Cody Raeder - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Cody Raeder

Research paper thumbnail of Using deviance regulation theory to target marijuana use intentions among college students

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Feb 1, 2018

Several large epidemiological studies have shown increasing trends on a number of indices of mari... more Several large epidemiological studies have shown increasing trends on a number of indices of marijuana use among college age samples. This may be due to changing attitudes about marijuana use linked to legalization efforts. Interventions that can target problematic use on a broad scale are lacking. Recent research has shown that deviance regulation theory (DRT) can be used to design effective web-based substance use interventions. DRT relies on the interplay between perceived norms and an appropriately framed message about the given behavior. The current study examines the use of DRT to change marijuana use intentions. Participants (n = 694 college students) completed measures of marijuana use and marijuana use norms. They were then assigned to receive a positively framed message about marijuana abstainers or a negatively framed message about marijuana users. Following the manipulation, participants rated intentions to use marijuana over the next three months. Consistent with DRT, there was an interaction between message frame and marijuana use norms. The positive frame attenuated the association between marijuana use norms and use intentions. A negative frame resulted in the lowest levels of use intentions among those with low use norms. Results suggest that DRT may be used to modify use intentions in college students, a population that has shown increasing rates of use.

Research paper thumbnail of Delaying Gratification’s role in the relationship between facets of mindfulness and substance use outcomes

Addictive Behaviors, Feb 1, 2022

The present study examined whether five facets of mindfulness (acting with awareness, describing,... more The present study examined whether five facets of mindfulness (acting with awareness, describing, observing, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience) relate to alcohol and cannabis outcomes (quantity of use and negative consequences) via delaying gratification. Participants were college students across seven universities who used alcohol (n = 1467) and/or cannabis (n = 647) in the last 30 days. For the alcohol analytic sample, the majority of students identified as being female (71.1%) and reported a mean age of 20.04 (Median = 19.00; SD = 3.47) years. For the cannabis analytic sample, the majority of students identified as being female (69.7%) and reported a mean age of 19.63 (Median = 19.00; SD = 2.85). Within our model, significant indirect effects were only found for two mindfulness facets. Specifically, the indirect effects from acting with awareness (alcohol indirect β = -0.026, SE = 0.006; cannabis indirect β = -0.019, SE = 0.008) and observing (alcohol indirect β = -0.017, SE = 0.005; cannabis indirect β = -0.015, SE = 0.007) to consequences via delaying gratification and quantity were significant for both the alcohol and cannabis models, such that acting with awareness and observing were associated with higher delaying gratification; which in turn was associated with lower quantity of use, which in turn was associated with fewer consequences for both the cannabis and alcohol models. Our findings suggest that delaying gratification is important to understanding the relationship between specific mindfulness facets (i.e., acting with awareness and observing) and alcohol and cannabis outcomes. Mindfulness interventions aimed at reducing substance use may benefit from targeting delaying gratification through increasing acting with awareness and observing.

Research paper thumbnail of Changes in Mental Health as a Predictor of Marijuana Coping Motives and Consequences: Examining the Impact of COVID-19 on College Students

Abstracts from the 2022 Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana, July 22nd-24th, 2022

Background: The spread of COVID-19 has increased anxiety and depression (Khan et al., 2020), espe... more Background: The spread of COVID-19 has increased anxiety and depression (Khan et al., 2020), especially among college students (Wang et al., 2020). Several theoretical models focus on the impact of poor mental health on marijuana outcomes, largely via coping motives (Cooper et al., 2016). College students may be turning to marijuana to cope with the mental health problems that COVID-19 has exacerbated. The present study compared students who reported increases in anxiety and depression since COVID-19 stay-at-home orders to those who reported no change in anxiety and depression on marijuana coping motives, use frequency, and negative consequences. Specifically, we examined whether self-reported changes (i.e., group that indicated increases) in poor mental health during COVID-19 were associated with problematic marijuana use via higher marijuana coping motives. Method: Students were recruited to participate in an online study examining the effects of COVID-19 on mental health and subs...

Research paper thumbnail of Examining Trait Mindfulness as a Moderator of the Mediating Relationship Between Social Anxiety, Coping Motives, and Substance-Related Consequences

EXAMINING TRAIT MINDFULNESS AS A MODERATOR OF THE MEDIATING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL ANXIETY, ... more EXAMINING TRAIT MINDFULNESS AS A MODERATOR OF THE MEDIATING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL ANXIETY, COPING MOTIVES, AND SUBSTANCE-RELATED CONSEQUENCES Cody A. Raeder Old Dominion University, 2019 Director: Dr. James M. Henson The present research examined the mediating relationship between social anxiety, drinking to cope with social anxiety, and alcohol-related consequences. Additionally, this study examined the mediating relationship between social anxiety, using cannabis to cope with social anxiety and cannabis-related consequences. Furthermore, this study examined whether or not trait mindfulness exhibited a moderating effect on both of these mediation relationships which have been previously observed in the literature. The study consisted of students recruited through the psychology research participant pool at a mid-sized southeastern university. Two data sets were created based on type of substance use (alcohol or cannabis). The majority of participants in each sample were femal...

Research paper thumbnail of Delaying Gratification’s role in the relationship between facets of mindfulness and substance use outcomes

Addictive Behaviors, 2022

The present study examined whether five facets of mindfulness (acting with awareness, describing,... more The present study examined whether five facets of mindfulness (acting with awareness, describing, observing, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience) relate to alcohol and cannabis outcomes (quantity of use and negative consequences) via delaying gratification. Participants were college students across seven universities who used alcohol (n = 1467) and/or cannabis (n = 647) in the last 30 days. For the alcohol analytic sample, the majority of students identified as being female (71.1%) and reported a mean age of 20.04 (Median = 19.00; SD = 3.47) years. For the cannabis analytic sample, the majority of students identified as being female (69.7%) and reported a mean age of 19.63 (Median = 19.00; SD = 2.85). Within our model, significant indirect effects were only found for two mindfulness facets. Specifically, the indirect effects from acting with awareness (alcohol indirect β = -0.026, SE = 0.006; cannabis indirect β = -0.019, SE = 0.008) and observing (alcohol indirect β = -0.017, SE = 0.005; cannabis indirect β = -0.015, SE = 0.007) to consequences via delaying gratification and quantity were significant for both the alcohol and cannabis models, such that acting with awareness and observing were associated with higher delaying gratification; which in turn was associated with lower quantity of use, which in turn was associated with fewer consequences for both the cannabis and alcohol models. Our findings suggest that delaying gratification is important to understanding the relationship between specific mindfulness facets (i.e., acting with awareness and observing) and alcohol and cannabis outcomes. Mindfulness interventions aimed at reducing substance use may benefit from targeting delaying gratification through increasing acting with awareness and observing.

Research paper thumbnail of Using deviance regulation theory to target marijuana use intentions among college students

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2018

Several large epidemiological studies have shown increasing trends on a number of indices of mari... more Several large epidemiological studies have shown increasing trends on a number of indices of marijuana use among college age samples. This may be due to changing attitudes about marijuana use linked to legalization efforts. Interventions that can target problematic use on a broad scale are lacking. Recent research has shown that deviance regulation theory (DRT) can be used to design effective web-based substance use interventions. DRT relies on the interplay between perceived norms and an appropriately framed message about the given behavior. The current study examines the use of DRT to change marijuana use intentions. Participants (n = 694 college students) completed measures of marijuana use and marijuana use norms. They were then assigned to receive a positively framed message about marijuana abstainers or a negatively framed message about marijuana users. Following the manipulation, participants rated intentions to use marijuana over the next three months. Consistent with DRT, there was an interaction between message frame and marijuana use norms. The positive frame attenuated the association between marijuana use norms and use intentions. A negative frame resulted in the lowest levels of use intentions among those with low use norms. Results suggest that DRT may be used to modify use intentions in college students, a population that has shown increasing rates of use.

Research paper thumbnail of Using deviance regulation theory to target marijuana use intentions among college students

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Feb 1, 2018

Several large epidemiological studies have shown increasing trends on a number of indices of mari... more Several large epidemiological studies have shown increasing trends on a number of indices of marijuana use among college age samples. This may be due to changing attitudes about marijuana use linked to legalization efforts. Interventions that can target problematic use on a broad scale are lacking. Recent research has shown that deviance regulation theory (DRT) can be used to design effective web-based substance use interventions. DRT relies on the interplay between perceived norms and an appropriately framed message about the given behavior. The current study examines the use of DRT to change marijuana use intentions. Participants (n = 694 college students) completed measures of marijuana use and marijuana use norms. They were then assigned to receive a positively framed message about marijuana abstainers or a negatively framed message about marijuana users. Following the manipulation, participants rated intentions to use marijuana over the next three months. Consistent with DRT, there was an interaction between message frame and marijuana use norms. The positive frame attenuated the association between marijuana use norms and use intentions. A negative frame resulted in the lowest levels of use intentions among those with low use norms. Results suggest that DRT may be used to modify use intentions in college students, a population that has shown increasing rates of use.

Research paper thumbnail of Delaying Gratification’s role in the relationship between facets of mindfulness and substance use outcomes

Addictive Behaviors, Feb 1, 2022

The present study examined whether five facets of mindfulness (acting with awareness, describing,... more The present study examined whether five facets of mindfulness (acting with awareness, describing, observing, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience) relate to alcohol and cannabis outcomes (quantity of use and negative consequences) via delaying gratification. Participants were college students across seven universities who used alcohol (n = 1467) and/or cannabis (n = 647) in the last 30 days. For the alcohol analytic sample, the majority of students identified as being female (71.1%) and reported a mean age of 20.04 (Median = 19.00; SD = 3.47) years. For the cannabis analytic sample, the majority of students identified as being female (69.7%) and reported a mean age of 19.63 (Median = 19.00; SD = 2.85). Within our model, significant indirect effects were only found for two mindfulness facets. Specifically, the indirect effects from acting with awareness (alcohol indirect β = -0.026, SE = 0.006; cannabis indirect β = -0.019, SE = 0.008) and observing (alcohol indirect β = -0.017, SE = 0.005; cannabis indirect β = -0.015, SE = 0.007) to consequences via delaying gratification and quantity were significant for both the alcohol and cannabis models, such that acting with awareness and observing were associated with higher delaying gratification; which in turn was associated with lower quantity of use, which in turn was associated with fewer consequences for both the cannabis and alcohol models. Our findings suggest that delaying gratification is important to understanding the relationship between specific mindfulness facets (i.e., acting with awareness and observing) and alcohol and cannabis outcomes. Mindfulness interventions aimed at reducing substance use may benefit from targeting delaying gratification through increasing acting with awareness and observing.

Research paper thumbnail of Changes in Mental Health as a Predictor of Marijuana Coping Motives and Consequences: Examining the Impact of COVID-19 on College Students

Abstracts from the 2022 Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana, July 22nd-24th, 2022

Background: The spread of COVID-19 has increased anxiety and depression (Khan et al., 2020), espe... more Background: The spread of COVID-19 has increased anxiety and depression (Khan et al., 2020), especially among college students (Wang et al., 2020). Several theoretical models focus on the impact of poor mental health on marijuana outcomes, largely via coping motives (Cooper et al., 2016). College students may be turning to marijuana to cope with the mental health problems that COVID-19 has exacerbated. The present study compared students who reported increases in anxiety and depression since COVID-19 stay-at-home orders to those who reported no change in anxiety and depression on marijuana coping motives, use frequency, and negative consequences. Specifically, we examined whether self-reported changes (i.e., group that indicated increases) in poor mental health during COVID-19 were associated with problematic marijuana use via higher marijuana coping motives. Method: Students were recruited to participate in an online study examining the effects of COVID-19 on mental health and subs...

Research paper thumbnail of Examining Trait Mindfulness as a Moderator of the Mediating Relationship Between Social Anxiety, Coping Motives, and Substance-Related Consequences

EXAMINING TRAIT MINDFULNESS AS A MODERATOR OF THE MEDIATING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL ANXIETY, ... more EXAMINING TRAIT MINDFULNESS AS A MODERATOR OF THE MEDIATING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL ANXIETY, COPING MOTIVES, AND SUBSTANCE-RELATED CONSEQUENCES Cody A. Raeder Old Dominion University, 2019 Director: Dr. James M. Henson The present research examined the mediating relationship between social anxiety, drinking to cope with social anxiety, and alcohol-related consequences. Additionally, this study examined the mediating relationship between social anxiety, using cannabis to cope with social anxiety and cannabis-related consequences. Furthermore, this study examined whether or not trait mindfulness exhibited a moderating effect on both of these mediation relationships which have been previously observed in the literature. The study consisted of students recruited through the psychology research participant pool at a mid-sized southeastern university. Two data sets were created based on type of substance use (alcohol or cannabis). The majority of participants in each sample were femal...

Research paper thumbnail of Delaying Gratification’s role in the relationship between facets of mindfulness and substance use outcomes

Addictive Behaviors, 2022

The present study examined whether five facets of mindfulness (acting with awareness, describing,... more The present study examined whether five facets of mindfulness (acting with awareness, describing, observing, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience) relate to alcohol and cannabis outcomes (quantity of use and negative consequences) via delaying gratification. Participants were college students across seven universities who used alcohol (n = 1467) and/or cannabis (n = 647) in the last 30 days. For the alcohol analytic sample, the majority of students identified as being female (71.1%) and reported a mean age of 20.04 (Median = 19.00; SD = 3.47) years. For the cannabis analytic sample, the majority of students identified as being female (69.7%) and reported a mean age of 19.63 (Median = 19.00; SD = 2.85). Within our model, significant indirect effects were only found for two mindfulness facets. Specifically, the indirect effects from acting with awareness (alcohol indirect β = -0.026, SE = 0.006; cannabis indirect β = -0.019, SE = 0.008) and observing (alcohol indirect β = -0.017, SE = 0.005; cannabis indirect β = -0.015, SE = 0.007) to consequences via delaying gratification and quantity were significant for both the alcohol and cannabis models, such that acting with awareness and observing were associated with higher delaying gratification; which in turn was associated with lower quantity of use, which in turn was associated with fewer consequences for both the cannabis and alcohol models. Our findings suggest that delaying gratification is important to understanding the relationship between specific mindfulness facets (i.e., acting with awareness and observing) and alcohol and cannabis outcomes. Mindfulness interventions aimed at reducing substance use may benefit from targeting delaying gratification through increasing acting with awareness and observing.

Research paper thumbnail of Using deviance regulation theory to target marijuana use intentions among college students

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2018

Several large epidemiological studies have shown increasing trends on a number of indices of mari... more Several large epidemiological studies have shown increasing trends on a number of indices of marijuana use among college age samples. This may be due to changing attitudes about marijuana use linked to legalization efforts. Interventions that can target problematic use on a broad scale are lacking. Recent research has shown that deviance regulation theory (DRT) can be used to design effective web-based substance use interventions. DRT relies on the interplay between perceived norms and an appropriately framed message about the given behavior. The current study examines the use of DRT to change marijuana use intentions. Participants (n = 694 college students) completed measures of marijuana use and marijuana use norms. They were then assigned to receive a positively framed message about marijuana abstainers or a negatively framed message about marijuana users. Following the manipulation, participants rated intentions to use marijuana over the next three months. Consistent with DRT, there was an interaction between message frame and marijuana use norms. The positive frame attenuated the association between marijuana use norms and use intentions. A negative frame resulted in the lowest levels of use intentions among those with low use norms. Results suggest that DRT may be used to modify use intentions in college students, a population that has shown increasing rates of use.