Craig Nagoshi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Craig Nagoshi

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1987

Journal of studies on alcohol, Nov 1, 1984

Ethology and Sociobiology, Oct 1, 1989

Retrospective data obtained from a sample of 926 mothers of European ancestry (AEA) and 368 mothe... more Retrospective data obtained from a sample of 926 mothers of European ancestry (AEA) and 368 mothers of Japanese ancestry (AJA) living in Hawaii were used to evaluate two hypotheses, the selective male affliction hypothesis and the Trivers-Willard female condition hypothesis, for male-biased perinatal mortality and altered sex ratio at birth. Logit analyses using pregnancy outcome (live-birth versus stillbirth or miscarriage) as the dependent variable and either sex of prior sib, sex of offspring, parity, age of mother, or interval since last pregnancy as independent variables did not support either hypothesis. In contrast to the prediction of the selective male affliction model, sex of previous pregnancy was not related to perinatal mortality. Although each of the other independent variables exerted significant effects on perinatal mortality and, therefore, presumably affected female condition, in no case did natal sex ratios become femalebiased. The Trivers-Willard hypothesis predicts that female-biased sex ratios are expected when female condition is reduced. The results are discussed in relation to the possibility that degree of sexual dimorphism may favor male-biased perinatal mortality and explains the observed decline in sex ratio with parity.

PubMed, May 1, 1984

Self reported lactose tolerance data were obtained from families of Caucasian, Chinese, Filipino,... more Self reported lactose tolerance data were obtained from families of Caucasian, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian/Part Hawaiian and Japanese ancestral groups in Hawaii and from homeland Korean families. Ethnic differences were found to exist in the proportions of persons reporting themselves to be intolerant to lactose; however, intolerance was comparatively rare and usually mild in all groups. Japanese-Americans and homeland Koreans reported the highest proportions of intolerance. Filipino and Hawaiian/Part Hawaiian individuals reported the least tolerance, followed by Caucasians. Family resemblances in tolerance, while statistically significant, were not substantial. Our data are relatively unsupportive of any major influence of early environment (in terms of milk drinking and the use of other dairy products high in lactose) on lactose tolerance

Online questionnaire study of 384 male and female college undergraduates on gender roles and psyc... more Online questionnaire study of 384 male and female college undergraduates on gender roles and psychological maladjustment.<br>

Springer eBooks, Oct 22, 2013

As Nagoshi and Brzuzy (2010) note, “beyond empowerment, transgender theory provides an alternativ... more As Nagoshi and Brzuzy (2010) note, “beyond empowerment, transgender theory provides an alternative to feminist and queer theories in addressing the thorny issue of coalition building for social activism in an intersectional world.” Unpacking the theoretical implications, as well as complex intersectionalities, in the lived experiences of people of the trans experience across the continuum paints a complex relational matrix contributing to both the need for and potential demise of organizing efforts. These complexities, combined with the prejudice and trans-phobic discrimination of the feminist and queer movements, lesbian, gay, and bisexual communities, and mainstream society create a perfect storm for which true social change remains a great need with few evidence based models to guide practice. This chapter will examine the implications of feminist, queer, and transgender/trans-identity conceptualizations of the nature of identity as they relate to social activism to oppose oppression. We will start by providing an introduction to the work of activism, then unpack theoretical concepts of public versus private identities, discuss oppression as it relates to coalition building among trans individuals, implications of coalition building as it relates to the risk of loss of individual identity, as well as implications for the greater transgender populations as a whole community. Discussions will emphasize the intersectionalities identities of trans individuals, empowerment, as well as building coalitions based on socially constructed oppressed identities.

Springer eBooks, Oct 22, 2013

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, Apr 1, 1987

Psychology and Sexuality, Jan 16, 2020

For many transgender individuals, researchers, and practitioners, an ecodevelopment framework (Sz... more For many transgender individuals, researchers, and practitioners, an ecodevelopment framework (Szapocznik & Coatsworth, 1999) provides unique insights on the social influences that dynamically interact, influence, conflict, and support each other during the individual's identity development and through their unique transition process. Fourteen transgender individuals were interviewed on how their transition process affects their gender and sexual identity. Guided by content analyses, this study focused on micro, meso, and macro level categories within the eco-developmental model framework that emerged from the data including 1) the micro level influences of embodiment, 2) meso level conflicts between embodiment and romantic partner expectations, and 3) macro level influences of societal gender expectations. This research is unique in exploring transition processes from an eco-developmental model, examining not only the micro level, meso level, and macro level conflicts within the system, but also considering the dynamic interplay of the three levels. The eco-developmental depicts the intersectional effects of transitioning, gender, and sexual identity and allows for a model of gender and sexual identity development. This model will allow researchers to move past an understanding of transgender identity development as a uniform process that all individuals navigate through and move into an understanding that each individual's identity development is unique but shares overarching themes of interactions that shape identities.

Journal of studies on alcohol, Mar 1, 1989

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Dec 18, 2009

Research has revealed that exercise is effective for reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety.... more Research has revealed that exercise is effective for reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. The mechanisms by which these reductions occur, however, have not been widely studied. To examine several potential theories, a prospective, randomized, 7‐week exercise intervention was conducted. Untrained participants were randomly assigned to an aerobic exercise group or to a stretching‐control group. Participants completed several questionnaires to assess psychological variables, including measures of depression and anxiety, and blood was drawn at pre‐ and post‐test to measure serum serotonin levels. A mixed‐design ANOVA revealed that the exercise group had lower levels of depression than the stretching‐control group after the intervention. The exercise group also showed a larger percentage decrease in serotonin than the stretching‐control group. This reduction in blood serotonin after exercise is similar to the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Additionally, percent change in serotonin was found to partially mediate the relationship between exercise and depression.

Journal of studies on alcohol, Sep 1, 1987

Subjects {N = 34) in the Colorado Alcohol Research on Twins and Adoptees (CARTA) were brought bac... more Subjects {N = 34) in the Colorado Alcohol Research on Twins and Adoptees (CARTA) were brought back between 30 and 60 days after their initial testing to be fetested on all the CARTA procedures. As before, subjects were given a dose of alcohol (.8 g/kg of body weight) calculated to bring their blood alcohol level (BAL) to near 100 mg/dl. Additional doses were given al the end of each of the next 2 hours to maintain their BAL near peak for approximately 3 hours, Repeatability (test-retest correlation) for alcohol clearance rate was near 0, with repeatabilities between .40 and .55 for peak BAL, time-to-peak BAL, average session BAL and relative volume of alcohol distributton, Repeatabilities of prealcohol baseline scores were generally high (median, .71) for the CARTA battery of physiological, motor coordination, perceptual speed and reaction time measures, bul were only low to moderate for sensitivity scores (median, ..27) and acute tolerance scores fmedian, .25} calculated on these measures. There was •ome evidence that repeatabilities for alcohol metabolism, sensitivity and acute tolerance were lower for women than for men. (J. Stud. Alcohol 48: 437-442, 1987) ERY FEW STUDIES have attempted to assess the degree to which alcohol metabolism and the effects of alcohol on behavior are consistent from day to day in humans. These day-today variations in alcohol metabolism, sensitivity and tolerance are the result of transient environmental factors (e.g., diet, fatigue level, mood state) and set limits on the degree to which the effects of alcohol can be accounted for by genetic factors or by common family environment. There is already some accumulated evidence to indicate that alcohol metabolism is considerably variable from day to day. Wagner and Patel (1972), using different alcohol doses on 5 different days over a 4-month period for a single subject, and Wagner (1973), reanalyzing data on six men given a single small dose of alcohol per day over 21 days in a study by Vesell et al. (1971), concluded that there was significant day-today variation in the rate of alcohol absorption and clearance, but some stability for the relative volume of alcohol distribution. Kopun and Propping (1977) fetested six men to assess the

Journal of studies on alcohol, Jul 1, 1985

ABSI'RACT. In a study that included six different racial-ethnic groups in Hawaii, the reasons giv... more ABSI'RACT. In a study that included six different racial-ethnic groups in Hawaii, the reasons given by drinkers for drinking, abstainers for not drinking and former drinkers for ceasing to drink were assessed. Although there were group differences in frequencies of endorsement of given reasons for drinking, for not drinking or for ceasing to drink, the findings of similarity were most impressive. Drinkers, abstainers and former drinkers were similar across racial-ethnic groups in their proportions of endorsement of given reasons for drinking, abstaining or ceasing to use alcohol. Although reasons for drinking varied across racialethnic groups, they varied much more across groups that differed in alcohol consumption independent of ethnicity, with all reasons for drinking being more often endorsed as consumption increased. In addition, the citation of more pathological reasons for drinking was associated with a greater number of drinking problems. (J. Stud. Alcohol 46: 283-288, 1985) HE PRESENT REPORT is one of a continuing series of articles reporting analyses of survey data concerning use of alcohol and attitudes toward alcohol use obtained from members of six racial-ethnic groups in Hawaii. Persons of Caucasian, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian-part-Hawaiian, Hapa-Haole (one parent of Oriental, the other of Caucasian ancestry) or Japanese ancestry completed a questionnaire • that included demographic questions, personality scales (e.g., locus of control, anomie) and a large number of questions having to do with attitude toward alcohol and use of alcohol (frequency of drinking; quantity measures for beer, wine and distilled spirits separately). Differences between ethnic groups in the proportion of abstainers to the total number and in the proportion of former drinkers among those persons who had ever used alcohol are substantial (Wilson et al., 1978). There are also substantial differences in the actual amounts of alcohol reportedly used by members of different groups (Schwitters et al., 1982b, 1983; Wilson et al., 1978). By most criteria, Caucasians are the heaviest users of alcohol, whereas Chinese t•se the least.

Overview.- Feminist and Queer Theories: The Response to the Social Construction of Gender.- The Q... more Overview.- Feminist and Queer Theories: The Response to the Social Construction of Gender.- The Quantitative/Positivist Approach to Socially Constructed Identities.- The Qualitative Approach to Socially Constructed Identities.- Transgender and Trans-identity Theory.- Embodied Identities.- Intersectionality and Narratives of Lived Experiences.- Practice and Personal Empowerment.- Coalition Building with Intersectional Identities.- Coalition Building Based on Socially Constructed Oppressed Identities.- Conclusions.- Appendix.- References.- Index.

Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1988

Multivariate path analysis was used to examine the etiologies of variation and covariation of flu... more Multivariate path analysis was used to examine the etiologies of variation and covariation of flushing after alcohol use in nuclear families of Korean, Taiwanese, Japanese and Caucasian ancestries. Phenotypic variances and covariances were partitioned into familial (additive genetic and common family environment) and environmental components. Although alcohol consumption and flushing varied greatly among the different groups, familialities, estimated from components of mother, father and at least one child, were remarkably similar. The familialities for flushing were 0.48 for Japanese, 0.56 for Koreans and 0.35 for Taiwanese; flushing is infrequent in Caucasians and thus was not analyzed. Familialities were lower for consumption, but like flushing, were consistent across ethnic groups (Japanese, 0.27; Koreans, 0.24; Taiwanese, 0.15; Caucasians, 0.28). The genetic correlation between flushing and alcohol consumption was high. Thus, to the extent that flushing influences alcohol consumption, the covariance is most likely genetic. (J. Stud. Alcohol 49: 261-267, 1988) HE BIOLOGICAL CAUSE of the flushing response to alcohol consumption, as well as ethnic group differences in flushing, is an area of continuing interest in the study of alcohol use and alcoholism. Flushing after drinking alcohol is typical in Oriental populations and is marked by distinctive facial reddening, accelerated heartbeat, heightened blood pressure and other circulatory system changes, as well as by acetaldehyde and other alcohol metabolic abnormalities. This report is a continuation of a series of studies designed to determine the relationship between flushing after alcohol use and alcohol consumption. It was first suggested by Wolff (1973) that Orientals drink less than Caucasians because of the flushing

International Journal of Transgenderism, 2016

ABSTRACT Indices were developed to assess discomfort with specific behavioral violations of gende... more ABSTRACT Indices were developed to assess discomfort with specific behavioral violations of gender heteronormative gender roles, gender identity, and sexual orientation. A three-component model that proposes specific threats to social status as mechanisms of gender-based prejudice was then used to assess whether homophobia and transphobia were triggered by the non-gender heteronormative social identity status of the outgroup member or by perceived violations of specific gender heteronormative behaviors. For a sample of 145 female and 194 male gender heteronormative U.S. college undergraduates, path analyses showed that homophobia was particularly associated with discomfort with violations of sexual orientation norms while transphobia was particularly associated with discomfort with violations of gender identity norms. For men and women, discomfort with sexual orientation norms significantly mediated the relationships linking right-wing authoritarianism and benevolent sexism to homophobia while discomfort with violations of gender identity norms significantly mediated the relationships linking right-wing authoritarianism and benevolent sexism to transphobia. Discomfort with sexual orientation norms significantly mediated the relationships between religious fundamentalism and homophobia for men only, while this same discomfort mediated the relationship between benevolent sexism and homophobia for women only. A significant direct path from physical aggression proneness to homophobia was found for men only.

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1987

Journal of studies on alcohol, Nov 1, 1984

Ethology and Sociobiology, Oct 1, 1989

Retrospective data obtained from a sample of 926 mothers of European ancestry (AEA) and 368 mothe... more Retrospective data obtained from a sample of 926 mothers of European ancestry (AEA) and 368 mothers of Japanese ancestry (AJA) living in Hawaii were used to evaluate two hypotheses, the selective male affliction hypothesis and the Trivers-Willard female condition hypothesis, for male-biased perinatal mortality and altered sex ratio at birth. Logit analyses using pregnancy outcome (live-birth versus stillbirth or miscarriage) as the dependent variable and either sex of prior sib, sex of offspring, parity, age of mother, or interval since last pregnancy as independent variables did not support either hypothesis. In contrast to the prediction of the selective male affliction model, sex of previous pregnancy was not related to perinatal mortality. Although each of the other independent variables exerted significant effects on perinatal mortality and, therefore, presumably affected female condition, in no case did natal sex ratios become femalebiased. The Trivers-Willard hypothesis predicts that female-biased sex ratios are expected when female condition is reduced. The results are discussed in relation to the possibility that degree of sexual dimorphism may favor male-biased perinatal mortality and explains the observed decline in sex ratio with parity.

PubMed, May 1, 1984

Self reported lactose tolerance data were obtained from families of Caucasian, Chinese, Filipino,... more Self reported lactose tolerance data were obtained from families of Caucasian, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian/Part Hawaiian and Japanese ancestral groups in Hawaii and from homeland Korean families. Ethnic differences were found to exist in the proportions of persons reporting themselves to be intolerant to lactose; however, intolerance was comparatively rare and usually mild in all groups. Japanese-Americans and homeland Koreans reported the highest proportions of intolerance. Filipino and Hawaiian/Part Hawaiian individuals reported the least tolerance, followed by Caucasians. Family resemblances in tolerance, while statistically significant, were not substantial. Our data are relatively unsupportive of any major influence of early environment (in terms of milk drinking and the use of other dairy products high in lactose) on lactose tolerance

Online questionnaire study of 384 male and female college undergraduates on gender roles and psyc... more Online questionnaire study of 384 male and female college undergraduates on gender roles and psychological maladjustment.<br>

Springer eBooks, Oct 22, 2013

As Nagoshi and Brzuzy (2010) note, “beyond empowerment, transgender theory provides an alternativ... more As Nagoshi and Brzuzy (2010) note, “beyond empowerment, transgender theory provides an alternative to feminist and queer theories in addressing the thorny issue of coalition building for social activism in an intersectional world.” Unpacking the theoretical implications, as well as complex intersectionalities, in the lived experiences of people of the trans experience across the continuum paints a complex relational matrix contributing to both the need for and potential demise of organizing efforts. These complexities, combined with the prejudice and trans-phobic discrimination of the feminist and queer movements, lesbian, gay, and bisexual communities, and mainstream society create a perfect storm for which true social change remains a great need with few evidence based models to guide practice. This chapter will examine the implications of feminist, queer, and transgender/trans-identity conceptualizations of the nature of identity as they relate to social activism to oppose oppression. We will start by providing an introduction to the work of activism, then unpack theoretical concepts of public versus private identities, discuss oppression as it relates to coalition building among trans individuals, implications of coalition building as it relates to the risk of loss of individual identity, as well as implications for the greater transgender populations as a whole community. Discussions will emphasize the intersectionalities identities of trans individuals, empowerment, as well as building coalitions based on socially constructed oppressed identities.

Springer eBooks, Oct 22, 2013

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, Apr 1, 1987

Psychology and Sexuality, Jan 16, 2020

For many transgender individuals, researchers, and practitioners, an ecodevelopment framework (Sz... more For many transgender individuals, researchers, and practitioners, an ecodevelopment framework (Szapocznik & Coatsworth, 1999) provides unique insights on the social influences that dynamically interact, influence, conflict, and support each other during the individual's identity development and through their unique transition process. Fourteen transgender individuals were interviewed on how their transition process affects their gender and sexual identity. Guided by content analyses, this study focused on micro, meso, and macro level categories within the eco-developmental model framework that emerged from the data including 1) the micro level influences of embodiment, 2) meso level conflicts between embodiment and romantic partner expectations, and 3) macro level influences of societal gender expectations. This research is unique in exploring transition processes from an eco-developmental model, examining not only the micro level, meso level, and macro level conflicts within the system, but also considering the dynamic interplay of the three levels. The eco-developmental depicts the intersectional effects of transitioning, gender, and sexual identity and allows for a model of gender and sexual identity development. This model will allow researchers to move past an understanding of transgender identity development as a uniform process that all individuals navigate through and move into an understanding that each individual's identity development is unique but shares overarching themes of interactions that shape identities.

Journal of studies on alcohol, Mar 1, 1989

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Dec 18, 2009

Research has revealed that exercise is effective for reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety.... more Research has revealed that exercise is effective for reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. The mechanisms by which these reductions occur, however, have not been widely studied. To examine several potential theories, a prospective, randomized, 7‐week exercise intervention was conducted. Untrained participants were randomly assigned to an aerobic exercise group or to a stretching‐control group. Participants completed several questionnaires to assess psychological variables, including measures of depression and anxiety, and blood was drawn at pre‐ and post‐test to measure serum serotonin levels. A mixed‐design ANOVA revealed that the exercise group had lower levels of depression than the stretching‐control group after the intervention. The exercise group also showed a larger percentage decrease in serotonin than the stretching‐control group. This reduction in blood serotonin after exercise is similar to the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Additionally, percent change in serotonin was found to partially mediate the relationship between exercise and depression.

Journal of studies on alcohol, Sep 1, 1987

Subjects {N = 34) in the Colorado Alcohol Research on Twins and Adoptees (CARTA) were brought bac... more Subjects {N = 34) in the Colorado Alcohol Research on Twins and Adoptees (CARTA) were brought back between 30 and 60 days after their initial testing to be fetested on all the CARTA procedures. As before, subjects were given a dose of alcohol (.8 g/kg of body weight) calculated to bring their blood alcohol level (BAL) to near 100 mg/dl. Additional doses were given al the end of each of the next 2 hours to maintain their BAL near peak for approximately 3 hours, Repeatability (test-retest correlation) for alcohol clearance rate was near 0, with repeatabilities between .40 and .55 for peak BAL, time-to-peak BAL, average session BAL and relative volume of alcohol distributton, Repeatabilities of prealcohol baseline scores were generally high (median, .71) for the CARTA battery of physiological, motor coordination, perceptual speed and reaction time measures, bul were only low to moderate for sensitivity scores (median, ..27) and acute tolerance scores fmedian, .25} calculated on these measures. There was •ome evidence that repeatabilities for alcohol metabolism, sensitivity and acute tolerance were lower for women than for men. (J. Stud. Alcohol 48: 437-442, 1987) ERY FEW STUDIES have attempted to assess the degree to which alcohol metabolism and the effects of alcohol on behavior are consistent from day to day in humans. These day-today variations in alcohol metabolism, sensitivity and tolerance are the result of transient environmental factors (e.g., diet, fatigue level, mood state) and set limits on the degree to which the effects of alcohol can be accounted for by genetic factors or by common family environment. There is already some accumulated evidence to indicate that alcohol metabolism is considerably variable from day to day. Wagner and Patel (1972), using different alcohol doses on 5 different days over a 4-month period for a single subject, and Wagner (1973), reanalyzing data on six men given a single small dose of alcohol per day over 21 days in a study by Vesell et al. (1971), concluded that there was significant day-today variation in the rate of alcohol absorption and clearance, but some stability for the relative volume of alcohol distribution. Kopun and Propping (1977) fetested six men to assess the

Journal of studies on alcohol, Jul 1, 1985

ABSI'RACT. In a study that included six different racial-ethnic groups in Hawaii, the reasons giv... more ABSI'RACT. In a study that included six different racial-ethnic groups in Hawaii, the reasons given by drinkers for drinking, abstainers for not drinking and former drinkers for ceasing to drink were assessed. Although there were group differences in frequencies of endorsement of given reasons for drinking, for not drinking or for ceasing to drink, the findings of similarity were most impressive. Drinkers, abstainers and former drinkers were similar across racial-ethnic groups in their proportions of endorsement of given reasons for drinking, abstaining or ceasing to use alcohol. Although reasons for drinking varied across racialethnic groups, they varied much more across groups that differed in alcohol consumption independent of ethnicity, with all reasons for drinking being more often endorsed as consumption increased. In addition, the citation of more pathological reasons for drinking was associated with a greater number of drinking problems. (J. Stud. Alcohol 46: 283-288, 1985) HE PRESENT REPORT is one of a continuing series of articles reporting analyses of survey data concerning use of alcohol and attitudes toward alcohol use obtained from members of six racial-ethnic groups in Hawaii. Persons of Caucasian, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian-part-Hawaiian, Hapa-Haole (one parent of Oriental, the other of Caucasian ancestry) or Japanese ancestry completed a questionnaire • that included demographic questions, personality scales (e.g., locus of control, anomie) and a large number of questions having to do with attitude toward alcohol and use of alcohol (frequency of drinking; quantity measures for beer, wine and distilled spirits separately). Differences between ethnic groups in the proportion of abstainers to the total number and in the proportion of former drinkers among those persons who had ever used alcohol are substantial (Wilson et al., 1978). There are also substantial differences in the actual amounts of alcohol reportedly used by members of different groups (Schwitters et al., 1982b, 1983; Wilson et al., 1978). By most criteria, Caucasians are the heaviest users of alcohol, whereas Chinese t•se the least.

Overview.- Feminist and Queer Theories: The Response to the Social Construction of Gender.- The Q... more Overview.- Feminist and Queer Theories: The Response to the Social Construction of Gender.- The Quantitative/Positivist Approach to Socially Constructed Identities.- The Qualitative Approach to Socially Constructed Identities.- Transgender and Trans-identity Theory.- Embodied Identities.- Intersectionality and Narratives of Lived Experiences.- Practice and Personal Empowerment.- Coalition Building with Intersectional Identities.- Coalition Building Based on Socially Constructed Oppressed Identities.- Conclusions.- Appendix.- References.- Index.

Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1988

Multivariate path analysis was used to examine the etiologies of variation and covariation of flu... more Multivariate path analysis was used to examine the etiologies of variation and covariation of flushing after alcohol use in nuclear families of Korean, Taiwanese, Japanese and Caucasian ancestries. Phenotypic variances and covariances were partitioned into familial (additive genetic and common family environment) and environmental components. Although alcohol consumption and flushing varied greatly among the different groups, familialities, estimated from components of mother, father and at least one child, were remarkably similar. The familialities for flushing were 0.48 for Japanese, 0.56 for Koreans and 0.35 for Taiwanese; flushing is infrequent in Caucasians and thus was not analyzed. Familialities were lower for consumption, but like flushing, were consistent across ethnic groups (Japanese, 0.27; Koreans, 0.24; Taiwanese, 0.15; Caucasians, 0.28). The genetic correlation between flushing and alcohol consumption was high. Thus, to the extent that flushing influences alcohol consumption, the covariance is most likely genetic. (J. Stud. Alcohol 49: 261-267, 1988) HE BIOLOGICAL CAUSE of the flushing response to alcohol consumption, as well as ethnic group differences in flushing, is an area of continuing interest in the study of alcohol use and alcoholism. Flushing after drinking alcohol is typical in Oriental populations and is marked by distinctive facial reddening, accelerated heartbeat, heightened blood pressure and other circulatory system changes, as well as by acetaldehyde and other alcohol metabolic abnormalities. This report is a continuation of a series of studies designed to determine the relationship between flushing after alcohol use and alcohol consumption. It was first suggested by Wolff (1973) that Orientals drink less than Caucasians because of the flushing

International Journal of Transgenderism, 2016

ABSTRACT Indices were developed to assess discomfort with specific behavioral violations of gende... more ABSTRACT Indices were developed to assess discomfort with specific behavioral violations of gender heteronormative gender roles, gender identity, and sexual orientation. A three-component model that proposes specific threats to social status as mechanisms of gender-based prejudice was then used to assess whether homophobia and transphobia were triggered by the non-gender heteronormative social identity status of the outgroup member or by perceived violations of specific gender heteronormative behaviors. For a sample of 145 female and 194 male gender heteronormative U.S. college undergraduates, path analyses showed that homophobia was particularly associated with discomfort with violations of sexual orientation norms while transphobia was particularly associated with discomfort with violations of gender identity norms. For men and women, discomfort with sexual orientation norms significantly mediated the relationships linking right-wing authoritarianism and benevolent sexism to homophobia while discomfort with violations of gender identity norms significantly mediated the relationships linking right-wing authoritarianism and benevolent sexism to transphobia. Discomfort with sexual orientation norms significantly mediated the relationships between religious fundamentalism and homophobia for men only, while this same discomfort mediated the relationship between benevolent sexism and homophobia for women only. A significant direct path from physical aggression proneness to homophobia was found for men only.