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Papers by ANTONELLA CASOLI
PubMed, Feb 12, 2002
A new gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure for characterizing both drying oils and pr... more A new gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure for characterizing both drying oils and proteinaceous binders in samples of painted artworks has been developed. Furthermore, a new analytical procedure for analysis of polysaccharide materials through identification of the monosaccharide constituents is proposed. The methods have been applied to characterizing binding media of the different layers of the polychrome surface in the multi-material sculptures from the sanctuary of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Mantova, Italy. It was found that animal glue was the main binder in the priming layer of all statues, whereas more complex mixtures were used in the paint layers. Generally, a drying oil was present, most often linseed oil alone or in combination with other organic binders.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, May 12, 2003
Analytica Chimica Acta, Apr 1, 1993
Supervised and unsupervised pattern recognition techniques were used to classify 48 sherds of Rom... more Supervised and unsupervised pattern recognition techniques were used to classify 48 sherds of Roman pottery (terra sigillata), analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry for seven major and minor elements (Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Ti and Mn). Hierarchical agglomerative clustering and principal component analysis were used to classify the studied material into compositional groups which could account for different centres of production; soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) was used to solve questions regarding doubtful assignments. The results indicate that, in the case study, a throughout statistical treatment can allow one to discriminate wares produced in different geographical areas on the basis of the seven elements accounted for.
Journal of Cultural Heritage, Jul 1, 2021
Abstract Since the early 1970′s, enzymes have grown more and more popular among conservators, ini... more Abstract Since the early 1970′s, enzymes have grown more and more popular among conservators, initially in paper and gradually also in other specialties. Hydrolytic enzymes, or hydrolases, have been most commonly used, for their ability to catalyze hydrolysis of proteinaceous-, polysaccharide- and lipid-based materials that often alter the appearance and the structure of works of art. This action enables the removal of the disturbing materials under milder experimental conditions than would normally be required with more traditional approaches, like organic solvents or alkaline media. Throughout four decades, our knowledge on the mode of action and on the parameters that regulate enzyme activity has steadily made significant progress. Meanwhile, the availability of pure enzymes has also enormously increased. Enzymes can thus be considered useful materials and predictable methods for operators in many disciplines of conservation. This paper reviews the development of the use of enzymes in conservation and presents the state of the art of the current knowledge.
Applied sciences, Jun 17, 2023
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
European Physical Journal Plus, Jan 30, 2023
The church of San Francesco del Prato in Parma (Italy) is a masterpiece of the Gothic style, date... more The church of San Francesco del Prato in Parma (Italy) is a masterpiece of the Gothic style, dated back to the 13th century. However, its historical and monumental value could not be appreciated for a long time, especially due to the transformation of the building into a city jail. The recent restoration works brought back to light valuable frescos and wall paintings belonging to different periods. An in situ campaign was performed on the 15th-century wall paintings adorning the vault and the walls in the church apse, by using mobile Raman and X-ray fluorescence equipment. The characterization of the art pieces was further carried out with micro-Raman spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Overall, a quick and thorough identification of the colours palette of the wall paintings was successfully obtained through the in situ measurements. Laboratory analyses corroborated the understanding of the techniques through the identification of pigments and binders. In addition, micro-Raman analyses highlighted the presence of degradation products. Interestingly, a pigment hierarchy has been noted in relation to the painted contents, enhancing the preciousness of holy figures and their distinctive details.
Journal of Chromatography A, 1989
Etude de l'influence des coordinats bidentes sur le comportement en HPLC du complexe suivant:... more Etude de l'influence des coordinats bidentes sur le comportement en HPLC du complexe suivant: HRu 3 (C≡CBu)(CO) 9 (Ph 2 PXEPh 2 ) ou Bu=tertbutyl; Ph=phosphine; X=CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 , CH=CH; E=PPh 2 , AsPh 2
Journal of Cultural Heritage
Conservation of Modern Oil Paintings, 2019
An integrated system for the controlled-delivery and micro-aspiration of aqueous solutions for cl... more An integrated system for the controlled-delivery and micro-aspiration of aqueous solutions for cleaning sensitive painted surfaces has been developed and evaluated. The system relies on a simple syringe-driver device, providing a constant and controllable flow of aqueous solution directly onto the cleaning brush and a surgical micro-aspirator outfitted with a variety of accessories for removing the cleaning solution from the surface through suction. By drastically decreasing the contact time of the aqueous solution, diffusion is greatly reduced, thereby minimizing swelling and possible disruption to sensitive surfaces as well as reducing the risk of the leaching of binding medium components. The aim of this study was to analytically evaluate these risks on an unvarnished oil painting from the late 1970’s. Cotton swabs from aqueous cleaning, applied as per traditional swab rolling and through the controlled delivery/micro-aspiration were analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). Untreated and treated (cleaned) paint areas were then sampled and analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) for changes to fatty acid profiles.
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2020
This work reports the results of an extensive study carried out on the wall paintings preserved i... more This work reports the results of an extensive study carried out on the wall paintings preserved inside the Saint Stephen's chapel in Montani (Val Venosta, Bozen, Italy), by means of μ‐Raman spectroscopy, portable X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, and powder X‐ray diffraction, in order to characterize materials and their alteration products that cause the blackening of paintings. In situ XRF analysis allowed identifying the areas of interest where the blackening appeared. The complementary analytical techniques allowed reconstructing a chromatic palette used by the artists that includes expensive pigments, such as lapis lazuli and cinnabar, indicating a wealthy client. Raman spectra at very low power recorded on blackened degraded samples showed the presence of a mixture of the two polymorphs of lead (IV) dioxide, plattnerite (β‐PbO2), and scrutinyte (α‐PbO2), as degradation products of lead‐based pigments. On these samples, no evidence of white lead was found, although a wh...
PubMed, Feb 12, 2002
A new gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure for characterizing both drying oils and pr... more A new gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure for characterizing both drying oils and proteinaceous binders in samples of painted artworks has been developed. Furthermore, a new analytical procedure for analysis of polysaccharide materials through identification of the monosaccharide constituents is proposed. The methods have been applied to characterizing binding media of the different layers of the polychrome surface in the multi-material sculptures from the sanctuary of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Mantova, Italy. It was found that animal glue was the main binder in the priming layer of all statues, whereas more complex mixtures were used in the paint layers. Generally, a drying oil was present, most often linseed oil alone or in combination with other organic binders.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, May 12, 2003
Analytica Chimica Acta, Apr 1, 1993
Supervised and unsupervised pattern recognition techniques were used to classify 48 sherds of Rom... more Supervised and unsupervised pattern recognition techniques were used to classify 48 sherds of Roman pottery (terra sigillata), analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry for seven major and minor elements (Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Ti and Mn). Hierarchical agglomerative clustering and principal component analysis were used to classify the studied material into compositional groups which could account for different centres of production; soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) was used to solve questions regarding doubtful assignments. The results indicate that, in the case study, a throughout statistical treatment can allow one to discriminate wares produced in different geographical areas on the basis of the seven elements accounted for.
Journal of Cultural Heritage, Jul 1, 2021
Abstract Since the early 1970′s, enzymes have grown more and more popular among conservators, ini... more Abstract Since the early 1970′s, enzymes have grown more and more popular among conservators, initially in paper and gradually also in other specialties. Hydrolytic enzymes, or hydrolases, have been most commonly used, for their ability to catalyze hydrolysis of proteinaceous-, polysaccharide- and lipid-based materials that often alter the appearance and the structure of works of art. This action enables the removal of the disturbing materials under milder experimental conditions than would normally be required with more traditional approaches, like organic solvents or alkaline media. Throughout four decades, our knowledge on the mode of action and on the parameters that regulate enzyme activity has steadily made significant progress. Meanwhile, the availability of pure enzymes has also enormously increased. Enzymes can thus be considered useful materials and predictable methods for operators in many disciplines of conservation. This paper reviews the development of the use of enzymes in conservation and presents the state of the art of the current knowledge.
Applied sciences, Jun 17, 2023
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
European Physical Journal Plus, Jan 30, 2023
The church of San Francesco del Prato in Parma (Italy) is a masterpiece of the Gothic style, date... more The church of San Francesco del Prato in Parma (Italy) is a masterpiece of the Gothic style, dated back to the 13th century. However, its historical and monumental value could not be appreciated for a long time, especially due to the transformation of the building into a city jail. The recent restoration works brought back to light valuable frescos and wall paintings belonging to different periods. An in situ campaign was performed on the 15th-century wall paintings adorning the vault and the walls in the church apse, by using mobile Raman and X-ray fluorescence equipment. The characterization of the art pieces was further carried out with micro-Raman spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Overall, a quick and thorough identification of the colours palette of the wall paintings was successfully obtained through the in situ measurements. Laboratory analyses corroborated the understanding of the techniques through the identification of pigments and binders. In addition, micro-Raman analyses highlighted the presence of degradation products. Interestingly, a pigment hierarchy has been noted in relation to the painted contents, enhancing the preciousness of holy figures and their distinctive details.
Journal of Chromatography A, 1989
Etude de l'influence des coordinats bidentes sur le comportement en HPLC du complexe suivant:... more Etude de l'influence des coordinats bidentes sur le comportement en HPLC du complexe suivant: HRu 3 (C≡CBu)(CO) 9 (Ph 2 PXEPh 2 ) ou Bu=tertbutyl; Ph=phosphine; X=CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 , CH=CH; E=PPh 2 , AsPh 2
Journal of Cultural Heritage
Conservation of Modern Oil Paintings, 2019
An integrated system for the controlled-delivery and micro-aspiration of aqueous solutions for cl... more An integrated system for the controlled-delivery and micro-aspiration of aqueous solutions for cleaning sensitive painted surfaces has been developed and evaluated. The system relies on a simple syringe-driver device, providing a constant and controllable flow of aqueous solution directly onto the cleaning brush and a surgical micro-aspirator outfitted with a variety of accessories for removing the cleaning solution from the surface through suction. By drastically decreasing the contact time of the aqueous solution, diffusion is greatly reduced, thereby minimizing swelling and possible disruption to sensitive surfaces as well as reducing the risk of the leaching of binding medium components. The aim of this study was to analytically evaluate these risks on an unvarnished oil painting from the late 1970’s. Cotton swabs from aqueous cleaning, applied as per traditional swab rolling and through the controlled delivery/micro-aspiration were analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). Untreated and treated (cleaned) paint areas were then sampled and analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) for changes to fatty acid profiles.
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2020
This work reports the results of an extensive study carried out on the wall paintings preserved i... more This work reports the results of an extensive study carried out on the wall paintings preserved inside the Saint Stephen's chapel in Montani (Val Venosta, Bozen, Italy), by means of μ‐Raman spectroscopy, portable X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, and powder X‐ray diffraction, in order to characterize materials and their alteration products that cause the blackening of paintings. In situ XRF analysis allowed identifying the areas of interest where the blackening appeared. The complementary analytical techniques allowed reconstructing a chromatic palette used by the artists that includes expensive pigments, such as lapis lazuli and cinnabar, indicating a wealthy client. Raman spectra at very low power recorded on blackened degraded samples showed the presence of a mixture of the two polymorphs of lead (IV) dioxide, plattnerite (β‐PbO2), and scrutinyte (α‐PbO2), as degradation products of lead‐based pigments. On these samples, no evidence of white lead was found, although a wh...