C. Porter - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by C. Porter

Research paper thumbnail of Russian parenting styles and family processes: Linkages with subtypes of victimization and aggression

Research paper thumbnail of Fathering in a Beijing, Chinese sample: Associations with boys' and girls' negative emotionality and aggression

Research paper thumbnail of Similarities and differences in mothers' parenting of preschoolers in China and the United States

International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2002

This investigation was designed to extend the work of Chao (1994) by examining parenting construc... more This investigation was designed to extend the work of Chao (1994) by examining parenting constructs emphasised in the Chinese culture in conjunction with parenting constructs derived and emphasised in North America. Mothers of preschool-age children from mainland China (Nˆ284) and the United States (Nˆ237) completed two self-report parenting questionnaires. One assessed dimensions of parenting practices emphasised in China (encouragement of modesty, protection, directiveness, shaming/love withdrawal, and maternal involvement). The second measured speci c stylistic dimensions within Baumrind's global conceptualisations of authoritative (warmth/ acceptance, reasoning/induction, democratic participation) and authoritarian (physical coercion, verbal hostility, nonreasoning/punitive) parenting. Mostly invariant factor structures were obtained across cultures for both measures. Results showed that the ve parenting constructs emphasised in China were mostly nonoverlapping and independent in both cultures. In addition, the parenting constructs emphasised in China were relatively independent from the constructs emphasised in North America. As anticipated, Chinese mothers scored higher than US mothers on all parenting constructs emphasised in China except maternal involvement. For parenting constructs emphasised in North America, Chinese mothers scored lower than US mothers on warmth/acceptance and democratic participation, but scored higher on physical coercion.

Research paper thumbnail of Associations among fathering, children’s negative emotionality, and aggression in a Beijing Chinese sample

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study of Arm-Restraint Methodology: Differential Effects of Mother and Stranger Restrainers on Infants' Distress Reactivity at 6 and 9 Months of Age

Infancy, 2009

This study examined both differential patterns and the stability of infants' (N = 70) distress re... more This study examined both differential patterns and the stability of infants' (N = 70) distress reactivity across mother and stranger arm-restraint conditions when infants were 6 and 9 months of age. Reactivity measures included observational variables for the rise, intensity, and duration of infant distress as well as motor activities associated with escape behaviors. Correlation analyses revealed that infant behaviors during arm restraint were modestly stable across conditions and over time; however, mean comparisons also showed that infants' distress responses appear to be sensitive to protocol parameters (whether restrainer is mother or stranger). At 6 months of age, infants cried more during maternal restraint than with strangers and exhibited escape behaviors more frequently with mothers. Findings further indicate that infants' distress reactivity undergoes developmental alterations from 6 to 9 months of age, with infants crying more quickly, reaching peak intensity of distress faster, and displaying more distress at 9 months compared to 6 months. These changes in infants' reactivity were particularly accentuated during maternal compared to stranger restraint conditions at 9 months of age.

Research paper thumbnail of Sequential transition patterns of preschoolers’ social interactions during child-initiated play: Is parallel-aware play a bidirectional bridge to other play states?

Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 2003

Lag-sequential analysis was used to explore the simultaneous sequential transition patterns of pr... more Lag-sequential analysis was used to explore the simultaneous sequential transition patterns of preschoolers’ social play within natural classroom settings. Subjects were 167 middle- and lower-income 4-year-olds (90 boys and 77 girls) videotaped in three child-initiated play centers. Results indicated that the proportion of social-play states did not vary during the play episodes even when accounting for type of activity center,

Research paper thumbnail of A comparative study of child temperament and parenting in Beijing, China and the western United States

International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2005

The purpose of this investigation was to examine comparable dimensions and linkages between child... more The purpose of this investigation was to examine comparable dimensions and linkages between child temperament and parenting styles with samples from Beijing, China and the Western United States. Participants included 404 mothers and fathers from Beijing, China and 325 mothers and father from the Western United States. Both mothers and fathers completed Buss and Plomin's (1984) EAS Temperament Scale as well as a spousal-report measure of parenting styles. Structural equation modeling was used to identify invariant (statistically comparable) factors for child temperament and parenting styles. Within culture gender comparisons showed that Chinese fathers (relative to mothers) viewed their sons as being more active and sociable than daughters while U.S. mothers (relative to fathers) rated their sons as being more active. Across culture differences revealed that U.S. parents (relative to Beijing parents) viewed children as more emotional while Chinese fathers (relative to U.S. fathers) rated their children as more active. Similar and differential cultural patterns of linkages were also found between parenting styles and child temperament. Child emotionality was positively associated with authoritarian parenting in both cultures while child activity level was linked to more authoritative and less authoritarian parenting styles, but only in the Chinese sample. Finally, child sociability was found to be negatively linked to cross-gender patterns of authoritarian parenting in the U.S. while mothers' and fathers' authoritarian parenting in China was linked to lower sociability in daughters only.

Research paper thumbnail of Peer acceptance in early childhood and subtypes of socially withdrawn behaviour in China, Russia, and the States

International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of Russian parenting styles and family processes: Linkages with subtypes of victimization and aggression

Research paper thumbnail of Fathering in a Beijing, Chinese sample: Associations with boys' and girls' negative emotionality and aggression

Research paper thumbnail of Similarities and differences in mothers' parenting of preschoolers in China and the United States

International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2002

This investigation was designed to extend the work of Chao (1994) by examining parenting construc... more This investigation was designed to extend the work of Chao (1994) by examining parenting constructs emphasised in the Chinese culture in conjunction with parenting constructs derived and emphasised in North America. Mothers of preschool-age children from mainland China (Nˆ284) and the United States (Nˆ237) completed two self-report parenting questionnaires. One assessed dimensions of parenting practices emphasised in China (encouragement of modesty, protection, directiveness, shaming/love withdrawal, and maternal involvement). The second measured speci c stylistic dimensions within Baumrind's global conceptualisations of authoritative (warmth/ acceptance, reasoning/induction, democratic participation) and authoritarian (physical coercion, verbal hostility, nonreasoning/punitive) parenting. Mostly invariant factor structures were obtained across cultures for both measures. Results showed that the ve parenting constructs emphasised in China were mostly nonoverlapping and independent in both cultures. In addition, the parenting constructs emphasised in China were relatively independent from the constructs emphasised in North America. As anticipated, Chinese mothers scored higher than US mothers on all parenting constructs emphasised in China except maternal involvement. For parenting constructs emphasised in North America, Chinese mothers scored lower than US mothers on warmth/acceptance and democratic participation, but scored higher on physical coercion.

Research paper thumbnail of Associations among fathering, children’s negative emotionality, and aggression in a Beijing Chinese sample

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study of Arm-Restraint Methodology: Differential Effects of Mother and Stranger Restrainers on Infants' Distress Reactivity at 6 and 9 Months of Age

Infancy, 2009

This study examined both differential patterns and the stability of infants' (N = 70) distress re... more This study examined both differential patterns and the stability of infants' (N = 70) distress reactivity across mother and stranger arm-restraint conditions when infants were 6 and 9 months of age. Reactivity measures included observational variables for the rise, intensity, and duration of infant distress as well as motor activities associated with escape behaviors. Correlation analyses revealed that infant behaviors during arm restraint were modestly stable across conditions and over time; however, mean comparisons also showed that infants' distress responses appear to be sensitive to protocol parameters (whether restrainer is mother or stranger). At 6 months of age, infants cried more during maternal restraint than with strangers and exhibited escape behaviors more frequently with mothers. Findings further indicate that infants' distress reactivity undergoes developmental alterations from 6 to 9 months of age, with infants crying more quickly, reaching peak intensity of distress faster, and displaying more distress at 9 months compared to 6 months. These changes in infants' reactivity were particularly accentuated during maternal compared to stranger restraint conditions at 9 months of age.

Research paper thumbnail of Sequential transition patterns of preschoolers’ social interactions during child-initiated play: Is parallel-aware play a bidirectional bridge to other play states?

Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 2003

Lag-sequential analysis was used to explore the simultaneous sequential transition patterns of pr... more Lag-sequential analysis was used to explore the simultaneous sequential transition patterns of preschoolers’ social play within natural classroom settings. Subjects were 167 middle- and lower-income 4-year-olds (90 boys and 77 girls) videotaped in three child-initiated play centers. Results indicated that the proportion of social-play states did not vary during the play episodes even when accounting for type of activity center,

Research paper thumbnail of A comparative study of child temperament and parenting in Beijing, China and the western United States

International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2005

The purpose of this investigation was to examine comparable dimensions and linkages between child... more The purpose of this investigation was to examine comparable dimensions and linkages between child temperament and parenting styles with samples from Beijing, China and the Western United States. Participants included 404 mothers and fathers from Beijing, China and 325 mothers and father from the Western United States. Both mothers and fathers completed Buss and Plomin's (1984) EAS Temperament Scale as well as a spousal-report measure of parenting styles. Structural equation modeling was used to identify invariant (statistically comparable) factors for child temperament and parenting styles. Within culture gender comparisons showed that Chinese fathers (relative to mothers) viewed their sons as being more active and sociable than daughters while U.S. mothers (relative to fathers) rated their sons as being more active. Across culture differences revealed that U.S. parents (relative to Beijing parents) viewed children as more emotional while Chinese fathers (relative to U.S. fathers) rated their children as more active. Similar and differential cultural patterns of linkages were also found between parenting styles and child temperament. Child emotionality was positively associated with authoritarian parenting in both cultures while child activity level was linked to more authoritative and less authoritarian parenting styles, but only in the Chinese sample. Finally, child sociability was found to be negatively linked to cross-gender patterns of authoritarian parenting in the U.S. while mothers' and fathers' authoritarian parenting in China was linked to lower sociability in daughters only.

Research paper thumbnail of Peer acceptance in early childhood and subtypes of socially withdrawn behaviour in China, Russia, and the States

International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2000