) in Urea Extraction from Urine

Wastewater (WW) is treated in sewage plants at highly expensive process without paying attention ... more Wastewater (WW) is treated in sewage plants at highly expensive process without paying attention to the attributed loss of the beneficial raw materials to the soil. This happens because plants reduce partially the mass pollutants associated with WW then the treated WW is used in land irrigation in order to enhance its productivity. However, this enhancement does not often improve the quality of farms soil that consumes a great pile of fertilizers which creates a conflict between soil strengthening technology and ecology. Based on the fact that sewage contains valuable chemical reservoir, this article offers the development of feasible method with twofold of environmental value. Meanwhile this thriving technology relies on urea being extracted through creating proper fashioned adsorbent, which is a MW-activated surface of Olive Mill Solid Waste (Jift) without any additives, reacted with the urea molecules. Nonetheless, this reaction can be achieved only if the ultimate radiation conditions as energy and time are well controlled. Accordingly, the histological structure enhancement and chemical stability of the treated Jift were strictly evaluated to have the best conditions to absorb urea on its surface. At this experience; the physics as kinetic and thermodynamic of this reaction have been studied. According to the results; it is verified that the irradiated Jift efficiency used in impregnating urea from its solutions reaches saturation limit, with 85% recovery. As well, the recovered material may provide the opportunity to improve soil quality and consequently, allows the Jift to play a sustainable role for its amendment.

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond Pain, Fear, Withdrawal-Findings, And Problems Involving Change - Treatment and Application for A Chronic Addiction on Alcohol Do Not End

Drug designing & intellectual properties international journal, Jul 30, 2018

Drugs, of one sort or another, have long been used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. All so... more Drugs, of one sort or another, have long been used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. All sorts of claims had been advanced for the efficacy of various drug therapies in the past, but the short life of their popularity and the invariable realization of the fact that such drugs made no real difference in the course of the disease were ample proof of the fallacy of these claims. In recent years new drugs have appeared [1], which offer promise in the treatment of chronic alcoholism, but in order to avoid the mistake

Research paper thumbnail of A Novel Method to Chromatographically Resolution Of Sulphonamides By Vapour-Programmed Thin-Layer Chromatography

In pharmaceutical sulphonamides, vapour-programmed thin-layer chromatography (VP-TLC) was impleme... more In pharmaceutical sulphonamides, vapour-programmed thin-layer chromatography (VP-TLC) was implemented using Silica Gel GF 254 in the separation and characterisation of sulphonamides. The outcomes of this method have been compared with thin layer chromatographic (TLC) process. 15 chemical substances were resolved in a neutral and alkali media. Results are far from optimal. With ether-methanol (90:10) the first seven substances are reasonably separated but the remaining eight all show about the same migration. Furthermore, it should be noticed that only about 3/5 of the plate is utilised for the spread. Unsaturated chambers did not improve the separation significantly. Only sulphamethoxypyridazine and sulphisoxazole did not separate under these conditions, but the other components are well separated and migrated throughout the whole lane. It should be noted that the VP-systems described are suitable for two-dimensional development. Thus, it can be concluded that VP-TLC is highly effective in the analysis of sulphonamides.

Research paper thumbnail of Numerical simulation modelling on whole municipal solid waste incineration process by coupling multiple software for the analysis of grate speed and air volume ratio

Chemical Engineering Research & Design, Aug 1, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Vasodilator Uses and Mode of Action

American journal of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of 2nd Global summit on Recycling Market Analysis Packaging Industry in Canada

Research paper thumbnail of Young Scientist Awards at Dental Forum 2020 for the best researches in Dentistry and Oral Health

annals and essences of dentistry, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Market Analysis â Primary Healthcare 2020

Journal of Nursing Research and Practice, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Review: Assessment of the Doable Utilisation of Dendrochronology as an Element Tracer Technology in Soils Artificially Contaminated with Heavy Metals

Biodiversity international journal, Jan 10, 2018

The science of tree-ring analysis is a wide-ranging field, with applications too numerous and wel... more The science of tree-ring analysis is a wide-ranging field, with applications too numerous and well known to document. During the

Research paper thumbnail of Salivary Distinctiveness and Modifications in Males with Diabetes and Behçet’s Disease

Biochemistry Research International, 2017

Oral diseases associated with systematic diseases as metabolic and vasculitic have been included ... more Oral diseases associated with systematic diseases as metabolic and vasculitic have been included in this paper. This will enhance our understanding of the salivary function in promoting healthy oral condition. The study investigates the effects of type I and type II diabetes mellitus in well-controlled diabetic patients, in addition to Behçet disease (BD) on saliva flow rate (SFR), pH, the decay, missing, and filled tooth (DMFT) index, glucose, and major earth-alkaline ions (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+) compared to healthy males and age-matched controls. Saliva samples were collected from 1403 male human subjects, distributed on 7 levels including 3 control groups, and analyzed. The symptoms and clinical observations were enrolled. A preprandial salivary glucose has illustrated statistically strong significant and positive correlations with HbA 1c and blood glucose levels. TIDM saliva showed lower pH, SFR, and Ca 2+ but higher Mg 2+ , caries risk, and poor metabolic control. These led to dysfunction of secretory capacity of salivary glands. TIIDM proved higher SFR, DMFT, and glucose than TIDM patients. DM oral calcium has decreased by age while magnesium sharply slopes at seniority. BD oral fluid is associated with lower glucose and minerals but noticeably with both higher pH and DMFT.

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of nitrogen concentration on electrical, mechanical, and structural properties of tantalum nitride thin films prepared via DC magnetron sputtering

Applied Physics A, Apr 16, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Dioxin emission prediction based on improved deep forest regression for municipal solid waste incineration process

Chemosphere, May 1, 2022

Dioxin (DXN) emission concentration is an important environmental indicator in the municipal soli... more Dioxin (DXN) emission concentration is an important environmental indicator in the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) process. The prediction model of DXN emission can be used for pollution control to realize actual requirements of operation optimization. Therefore, a DXN emission concentration prediction model based on improved deep forest regression (ImDFR) is proposed in this study. A feature reduction layer based on out-of-bagging error is first introduced into the ImDFR to eliminate redundant variables and feed all confidence information on DXN emission into the feature enhancement layer of the MSWI process. A deep ensemble stacking model is subsequently built to depict deep features and increase diversity and accuracy using random forests, completely random forests, GBDT, and XGBoost as subforests. Finally, the predicted value of the DXN prediction model is determined in the decision layer. The DXN emission prediction model is verified using actual historical data of two incinerators operated with a daily processing capacity of 800 tons. The experimental results showed that the proposed prediction model presents higher accuracy and better generalization ability than state-of-the-art models.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Thermal-cured Hydraulic Cement Admixtures on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete

Interceram - International Ceramic Review, Dec 1, 2015

Water absorption / mass-% Time of water absorption / min

Research paper thumbnail of Advanced Highly Polluted Rainwater Treatment Process

Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Jul 27, 2018

A new PVC-filter filled with recycled glass and crushed foam glass has been investigated the remo... more A new PVC-filter filled with recycled glass and crushed foam glass has been investigated the removal of major pollutants in rainwater to enhance the physical properties and enrich the matrix of this potential source of water with essential minerals. The physical properties of 10 pre-filtered and 10 post-filtered specimens of rainwater are tested. Then, all samples are analysed to assess the chemistry of rainwater. The ions found in pre-filtered rainwater follows the order: HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > Cl− > F-for anions and Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > NH4+ > Sr2+ > K+ for cations. The relative abundance of heavy metals in pre-filtered rainwater follows the descending order: Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Se4+, Pb2+, Mn2+, As5+, Ni2+, Cd2+. On the other hand, the high concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, and the heavy metals found in this study can be signs of that Damascus rainwater is mainly of anthropogenic origin. After filtration, the analyses in rainwater becomes in conformity with the World Health Organization for drinkability. The performance of this filter is compared with Eugene Water & Electric Board. This comparison proves that this filter is greener and ecofriendly option to conventional rainwater purification practices. Results of this research prove the capability of this filter to shift polluted raindrops into a freshwater.

Research paper thumbnail of Physicians Have Extensive Education in Musculoskeletal Medicine

Journal of Bioanalysis & Biomedicine, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of World Congress on Oncology

Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Renewable Energy for a Sustainable WorldValuable scientific talks and discussions to exploring innovative advancements in Green Energy

Advances in recycling & waste management, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Calcium supplementation in pregnancy: An analysis of potential determinants in an under-resourced setting

PLOS ONE, Oct 4, 2023

This is a Registered Report and may have an associated publication; please check the article page... more This is a Registered Report and may have an associated publication; please check the article page on the journal site for any related articles.

Research paper thumbnail of Market analysis on Materials Engineering

Awards 2020 on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology The honour to the specialists who have made exc... more Awards 2020 on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology The honour to the specialists who have made exceptional commitments to progressing in Materials Engineering 2020. It is the most renowned honour of the entire meeting and is labelled as a logical help Achievement grant. The qualification criteria for accomplishing this honour is that one ought to have at least 20+ long periods of involvement with the relative field in people in general or private division. The recipient of this honour ought to have a committed interest and should step up to the plate in investigating the ongoing patterns and advancements towards the related subjects. You can select meriting the honour on the web.

Research paper thumbnail of Up-To-Date Methods Used in Dental Materials Designs

Mathews journal of dentistry, Oct 11, 2018

Amalgam remains a fertile subject for investigation. Research conducted during the past year has ... more Amalgam remains a fertile subject for investigation. Research conducted during the past year has shed additional light on the setting reactions and on the variables influencing clinical behavior [1,2]. Uncombined mercury rapidly disappears as the alloy hardens; either by diffusion, combination or recombination in or with other phases present [3]. The initial shrinkage, subsequent expansion and final shrinkage can be explained by these actions. However, if polishing techniques are employed that produce temperatures above 65°C., mercury will be released, resulting in a mercury-rich amalgam at the critical marginal areas. A study of the exact relationship between residual mercury and compressive strength again established the weakening effect of excess mercury in the restoration [4]. The residual mercury content varied with the original mercury-alloy ratio and the condensation pressure. Serious loss in strength occurred when the mercury exceeded 55%. The particular study [5] made use of an improved laboratory method for measuring residual mercury has been worked out by Stone and his team. Other investigations have been carried out to evaluate the efficiency of various matrix band techniques in restoring the normal tooth contour [6-8]. Silhouettes of the restorations which were made by seven techniques disclosed that both contouring and wedging of the matrix were essential to accurate reproduction of the contours. Gross cervical overhang occurred if the matrix band was not securely wedged. RESINS Research in the field of dental resins, both basic and applied, continues at an accelerated rate. The sorption of water as related to temperature and degree of polymerization and molecular weight has been reported [9]. The mechanical proper

Research paper thumbnail of he Efficient Implementation of the Jift as one of the Olive Mill Waste (OMW) in Urea Extraction from Urine

Wastewater (WW) is treated in sewage plants at highly expensive process without paying attention ... more Wastewater (WW) is treated in sewage plants at highly expensive process without paying attention to the attributed loss of the beneficial raw materials to the soil. This happens because plants reduce partially the mass pollutants associated with WW then the treated WW is used in land irrigation in order to enhance its productivity. However, this enhancement does not often improve the quality of farms soil that consumes a great pile of fertilizers which creates a conflict between soil strengthening technology and ecology. Based on the fact that sewage contains valuable chemical reservoir, this article offers the development of feasible method with twofold of environmental value. Meanwhile this thriving technology relies on urea being extracted through creating proper fashioned adsorbent, which is a MW-activated surface of Olive Mill Solid Waste (Jift) without any additives, reacted with the urea molecules. Nonetheless, this reaction can be achieved only if the ultimate radiation conditions as energy and time are well controlled. Accordingly, the histological structure enhancement and chemical stability of the treated Jift were strictly evaluated to have the best conditions to absorb urea on its surface. At this experience; the physics as kinetic and thermodynamic of this reaction have been studied. According to the results; it is verified that the irradiated Jift efficiency used in impregnating urea from its solutions reaches saturation limit, with 85% recovery. As well, the recovered material may provide the opportunity to improve soil quality and consequently, allows the Jift to play a sustainable role for its amendment.

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond Pain, Fear, Withdrawal-Findings, And Problems Involving Change - Treatment and Application for A Chronic Addiction on Alcohol Do Not End

Drug designing & intellectual properties international journal, Jul 30, 2018

Drugs, of one sort or another, have long been used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. All so... more Drugs, of one sort or another, have long been used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. All sorts of claims had been advanced for the efficacy of various drug therapies in the past, but the short life of their popularity and the invariable realization of the fact that such drugs made no real difference in the course of the disease were ample proof of the fallacy of these claims. In recent years new drugs have appeared [1], which offer promise in the treatment of chronic alcoholism, but in order to avoid the mistake

Research paper thumbnail of A Novel Method to Chromatographically Resolution Of Sulphonamides By Vapour-Programmed Thin-Layer Chromatography

In pharmaceutical sulphonamides, vapour-programmed thin-layer chromatography (VP-TLC) was impleme... more In pharmaceutical sulphonamides, vapour-programmed thin-layer chromatography (VP-TLC) was implemented using Silica Gel GF 254 in the separation and characterisation of sulphonamides. The outcomes of this method have been compared with thin layer chromatographic (TLC) process. 15 chemical substances were resolved in a neutral and alkali media. Results are far from optimal. With ether-methanol (90:10) the first seven substances are reasonably separated but the remaining eight all show about the same migration. Furthermore, it should be noticed that only about 3/5 of the plate is utilised for the spread. Unsaturated chambers did not improve the separation significantly. Only sulphamethoxypyridazine and sulphisoxazole did not separate under these conditions, but the other components are well separated and migrated throughout the whole lane. It should be noted that the VP-systems described are suitable for two-dimensional development. Thus, it can be concluded that VP-TLC is highly effective in the analysis of sulphonamides.

Research paper thumbnail of Numerical simulation modelling on whole municipal solid waste incineration process by coupling multiple software for the analysis of grate speed and air volume ratio

Chemical Engineering Research & Design, Aug 1, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Vasodilator Uses and Mode of Action

American journal of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of 2nd Global summit on Recycling Market Analysis Packaging Industry in Canada

Research paper thumbnail of Young Scientist Awards at Dental Forum 2020 for the best researches in Dentistry and Oral Health

annals and essences of dentistry, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Market Analysis â Primary Healthcare 2020

Journal of Nursing Research and Practice, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Review: Assessment of the Doable Utilisation of Dendrochronology as an Element Tracer Technology in Soils Artificially Contaminated with Heavy Metals

Biodiversity international journal, Jan 10, 2018

The science of tree-ring analysis is a wide-ranging field, with applications too numerous and wel... more The science of tree-ring analysis is a wide-ranging field, with applications too numerous and well known to document. During the

Research paper thumbnail of Salivary Distinctiveness and Modifications in Males with Diabetes and Behçet’s Disease

Biochemistry Research International, 2017

Oral diseases associated with systematic diseases as metabolic and vasculitic have been included ... more Oral diseases associated with systematic diseases as metabolic and vasculitic have been included in this paper. This will enhance our understanding of the salivary function in promoting healthy oral condition. The study investigates the effects of type I and type II diabetes mellitus in well-controlled diabetic patients, in addition to Behçet disease (BD) on saliva flow rate (SFR), pH, the decay, missing, and filled tooth (DMFT) index, glucose, and major earth-alkaline ions (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+) compared to healthy males and age-matched controls. Saliva samples were collected from 1403 male human subjects, distributed on 7 levels including 3 control groups, and analyzed. The symptoms and clinical observations were enrolled. A preprandial salivary glucose has illustrated statistically strong significant and positive correlations with HbA 1c and blood glucose levels. TIDM saliva showed lower pH, SFR, and Ca 2+ but higher Mg 2+ , caries risk, and poor metabolic control. These led to dysfunction of secretory capacity of salivary glands. TIIDM proved higher SFR, DMFT, and glucose than TIDM patients. DM oral calcium has decreased by age while magnesium sharply slopes at seniority. BD oral fluid is associated with lower glucose and minerals but noticeably with both higher pH and DMFT.

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of nitrogen concentration on electrical, mechanical, and structural properties of tantalum nitride thin films prepared via DC magnetron sputtering

Applied Physics A, Apr 16, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Dioxin emission prediction based on improved deep forest regression for municipal solid waste incineration process

Chemosphere, May 1, 2022

Dioxin (DXN) emission concentration is an important environmental indicator in the municipal soli... more Dioxin (DXN) emission concentration is an important environmental indicator in the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) process. The prediction model of DXN emission can be used for pollution control to realize actual requirements of operation optimization. Therefore, a DXN emission concentration prediction model based on improved deep forest regression (ImDFR) is proposed in this study. A feature reduction layer based on out-of-bagging error is first introduced into the ImDFR to eliminate redundant variables and feed all confidence information on DXN emission into the feature enhancement layer of the MSWI process. A deep ensemble stacking model is subsequently built to depict deep features and increase diversity and accuracy using random forests, completely random forests, GBDT, and XGBoost as subforests. Finally, the predicted value of the DXN prediction model is determined in the decision layer. The DXN emission prediction model is verified using actual historical data of two incinerators operated with a daily processing capacity of 800 tons. The experimental results showed that the proposed prediction model presents higher accuracy and better generalization ability than state-of-the-art models.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Thermal-cured Hydraulic Cement Admixtures on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete

Interceram - International Ceramic Review, Dec 1, 2015

Water absorption / mass-% Time of water absorption / min

Research paper thumbnail of Advanced Highly Polluted Rainwater Treatment Process

Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Jul 27, 2018

A new PVC-filter filled with recycled glass and crushed foam glass has been investigated the remo... more A new PVC-filter filled with recycled glass and crushed foam glass has been investigated the removal of major pollutants in rainwater to enhance the physical properties and enrich the matrix of this potential source of water with essential minerals. The physical properties of 10 pre-filtered and 10 post-filtered specimens of rainwater are tested. Then, all samples are analysed to assess the chemistry of rainwater. The ions found in pre-filtered rainwater follows the order: HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > Cl− > F-for anions and Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > NH4+ > Sr2+ > K+ for cations. The relative abundance of heavy metals in pre-filtered rainwater follows the descending order: Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Se4+, Pb2+, Mn2+, As5+, Ni2+, Cd2+. On the other hand, the high concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, and the heavy metals found in this study can be signs of that Damascus rainwater is mainly of anthropogenic origin. After filtration, the analyses in rainwater becomes in conformity with the World Health Organization for drinkability. The performance of this filter is compared with Eugene Water & Electric Board. This comparison proves that this filter is greener and ecofriendly option to conventional rainwater purification practices. Results of this research prove the capability of this filter to shift polluted raindrops into a freshwater.

Research paper thumbnail of Physicians Have Extensive Education in Musculoskeletal Medicine

Journal of Bioanalysis & Biomedicine, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of World Congress on Oncology

Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Renewable Energy for a Sustainable WorldValuable scientific talks and discussions to exploring innovative advancements in Green Energy

Advances in recycling & waste management, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Industrial Hygienist's Perspective -Hazards and Occupational Exposures

Industrialisers used to favour the defence in medical cases of workers by persuading accomplices ... more Industrialisers used to favour the defence in medical cases of workers by persuading accomplices not to give evidence for fear of incriminating themselves. They are well aware of the difficulty of securing the necessary evidence for enforcing the law, took a different view. Thus judges have illustrated the uncertainty of the law in its attitude towards the offence of criminal abortion to which the recent discussions referred. Magistrates of course ought not to send cases for trial if it is unlikely that a jury will convict. This duty of magistrates has now become more urgent since Parliament has abolished the safeguard of the grand jury. It is noted that genuine complaints often enable inspectors to detect and rectify irregularities; the source of a complaint, or even the fact that a complaint has been made, is never disclosed to the occupier concerned. The progress made in effecting compliance with the regulations in regard to dangerous occupations such as work on asbestos, building construction, chromium-plating, cinematograph films, potteries, refractory materials, and the generation and use of electricity appears to have been satisfactory. In the current case, we will divulge indispensible situations of labours in industry.