Christopher Frissell - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Christopher Frissell
Watershed and stream ecosystem theory, classification and empirical approaches were employed to e... more Watershed and stream ecosystem theory, classification and empirical approaches were employed to evaluate the usefulness of laboratory stream ecosystems (microcosms) to study the transport, fate, and effects of toxic substances in natural stream ecosystems. Based upon ...
North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Aug 1, 1993
In the Pacific Northwest, scour and fill of streambed sediments is an often-overlooked cause of m... more In the Pacific Northwest, scour and fill of streambed sediments is an often-overlooked cause of mortality of incubating salmonid eggs and developing alevins. Natural levels of scour and fill can be exacerbated by changes in watershed and channel stability caused by human disturbance. We evaluated the use of scour chains and a new device, the sliding-bead monitor, to measure scour and fill that occurs during peak flow periods. During 1987-1991, we designed and implanted 95 scour chains and 44 sliding-bead monitors in streams of western Oregon. Recovery rates of scour chains and sliding-bead monitors were 87 and 88%, respectively.
Fisheries, Mar 1, 1999
Abstract The Columbia River once was one of the most productive river basins for anadromous salmo... more Abstract The Columbia River once was one of the most productive river basins for anadromous salmonids on the West Coast of North America; however, its current runs total less than 10% of historic levels. The Independent Scientific Group (ISG) of the Northwest Power Planning Council reviewed regional salmon management actions described in the Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program and concluded that the current program is unlikely to recover declining salmon and steelhead stocks. Adoption of a salmon life history ecosystem concept as a guiding foundation is needed to recover depressed stocks. Increasing natural ecosystem processes and functions should rebuild salmon populations to more abundant, productive, and stable levels. Elements of a salmon recovery program that increase these normative conditions include restoration of habitat for all life history stages (including migrations), reduction of mortality sources (including harvesters), planning of hydropower mitigation measures in the context of...
… and Accessibility Citation Welsh …, 2000
The primary purpose of this chapter is to describe aquatic ecosystems within the redwood region a... more The primary purpose of this chapter is to describe aquatic ecosystems within the redwood region and discuss related management and conservation issues. Although scientists from many disciplines have conducted research in the redwood region, few comprehensive interdisciplinary studies exist (but see Ziemer 1998b) and no regionwide overview or synthesis of the aquatic systems in the redwoods has been published. Private ownership of most of the region has limited access and, therefore, scientific study in many areas. Fortunately, a large body of applicable science exists on riparian and aquatic systems and the relationships between geomorphological, hydrologic, and biotic processes in the
Science Advances
Mining provides resources for people but can pose risks to ecosystems that support cultural keyst... more Mining provides resources for people but can pose risks to ecosystems that support cultural keystone species. Our synthesis reviews relevant aspects of mining operations, describes the ecology of salmonid-bearing watersheds in northwestern North America, and compiles the impacts of metal and coal extraction on salmonids and their habitat. We conservatively estimate that this region encompasses nearly 4000 past producing mines, with present-day operations ranging from small placer sites to massive open-pit projects that annually mine more than 118 million metric tons of earth. Despite impact assessments that are intended to evaluate risk and inform mitigation, mines continue to harm salmonid-bearing watersheds via pathways such as toxic contaminants, stream channel burial, and flow regime alteration. To better maintain watershed processes that benefit salmonids, we highlight key windows during the mining governance life cycle for science to guide policy by more accurately accounting ...
Waterpower '97, 1997
The Normative River: An Ecological Vision for the Recovery of the Columbia River Salmon. CC Couta... more The Normative River: An Ecological Vision for the Recovery of the Columbia River Salmon. CC Coutant, LD Calvin, MWJ Erho, J Lichatowich Waterpower'97, 50-59. 31 Pollution, Conservation, and Health Management(CE).
ABSTRACT http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780120884148
Conservation Biology, Jul 31, 2004
Forest ecosystems in the western United States evolved over many millennia in response to disturb... more Forest ecosystems in the western United States evolved over many millennia in response to disturbances such as wildfires. Land use and management practices have altered these ecosystems, however, including fire regimes in some areas. Forest ecosystems are especially vulnerable to postfire management practices because such practices may influence forest dynamics and aquatic systems for decades to centuries. Thus, there is an increasing need to evaluate the effect of postfire treatments from the perspective of ecosystem recovery. We examined, via the published literature and our collective experience, the ecological effects of some common postfire treatments. Based on this examination, promising postfire restoration measures include retention of large trees, rehabilitation of firelines and roads, and, in some cases, planting of native species. The following practices are generally inconsistent with efforts to restore ecosystem functions after fire: seeding exotic species, livestock grazing, placement of physical structures in and near stream channels, ground-based postfire logging, removal of large trees, and road construction. Practices that adversely affect soil integrity, persistence or recovery of native species, riparian functions, or water quality generally impede ecological recovery after fire. Although research provides a basis for evaluating the efficacy of postfire treatments, there is a continuing need to increase our understanding of the effects of such treatments within the context of societal and ecological goals for forested public lands of the western United States.
Fisheries, Mar 1, 1999
... Laboratory, Tennessee; Michael W. Erho, Jr., independentfisheries consultant, Wenatchee, Wash... more ... Laboratory, Tennessee; Michael W. Erho, Jr., independentfisheries consultant, Wenatchee, Washington; Christopher A. Frissell ... In (1) The number of adult salmon and steelhead -w the scientific recruited is ... such as in Cali-fornia's Owens River Gorge (Hill and Platts 1998) have ...
Environmental Management, Feb 28, 1986
/ Classification of streams and stream habitats is useful for research involving establishment of... more / Classification of streams and stream habitats is useful for research involving establishment of monitoring stations, determination of local impacts of land-use practices, generalization from site-specific data, and assessment of basin-wide, cumulative impacts of human activities on streams and their biota. This article presents a framework for a hierarchical classification system, entailing an organized view of spatial and temporal variation among and within stream systems. Stream habitat systems, defined and classified on several spatiotemporal scales, are associated with watershed geomorphic features and events. Variables selected for classification define relative long-term capacities of systems, not simply short-term states. Streams and their watershed environments are classified within the context of a regional biogeoclimatic landscape classification. The framework is a perspective that should allow more systematic interpretation and description of watershed-stream relationships.
... to sustain native biodiversity and bioproduction and promotes proliferation of non-native bio... more ... to sustain native biodiversity and bioproduction and promotes proliferation of non-native biota. ... coupled with elimination of pollutants and constrainment of nonnative biota, can naturally ... restoration as opposed to artificial propagation, installation of artificial instream structures ...
Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Oct 31, 2004
Page 1. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 10 July 2003 Accept... more Page 1. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 10 July 2003 Accepted 30 April 2004 AQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 14: 625633 ...
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2003
Heterogeneity in stream water temperatures created by local influx of cooler subsurface waters in... more Heterogeneity in stream water temperatures created by local influx of cooler subsurface waters into geomorphically complex stream channels was associated with increased abundance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in northeastern Oregon. The addition of cold water patch frequency and area as explanatory variables in salmonid habitat models indicated that doubling of cold water patch frequency was associated with increases in rainbow trout and chinook salmon abundances of 31% and 59%, respectively. Doubling of cold water patch area was associated with changes of 10% in rainbow trout abundance but was not associated with chinook abundance after accounting for other habitat factors. The physiognomy, distribution, and connectivity of cold water patches, important attributes determining the effectiveness of these habitats as thermal refuges for stream fishes, were associated with channel bedform and riparian features. Monitoring of thermal heterogeneity and salmonid populations in response to ongoing habitat restoration efforts will provide additional insights into causal relationships among these factors. Résumé : L'hétérogénéité des températures de l'eau dans les cours d'eau causée par les influx locaux d'eau souterraine plus fraîche dans des chenaux à géomorphologie complexe s'accompagne d'une abondance accrue de truites arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) et de saumons quinnat (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) dans le nord-est de l'Oregon. L'addition de la fréquence et de la surface des taches d'eau froide comme variables explicatives dans les modèles d'habitat des salmonidés montre qu'un dédoublement de la fréquence des taches d'eau froide entraîne des augmentations d'abondance chez la truite arc-en-ciel et le saumon quinnat, respectivement de 31 % et de 59 %. Un dédoublement de la surface des taches d'eau froide est associé à un accroissement de l'abondance de 10 % chez la truite arc-en-ciel, mais il n'est pas relié à l'abondance des saumons quinnat, lorsque les autres facteurs de l'habitat sont pris en compte. La physionomie, la répartition et la connectivité des taches d'eau froide, caractéristiques importantes qui déterminent l'efficacité de ces habitats comme refuges thermiques pour les poissons d'eau courante, sont associées à la forme du lit du chenal et aux caractéristiques de la berge. La surveillance de l'hétérogénéité thermique et des populations de salmonidés en réponse aux efforts de restauration permettra de mieux comprendre les relations causales entre ces facteurs. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Ebersole et al. 1280
Forests, 2015
The 1994 Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) shifted federal lands management from a focus on timber pro... more The 1994 Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) shifted federal lands management from a focus on timber production to ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. The plan established a network of conservation reserves and an ecosystem management strategy on ~10 million hectares from northern California to Washington State, USA, within the range of the federally threatened northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). Several subsequent assessments-and 20 years of data from monitoring
Watershed and stream ecosystem theory, classification and empirical approaches were employed to e... more Watershed and stream ecosystem theory, classification and empirical approaches were employed to evaluate the usefulness of laboratory stream ecosystems (microcosms) to study the transport, fate, and effects of toxic substances in natural stream ecosystems. Based upon ...
North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Aug 1, 1993
In the Pacific Northwest, scour and fill of streambed sediments is an often-overlooked cause of m... more In the Pacific Northwest, scour and fill of streambed sediments is an often-overlooked cause of mortality of incubating salmonid eggs and developing alevins. Natural levels of scour and fill can be exacerbated by changes in watershed and channel stability caused by human disturbance. We evaluated the use of scour chains and a new device, the sliding-bead monitor, to measure scour and fill that occurs during peak flow periods. During 1987-1991, we designed and implanted 95 scour chains and 44 sliding-bead monitors in streams of western Oregon. Recovery rates of scour chains and sliding-bead monitors were 87 and 88%, respectively.
Fisheries, Mar 1, 1999
Abstract The Columbia River once was one of the most productive river basins for anadromous salmo... more Abstract The Columbia River once was one of the most productive river basins for anadromous salmonids on the West Coast of North America; however, its current runs total less than 10% of historic levels. The Independent Scientific Group (ISG) of the Northwest Power Planning Council reviewed regional salmon management actions described in the Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program and concluded that the current program is unlikely to recover declining salmon and steelhead stocks. Adoption of a salmon life history ecosystem concept as a guiding foundation is needed to recover depressed stocks. Increasing natural ecosystem processes and functions should rebuild salmon populations to more abundant, productive, and stable levels. Elements of a salmon recovery program that increase these normative conditions include restoration of habitat for all life history stages (including migrations), reduction of mortality sources (including harvesters), planning of hydropower mitigation measures in the context of...
… and Accessibility Citation Welsh …, 2000
The primary purpose of this chapter is to describe aquatic ecosystems within the redwood region a... more The primary purpose of this chapter is to describe aquatic ecosystems within the redwood region and discuss related management and conservation issues. Although scientists from many disciplines have conducted research in the redwood region, few comprehensive interdisciplinary studies exist (but see Ziemer 1998b) and no regionwide overview or synthesis of the aquatic systems in the redwoods has been published. Private ownership of most of the region has limited access and, therefore, scientific study in many areas. Fortunately, a large body of applicable science exists on riparian and aquatic systems and the relationships between geomorphological, hydrologic, and biotic processes in the
Science Advances
Mining provides resources for people but can pose risks to ecosystems that support cultural keyst... more Mining provides resources for people but can pose risks to ecosystems that support cultural keystone species. Our synthesis reviews relevant aspects of mining operations, describes the ecology of salmonid-bearing watersheds in northwestern North America, and compiles the impacts of metal and coal extraction on salmonids and their habitat. We conservatively estimate that this region encompasses nearly 4000 past producing mines, with present-day operations ranging from small placer sites to massive open-pit projects that annually mine more than 118 million metric tons of earth. Despite impact assessments that are intended to evaluate risk and inform mitigation, mines continue to harm salmonid-bearing watersheds via pathways such as toxic contaminants, stream channel burial, and flow regime alteration. To better maintain watershed processes that benefit salmonids, we highlight key windows during the mining governance life cycle for science to guide policy by more accurately accounting ...
Waterpower '97, 1997
The Normative River: An Ecological Vision for the Recovery of the Columbia River Salmon. CC Couta... more The Normative River: An Ecological Vision for the Recovery of the Columbia River Salmon. CC Coutant, LD Calvin, MWJ Erho, J Lichatowich Waterpower'97, 50-59. 31 Pollution, Conservation, and Health Management(CE).
ABSTRACT http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780120884148
Conservation Biology, Jul 31, 2004
Forest ecosystems in the western United States evolved over many millennia in response to disturb... more Forest ecosystems in the western United States evolved over many millennia in response to disturbances such as wildfires. Land use and management practices have altered these ecosystems, however, including fire regimes in some areas. Forest ecosystems are especially vulnerable to postfire management practices because such practices may influence forest dynamics and aquatic systems for decades to centuries. Thus, there is an increasing need to evaluate the effect of postfire treatments from the perspective of ecosystem recovery. We examined, via the published literature and our collective experience, the ecological effects of some common postfire treatments. Based on this examination, promising postfire restoration measures include retention of large trees, rehabilitation of firelines and roads, and, in some cases, planting of native species. The following practices are generally inconsistent with efforts to restore ecosystem functions after fire: seeding exotic species, livestock grazing, placement of physical structures in and near stream channels, ground-based postfire logging, removal of large trees, and road construction. Practices that adversely affect soil integrity, persistence or recovery of native species, riparian functions, or water quality generally impede ecological recovery after fire. Although research provides a basis for evaluating the efficacy of postfire treatments, there is a continuing need to increase our understanding of the effects of such treatments within the context of societal and ecological goals for forested public lands of the western United States.
Fisheries, Mar 1, 1999
... Laboratory, Tennessee; Michael W. Erho, Jr., independentfisheries consultant, Wenatchee, Wash... more ... Laboratory, Tennessee; Michael W. Erho, Jr., independentfisheries consultant, Wenatchee, Washington; Christopher A. Frissell ... In (1) The number of adult salmon and steelhead -w the scientific recruited is ... such as in Cali-fornia's Owens River Gorge (Hill and Platts 1998) have ...
Environmental Management, Feb 28, 1986
/ Classification of streams and stream habitats is useful for research involving establishment of... more / Classification of streams and stream habitats is useful for research involving establishment of monitoring stations, determination of local impacts of land-use practices, generalization from site-specific data, and assessment of basin-wide, cumulative impacts of human activities on streams and their biota. This article presents a framework for a hierarchical classification system, entailing an organized view of spatial and temporal variation among and within stream systems. Stream habitat systems, defined and classified on several spatiotemporal scales, are associated with watershed geomorphic features and events. Variables selected for classification define relative long-term capacities of systems, not simply short-term states. Streams and their watershed environments are classified within the context of a regional biogeoclimatic landscape classification. The framework is a perspective that should allow more systematic interpretation and description of watershed-stream relationships.
... to sustain native biodiversity and bioproduction and promotes proliferation of non-native bio... more ... to sustain native biodiversity and bioproduction and promotes proliferation of non-native biota. ... coupled with elimination of pollutants and constrainment of nonnative biota, can naturally ... restoration as opposed to artificial propagation, installation of artificial instream structures ...
Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Oct 31, 2004
Page 1. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 10 July 2003 Accept... more Page 1. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 10 July 2003 Accepted 30 April 2004 AQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 14: 625633 ...
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2003
Heterogeneity in stream water temperatures created by local influx of cooler subsurface waters in... more Heterogeneity in stream water temperatures created by local influx of cooler subsurface waters into geomorphically complex stream channels was associated with increased abundance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in northeastern Oregon. The addition of cold water patch frequency and area as explanatory variables in salmonid habitat models indicated that doubling of cold water patch frequency was associated with increases in rainbow trout and chinook salmon abundances of 31% and 59%, respectively. Doubling of cold water patch area was associated with changes of 10% in rainbow trout abundance but was not associated with chinook abundance after accounting for other habitat factors. The physiognomy, distribution, and connectivity of cold water patches, important attributes determining the effectiveness of these habitats as thermal refuges for stream fishes, were associated with channel bedform and riparian features. Monitoring of thermal heterogeneity and salmonid populations in response to ongoing habitat restoration efforts will provide additional insights into causal relationships among these factors. Résumé : L'hétérogénéité des températures de l'eau dans les cours d'eau causée par les influx locaux d'eau souterraine plus fraîche dans des chenaux à géomorphologie complexe s'accompagne d'une abondance accrue de truites arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) et de saumons quinnat (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) dans le nord-est de l'Oregon. L'addition de la fréquence et de la surface des taches d'eau froide comme variables explicatives dans les modèles d'habitat des salmonidés montre qu'un dédoublement de la fréquence des taches d'eau froide entraîne des augmentations d'abondance chez la truite arc-en-ciel et le saumon quinnat, respectivement de 31 % et de 59 %. Un dédoublement de la surface des taches d'eau froide est associé à un accroissement de l'abondance de 10 % chez la truite arc-en-ciel, mais il n'est pas relié à l'abondance des saumons quinnat, lorsque les autres facteurs de l'habitat sont pris en compte. La physionomie, la répartition et la connectivité des taches d'eau froide, caractéristiques importantes qui déterminent l'efficacité de ces habitats comme refuges thermiques pour les poissons d'eau courante, sont associées à la forme du lit du chenal et aux caractéristiques de la berge. La surveillance de l'hétérogénéité thermique et des populations de salmonidés en réponse aux efforts de restauration permettra de mieux comprendre les relations causales entre ces facteurs. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Ebersole et al. 1280
Forests, 2015
The 1994 Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) shifted federal lands management from a focus on timber pro... more The 1994 Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) shifted federal lands management from a focus on timber production to ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. The plan established a network of conservation reserves and an ecosystem management strategy on ~10 million hectares from northern California to Washington State, USA, within the range of the federally threatened northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). Several subsequent assessments-and 20 years of data from monitoring