C. Cashwell - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by C. Cashwell
Counseling and Values, 1998
In this exploratory study of 152 undergraduate students, the relationships among spirituality, co... more In this exploratory study of 152 undergraduate students, the relationships among spirituality, cognitive and moral development, and existential sense of meaning were examined. Results suggest that no relationship exists between spirituality and cognitive development, but that spirituality is positively related to both moral development and purpose in life. Article: As increased attention is given to spirituality in the counseling literature, and as counselors attempt to infuse techniques into their counseling work that may affect the spiritual development of their clients, we need to understand better the influence that spirituality has on the development and adjustment of the individual (Burke & Miranti, 1996). To date, however, little empirical research has focused specifically on how spirituality interrelates to psychological factors within the individual that are not directly spiritual or religious in nature. Recently, researchers in counseling have discussed spirituality by describing the phenomena conceptually using models that illustrate how spirituality relates to the overall adaptability and functionality (i.e., wellness) of the individual (Chandler, Holden, & Kolander, 1992; Witmer & Sweeney, 1992). These models discuss the interactive nature of spirituality, describing it as a core reciprocal component of the overall wellness of the individual rather than as a stand-alone or isolated dimension. In other words, spirituality is seen as closely related to, if not inseparable from, the various psychosocial and role functions of the individual. Therefore, as a component of wellness, spirituality is conceptualized as present on a personal level within each major area of one's life (i.e., intellectual, physical, emotional, social, and occupational adjustment; Chandler et al., 1992), and optimum wellness involves the interaction of a personal spiritual component within all of those areas. Although this conceptualization is helpful in explaining the centrality of the spiritual dimension to psychosocial adjustment, these models do not explain how spirituality affects or is affected by other developmental constructs, which are considered a foundation for healthy functioning (i.e., moral development and cognitive development). If spirituality is potentially a universal experience, it seems important that we understand how it relates to factors that have been investigated and established as important developmental issues. Also, spirituality is discussed as a process of development involving the accumulation and integration of spiritual experiences over time (Chandler et al., 1992). In this sense, spiritual development is conceptualized as a linear process. Subsequently, it is thought to be interrelated in a general way with chronological development. Therefore, to the extent that spiritual development occurs, it is at least partially dependent on the overall maturation of the individual (i.e., normal life span development). Periods of rapid change in one's orientation and focus on spiritual issues can occur, as in cases of spiritual emergence and emergency (Grof & Grof, 1989). To date, however, little is known about how spirituality influences or is influenced by general psychological maturation, which, like spirituality, forms over time in relation to normal development.
A survey of supervisors of counselor licensure applicants in two states indicated that a state bo... more A survey of supervisors of counselor licensure applicants in two states indicated that a state board's supervision regulations do have some impact on the practice of supervision. Article: Recently, greater attention has been given to the qualifications of those who provide clinical supervision for counseling students and post-degree practitioners (cf. Bernard & Goodyear, 1992). Minimal requirements for training and experience have been proposed (Association for Counselor Education and Supervision, 1993;
The Family Journal, 2006
The use of experiential learning practices is a cornerstone of marriage and family training. In t... more The use of experiential learning practices is a cornerstone of marriage and family training. In this article, two novel experiential approaches for teaching couples counseling are detailed. Specifically, the evolution from the original format to the final version of the learning experience is described. The two primary components of the experiences include (a) a semester-long role-play enacted by doctoral student graduate assistants and (b) student reflecting teams. The authors found that students benefited from these experiences and were able to provide validation, offer encouragement, and act as catalysts for change both with their classmates and in mock couples sessions. The reflecting team format was especially helpful in promoting a safe, interactive learning environment. In addition to describing the experience, suggestions are made for adapting the approaches to fit other programs.
Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 2009
With spirituality as a cornerstone, 12-step groups serve a vital role in the recovery community. ... more With spirituality as a cornerstone, 12-step groups serve a vital role in the recovery community. It is important for counselors to be mindful, however, of the potential for clients to be in spiritual bypass, which likely will undermine the recovery process.
Abstract: A sample of 191 married students from 23 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Re... more Abstract: A sample of 191 married students from 23 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs-accredited programs participated in a survey designed to examine factors that affect the marital satisfaction of counseling graduate students. Results indicated that attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and dyadic coping accounted for 67% of the variance in marital satisfaction. Additionally, dyadic coping partially mediated the relationships between both attachment dimensions and marital satisfaction. Findings provide direction for future research and practical implications for counselors, educators, and graduate students. Keywords: attachment | perceived stress | dyadic coping | marital satisfaction | counseling students Article: Counseling graduate students experience a number of stressors that have the potential to negatively impact their marriages and their ability to successfully navigate their training program
The Clinical Supervisor, 1997
Structured supervision techniques encourage service providers to increase their knowledge, skills... more Structured supervision techniques encourage service providers to increase their knowledge, skills, and selfawareness in providing multicultural services. Structured techniques are described and illustrated. Article: CLINICAL SUPERVISION The United States has become increasingly diverse and multicultural within the past three decades (Axelson, 1993). This shift towards multiculturalism has paralleled a shift in perspectives on diverse ethnic populations. The "great melting pot" model of acculturation of American values and customs has been largely replaced by a "salad bowl" model in which diverse ethnic groups strive to preserve their individual cultural identity (Baruth & Manning, 1991; McCormick, 1984). Demographic projections for the future indicate that more than one-third of the United States will soon be racial and ethnic minorities, and that by the year 2010, these minorities will become a numerical majority (Sue, 1990). Further, social scientists have lamented the deficiencies of most psychological health models to meet the needs of culturally diverse populations (Dillard, 1983; Sue, 1990) and have established multicultural competencies and standards (Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1992). Only recently, however, have multicultural issues in supervision gained attention in the literature (
The Family Journal, 2013
The purpose of this study was to examine how a prominent framework of commitment, Johnson's Tripa... more The purpose of this study was to examine how a prominent framework of commitment, Johnson's Tripartite Model, fits within the context of cohabiting same-sex and opposite-sex partnerships to test the applicability of the model to diverse types of relationships. Specifically, this study sought to operationalize the dimension of moral commitment, or the extent to which one feels obligated to stay in a relationship, as this construct has yet to be developed in intimate relationships outside of the marital context. The results provide support for Johnson's Tripartite Model and provide researchers and counselors with a conceptualization of moral commitment from partners in cohabiting same-sex and opposite-sex relationships.
The Family Journal, 1996
A path model was tested to examine a modified version of coercion theory. Results suggested that ... more A path model was tested to examine a modified version of coercion theory. Results suggested that family cohesion is a salient issue in adolescent delinquent behavior, particularly as mediated by involvement with deviant peers.
The Family Journal, 2013
A sample of 191 married students from 23 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educ... more A sample of 191 married students from 23 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs-accredited programs participated in a survey designed to examine factors that affect the marital satisfaction of counseling graduate students. Results indicated that attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and dyadic coping accounted for 67% of the variance in marital satisfaction. Additionally, dyadic coping partially mediated the relationships between both attachment dimensions and marital satisfaction. Findings provide direction for future research and practical implications for counselors, educators, and graduate students.
The Family Journal, 2006
The use of experiential learning practices is a cornerstone of marriage and family training. In t... more The use of experiential learning practices is a cornerstone of marriage and family training. In this article, two novel experiential approaches for teaching couples counseling are detailed. Specifically, the evolution from the original format to the final version of the learning experience is described. The two primary components of the experiences include (a) a semester-long role-play enacted by doctoral student graduate assistants and (b) student reflecting teams. The authors found that students benefited from these experiences and were able to provide validation, offer encouragement, and act as catalysts for change both with their classmates and in mock couples sessions. The reflecting team format was especially helpful in promoting a safe, interactive learning environment. In addition to describing the experience, suggestions are made for adapting the approaches to fit other programs.
Counseling and Values, 1998
In this exploratory study of 152 undergraduate students, the relationships among spirituality, co... more In this exploratory study of 152 undergraduate students, the relationships among spirituality, cognitive and moral development, and existential sense of meaning were examined. Results suggest that no relationship exists between spirituality and cognitive development, but that spirituality is positively related to both moral development and purpose in life. Article: As increased attention is given to spirituality in the counseling literature, and as counselors attempt to infuse techniques into their counseling work that may affect the spiritual development of their clients, we need to understand better the influence that spirituality has on the development and adjustment of the individual (Burke & Miranti, 1996). To date, however, little empirical research has focused specifically on how spirituality interrelates to psychological factors within the individual that are not directly spiritual or religious in nature. Recently, researchers in counseling have discussed spirituality by describing the phenomena conceptually using models that illustrate how spirituality relates to the overall adaptability and functionality (i.e., wellness) of the individual (Chandler, Holden, & Kolander, 1992; Witmer & Sweeney, 1992). These models discuss the interactive nature of spirituality, describing it as a core reciprocal component of the overall wellness of the individual rather than as a stand-alone or isolated dimension. In other words, spirituality is seen as closely related to, if not inseparable from, the various psychosocial and role functions of the individual. Therefore, as a component of wellness, spirituality is conceptualized as present on a personal level within each major area of one's life (i.e., intellectual, physical, emotional, social, and occupational adjustment; Chandler et al., 1992), and optimum wellness involves the interaction of a personal spiritual component within all of those areas. Although this conceptualization is helpful in explaining the centrality of the spiritual dimension to psychosocial adjustment, these models do not explain how spirituality affects or is affected by other developmental constructs, which are considered a foundation for healthy functioning (i.e., moral development and cognitive development). If spirituality is potentially a universal experience, it seems important that we understand how it relates to factors that have been investigated and established as important developmental issues. Also, spirituality is discussed as a process of development involving the accumulation and integration of spiritual experiences over time (Chandler et al., 1992). In this sense, spiritual development is conceptualized as a linear process. Subsequently, it is thought to be interrelated in a general way with chronological development. Therefore, to the extent that spiritual development occurs, it is at least partially dependent on the overall maturation of the individual (i.e., normal life span development). Periods of rapid change in one's orientation and focus on spiritual issues can occur, as in cases of spiritual emergence and emergency (Grof & Grof, 1989). To date, however, little is known about how spirituality influences or is influenced by general psychological maturation, which, like spirituality, forms over time in relation to normal development.
A survey of supervisors of counselor licensure applicants in two states indicated that a state bo... more A survey of supervisors of counselor licensure applicants in two states indicated that a state board's supervision regulations do have some impact on the practice of supervision. Article: Recently, greater attention has been given to the qualifications of those who provide clinical supervision for counseling students and post-degree practitioners (cf. Bernard & Goodyear, 1992). Minimal requirements for training and experience have been proposed (Association for Counselor Education and Supervision, 1993;
The Family Journal, 2006
The use of experiential learning practices is a cornerstone of marriage and family training. In t... more The use of experiential learning practices is a cornerstone of marriage and family training. In this article, two novel experiential approaches for teaching couples counseling are detailed. Specifically, the evolution from the original format to the final version of the learning experience is described. The two primary components of the experiences include (a) a semester-long role-play enacted by doctoral student graduate assistants and (b) student reflecting teams. The authors found that students benefited from these experiences and were able to provide validation, offer encouragement, and act as catalysts for change both with their classmates and in mock couples sessions. The reflecting team format was especially helpful in promoting a safe, interactive learning environment. In addition to describing the experience, suggestions are made for adapting the approaches to fit other programs.
Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 2009
With spirituality as a cornerstone, 12-step groups serve a vital role in the recovery community. ... more With spirituality as a cornerstone, 12-step groups serve a vital role in the recovery community. It is important for counselors to be mindful, however, of the potential for clients to be in spiritual bypass, which likely will undermine the recovery process.
Abstract: A sample of 191 married students from 23 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Re... more Abstract: A sample of 191 married students from 23 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs-accredited programs participated in a survey designed to examine factors that affect the marital satisfaction of counseling graduate students. Results indicated that attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and dyadic coping accounted for 67% of the variance in marital satisfaction. Additionally, dyadic coping partially mediated the relationships between both attachment dimensions and marital satisfaction. Findings provide direction for future research and practical implications for counselors, educators, and graduate students. Keywords: attachment | perceived stress | dyadic coping | marital satisfaction | counseling students Article: Counseling graduate students experience a number of stressors that have the potential to negatively impact their marriages and their ability to successfully navigate their training program
The Clinical Supervisor, 1997
Structured supervision techniques encourage service providers to increase their knowledge, skills... more Structured supervision techniques encourage service providers to increase their knowledge, skills, and selfawareness in providing multicultural services. Structured techniques are described and illustrated. Article: CLINICAL SUPERVISION The United States has become increasingly diverse and multicultural within the past three decades (Axelson, 1993). This shift towards multiculturalism has paralleled a shift in perspectives on diverse ethnic populations. The "great melting pot" model of acculturation of American values and customs has been largely replaced by a "salad bowl" model in which diverse ethnic groups strive to preserve their individual cultural identity (Baruth & Manning, 1991; McCormick, 1984). Demographic projections for the future indicate that more than one-third of the United States will soon be racial and ethnic minorities, and that by the year 2010, these minorities will become a numerical majority (Sue, 1990). Further, social scientists have lamented the deficiencies of most psychological health models to meet the needs of culturally diverse populations (Dillard, 1983; Sue, 1990) and have established multicultural competencies and standards (Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1992). Only recently, however, have multicultural issues in supervision gained attention in the literature (
The Family Journal, 2013
The purpose of this study was to examine how a prominent framework of commitment, Johnson's Tripa... more The purpose of this study was to examine how a prominent framework of commitment, Johnson's Tripartite Model, fits within the context of cohabiting same-sex and opposite-sex partnerships to test the applicability of the model to diverse types of relationships. Specifically, this study sought to operationalize the dimension of moral commitment, or the extent to which one feels obligated to stay in a relationship, as this construct has yet to be developed in intimate relationships outside of the marital context. The results provide support for Johnson's Tripartite Model and provide researchers and counselors with a conceptualization of moral commitment from partners in cohabiting same-sex and opposite-sex relationships.
The Family Journal, 1996
A path model was tested to examine a modified version of coercion theory. Results suggested that ... more A path model was tested to examine a modified version of coercion theory. Results suggested that family cohesion is a salient issue in adolescent delinquent behavior, particularly as mediated by involvement with deviant peers.
The Family Journal, 2013
A sample of 191 married students from 23 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educ... more A sample of 191 married students from 23 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs-accredited programs participated in a survey designed to examine factors that affect the marital satisfaction of counseling graduate students. Results indicated that attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and dyadic coping accounted for 67% of the variance in marital satisfaction. Additionally, dyadic coping partially mediated the relationships between both attachment dimensions and marital satisfaction. Findings provide direction for future research and practical implications for counselors, educators, and graduate students.
The Family Journal, 2006
The use of experiential learning practices is a cornerstone of marriage and family training. In t... more The use of experiential learning practices is a cornerstone of marriage and family training. In this article, two novel experiential approaches for teaching couples counseling are detailed. Specifically, the evolution from the original format to the final version of the learning experience is described. The two primary components of the experiences include (a) a semester-long role-play enacted by doctoral student graduate assistants and (b) student reflecting teams. The authors found that students benefited from these experiences and were able to provide validation, offer encouragement, and act as catalysts for change both with their classmates and in mock couples sessions. The reflecting team format was especially helpful in promoting a safe, interactive learning environment. In addition to describing the experience, suggestions are made for adapting the approaches to fit other programs.