C. Wrighton - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by C. Wrighton

Research paper thumbnail of The pH-dependent charge trapping by quinones electrostatically bound in an electrode-confined benzylviologen polymer

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of n-Type Si-based photoelectrochemical cell: New liquid junction photocell using a nonaqueous ferricenium/ferrocene electrolyte

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1977

n-Type Si has been shown to serve as a stable photoanode in a cell for the conversion of light to... more n-Type Si has been shown to serve as a stable photoanode in a cell for the conversion of light to electricity. The other components of the cell are a Pt cathode and an electrolyte consisting of an ethanol solution of [ n -Bu 4 N]ClO 4 with a redox couple of ferricenium/ferrocene. Data from a two-compartment cell show that ferrocene is oxidized to ferricenium with 100 ± 2% current efficiency at the Si photoanode. Furthermore, prolonged irradiation of the Si in a one-compartment cell yields constant photocurrent and output characteristics. The maximum open-circuit photopotential is ∼700 mV, and the short-circuit quantum yield for electron flow at low light intensity exceeds 0.5. Conversion of monochromatic 632.8-nm light to electricity with ∼2% power efficiency at an output voltage of ∼200 mV has been sustained. These results represent a stable n-type Si-based photoelectrochemical cell.

Research paper thumbnail of Photoassisted Electrolysis of Water by Irradiation of a Titanium Dioxide Electrode

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1975

Ultraviolet irradiation (351, 364 nm) of the n-type semiconductor TiO 2 as the single crystal ele... more Ultraviolet irradiation (351, 364 nm) of the n-type semiconductor TiO 2 as the single crystal electrode of an aqueous electrochemical cell evolves O 2 at the TiO 2 electrode and H 2 at the Pt electrode. The gases are typically evolved in a two: one (H 2 :O 2 ) volume ratio. The photoassisted reaction seems to require applied voltages, but values as low as 0.25 V do allow the photoassisted electrolysis to proceed. Prolonged irradiation in either acid or base evolves the gaseous products in amounts which clearly demonstrate that the reaction is catalytic with respect to the TiO 2 . The wavelength response of the TiO 2 and the correlation of product yield and current are reported. The results support the claim that TiO 2 is a true photoassistance agent for the electrolysis of water. Minimum optical storage efficiencies of the order of 1% can be achieved by the production of H 2 .

Research paper thumbnail of Visible light driven generation of chlorine and bromine. Photooxidation of chloride and bromide in aqueous solution at illuminated n-type semiconducting molybdenum diselenide and molybdenum disulfide electrodes

Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1980

IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of le ther t) UNCLASS I FI ED 15&. DC LASSIFICATION/DOWNGRAOING .-SCHEDULE 1... more IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of le ther t) UNCLASS I FI ED 15&. DC LASSIFICATION/DOWNGRAOING .-SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (o tie Report) Approved for public release; reproduction is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government; distribution unlimited.

Research paper thumbnail of Flat-band potential of n-type semiconducting molybdenum disulfide by cyclic voltammetry of two-electron reductants: interface energetics and the sustained photooxidation of chloride

Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1979

Research paper thumbnail of Thermodynamic Potential for the Anodic Dissolution of n‐Type Semiconductors: A Crucial Factor Controlling Durability and Efficiency in Photoelectrochemical Cells and an Important Criterion in the Selection of New Electrode/Electrolyte Systems

Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1977

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Potential dependence of the conductivity of poly(3-methylthiophene) in liquid sulfur dioxide/electrolyte: a finite potential window of high conductivity

Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1988

... Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098, by the National Science Foundation und... more ... Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098, by the National Science Foundation under Grant NSF 83-14564, and by a grant from the Shell Foundation. (18) Reagan, WJ; Chester, AW; Kerr, GT J. Curd. ... (5) Paul, EW; Ricco, AJ; Wrighton, MS J . Phys. Chem. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis and Charge Transport Properties of Polymers Derived from Oxidation of 1-H-1'(6-pyrrol-1-yl)-hexyl-4,4'-bipyridinium

Unl imi ted 2b. OECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(... more Unl imi ted 2b. OECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) Interim Technical Report # 22 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6 Eb. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION

Research paper thumbnail of Chemically responsive microelectrochemical devices based on platinized poly(3-methylthiophene): variation in conductivity with variation in hydrogen, oxygen, or pH in aqueous solution

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1986

I. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(II different IraN Controlling e IS. SECURITY CLASS. til 15.SE... more I. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(II different IraN Controlling e IS. SECURITY CLASS. til 15.SE URTYCL SS (of hi report) Unclassified I5.. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thi Report) Approved for Public release; reproduction is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government; distribution is unlimited. 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abetrect entered In Block 20, It different fron Report)

Research paper thumbnail of Poly(3-methylthiophene)-coated electrodes: optical and electrical properties as a function of redox potential and amplification of electrical and chemical signals using poly(3-methylthiophene)-based microelectrochemical transistors

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1985

Approved for Public release; reproduction is permitted for any purpose of The United States Gover... more Approved for Public release; reproduction is permitted for any purpose of The United States Government; distribution unlimited 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the obetract entered In Block 20, It different from Report) Distribution of this document is unlimited, Ia. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Prepared for Publication in the Journal of Physical Chemistry 19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reveree aide if necessary and Identify by block number) conducting polymers, njicroelectrochemistry, molecular electronics modified electrodes 20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse olde It neceeeary and Identify by block number) Attached DO I JAN73 1473 EDITION OF I NOV

Research paper thumbnail of Two-terminal voltammetric microsensors

Research paper thumbnail of Selective functionalization of gold micrsotructures with ferrocenyl derivatives via reaction with thiols or disulfides : characterization by electrochemistry and auger electron spectroscopy

Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1991

Research paper thumbnail of Chemically Sensitive Microelectrochemical Devices

ACS Symposium Series, 1992

... 1K53051-597 11 TITLE (Include Security Classification) Chemically Sensitive Microelectrochemi... more ... 1K53051-597 11 TITLE (Include Security Classification) Chemically Sensitive Microelectrochemical Devices: New Approaches to Sensors in, R. Valentine, D. Ofer, JJ Hickman, MS Wrighton ... by CA Mirkin, JR Valentine, D. Ofer, JJ Hickman, MS Wrighton Prepared for ...

Research paper thumbnail of Orthogonal Self-Assembly of Redox Active Molecules on PT and Au: Selective Reaction of Disulfide with Au and Isonitrile with PT

la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 1b. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS 1 Unclassified 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFIC... more la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 1b. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS 1 Unclassified 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT 2b. ECLSSIICATONYDOWGRADNG CHEULEApproved for public release; distribution 2b. ECLSSIICATON/DOWGRADNG CHEULEunlimited f4. PE RFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) Technical Report No. 46 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Harvrd UiverityDARPA 6C. ADDRESS (City; State. and ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State. and ZIP Code)

Research paper thumbnail of Charge trapping by anionic quinones electrostatically bound to a highly charged cationic quinone-viologen polymer or a cationic poly(3-viologenthiophene)

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1993

Charge associated with quinone reduction is trapped at low p H in systems composed of sulfonated ... more Charge associated with quinone reduction is trapped at low p H in systems composed of sulfonated anthraquinones electrostatically bound to a polymer derived from a monomer consisting of a quinone unit flanked by two viologen units. Each monomer repeat unit carries 6 equiv of positive charge which can be charge compensated by monosulfonated anthraquinone to yield a quinone:viologen ratio of nearly 7:2. At low pH, electrostatic binding is persistent, and the amount of trapped charge is 90% of the theoretical maximum. Some of the electrostatically bound quinone can be replaced with Fe(CN)63-to allow mediated release of trapped charge via the Fe(CN)b3-/" redox couple. Iis blocked from entering the polymer and thus does not mediate release of charge. Electrostatic binding of anionic quinones to a thiophene polymer with pendant viologen units has also been demonstrated. This polymer system has the unique property of having built-in qediators for both the reduction (charge trapping) and oxidation (charge release) of the electrostatically bound anthraquinone.

Research paper thumbnail of Characterization of p-type cadmium telluride electrodes in acetonitrile/electrolyte solutions. Nearly ideal behavior from reductive surface pretreatments

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1983

EmDON OF I OV ss is osisoLE, UNCLASSIFIED 88 0 014SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE to 0.1. Xm... more EmDON OF I OV ss is osisoLE, UNCLASSIFIED 88 0 014SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE to 0.1. Xm. 88 0726 oil OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH CONTRACT N00014-75-C-0880 Task No. NR 051-579 TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 39 "CHARACTERIZATION OF p-TYPE CdTe ELECTRODES IN ACETONITRILE/ELECTROLYTE

Research paper thumbnail of Resistance of polyaniline films as a function of electrochemical potential and the fabrication of polyaniline-based microelectronic devices

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1985

S LC Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for Lii any purpose of the United States Gover... more S LC Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for Lii any purpose of the United States Government. This document has been approved for public release Cand sale; its distribution is unlimited.

Research paper thumbnail of Chemically Modified Microelectrode Arrays. New Kinds of Electronic Devices

… modified surfaces in …, 1988

... Chem., 9^, 648 (1987). 25. MJ Natan, D. Belanger, MR Carpenter, MS Wrighton, J. Phys. Chem., ... more ... Chem., 9^, 648 (1987). 25. MJ Natan, D. Belanger, MR Carpenter, MS Wrighton, J. Phys. Chem., 9^, 1834 (1987). 26. DF Lyons, M. 0. Schloh, JJ Hickman, MS Wrighton, Extended Abstracts of the 171th Electrochemical Society Meeting, 8^-1, Ab. No. 470, 675 (1987). 27. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Orthogonal Self-Assembled Monolayers: Alkanethiols on Gold and Alkane Carboxylic Acids on Alumina

Science, 1989

This work demonstrates the practicality of forming two self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), independ... more This work demonstrates the practicality of forming two self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), independently but simultaneously, by adsorption of two different adsorbates from a common solution onto a substrate exposing two different materials at its surface. The experimental procedure and the degree of independence achieved in the resulting SAMs are illustrated by examination of monolayers obtained by adsorption of alkanethiols on gold and alkane carboxylic acids on alumina. This procedure provides a method for modifying the surface characteristics of microlithographically generated patterns and offers a versatile technique for controlling solid-vapor and solid-liquid interfacial properties in systems having patterns with dimensions of the order of 1 micrometer.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrochemical Sensor: Prior Concept

Science, 1991

Mouse embryos survived freezing to-196°C. Survival required slow cooling (0.30 to 2°C per minute)... more Mouse embryos survived freezing to-196°C. Survival required slow cooling (0.30 to 2°C per minute) and slow warming (40 to 250C per minute). Depending on the specific rates used, 50 to 70 percent of more than 2500 frozen and thawed early embryos developed into blastocysts in culture after storage at-196°C for up to 8 days. When approximately 1000 of the survivors, including some frozen to-269°C (4°K), were transferred into foster mothers, 65 percent of the recipients became pregnant. More than 40 percent of the embryos in these pregnant mice gave rise to normal, living full-term fetuses or newborn mice.

Research paper thumbnail of The pH-dependent charge trapping by quinones electrostatically bound in an electrode-confined benzylviologen polymer

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of n-Type Si-based photoelectrochemical cell: New liquid junction photocell using a nonaqueous ferricenium/ferrocene electrolyte

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1977

n-Type Si has been shown to serve as a stable photoanode in a cell for the conversion of light to... more n-Type Si has been shown to serve as a stable photoanode in a cell for the conversion of light to electricity. The other components of the cell are a Pt cathode and an electrolyte consisting of an ethanol solution of [ n -Bu 4 N]ClO 4 with a redox couple of ferricenium/ferrocene. Data from a two-compartment cell show that ferrocene is oxidized to ferricenium with 100 ± 2% current efficiency at the Si photoanode. Furthermore, prolonged irradiation of the Si in a one-compartment cell yields constant photocurrent and output characteristics. The maximum open-circuit photopotential is ∼700 mV, and the short-circuit quantum yield for electron flow at low light intensity exceeds 0.5. Conversion of monochromatic 632.8-nm light to electricity with ∼2% power efficiency at an output voltage of ∼200 mV has been sustained. These results represent a stable n-type Si-based photoelectrochemical cell.

Research paper thumbnail of Photoassisted Electrolysis of Water by Irradiation of a Titanium Dioxide Electrode

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1975

Ultraviolet irradiation (351, 364 nm) of the n-type semiconductor TiO 2 as the single crystal ele... more Ultraviolet irradiation (351, 364 nm) of the n-type semiconductor TiO 2 as the single crystal electrode of an aqueous electrochemical cell evolves O 2 at the TiO 2 electrode and H 2 at the Pt electrode. The gases are typically evolved in a two: one (H 2 :O 2 ) volume ratio. The photoassisted reaction seems to require applied voltages, but values as low as 0.25 V do allow the photoassisted electrolysis to proceed. Prolonged irradiation in either acid or base evolves the gaseous products in amounts which clearly demonstrate that the reaction is catalytic with respect to the TiO 2 . The wavelength response of the TiO 2 and the correlation of product yield and current are reported. The results support the claim that TiO 2 is a true photoassistance agent for the electrolysis of water. Minimum optical storage efficiencies of the order of 1% can be achieved by the production of H 2 .

Research paper thumbnail of Visible light driven generation of chlorine and bromine. Photooxidation of chloride and bromide in aqueous solution at illuminated n-type semiconducting molybdenum diselenide and molybdenum disulfide electrodes

Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1980

IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of le ther t) UNCLASS I FI ED 15&. DC LASSIFICATION/DOWNGRAOING .-SCHEDULE 1... more IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of le ther t) UNCLASS I FI ED 15&. DC LASSIFICATION/DOWNGRAOING .-SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (o tie Report) Approved for public release; reproduction is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government; distribution unlimited.

Research paper thumbnail of Flat-band potential of n-type semiconducting molybdenum disulfide by cyclic voltammetry of two-electron reductants: interface energetics and the sustained photooxidation of chloride

Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1979

Research paper thumbnail of Thermodynamic Potential for the Anodic Dissolution of n‐Type Semiconductors: A Crucial Factor Controlling Durability and Efficiency in Photoelectrochemical Cells and an Important Criterion in the Selection of New Electrode/Electrolyte Systems

Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1977

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Potential dependence of the conductivity of poly(3-methylthiophene) in liquid sulfur dioxide/electrolyte: a finite potential window of high conductivity

Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1988

... Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098, by the National Science Foundation und... more ... Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098, by the National Science Foundation under Grant NSF 83-14564, and by a grant from the Shell Foundation. (18) Reagan, WJ; Chester, AW; Kerr, GT J. Curd. ... (5) Paul, EW; Ricco, AJ; Wrighton, MS J . Phys. Chem. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis and Charge Transport Properties of Polymers Derived from Oxidation of 1-H-1'(6-pyrrol-1-yl)-hexyl-4,4'-bipyridinium

Unl imi ted 2b. OECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(... more Unl imi ted 2b. OECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) Interim Technical Report # 22 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6 Eb. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION

Research paper thumbnail of Chemically responsive microelectrochemical devices based on platinized poly(3-methylthiophene): variation in conductivity with variation in hydrogen, oxygen, or pH in aqueous solution

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1986

I. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(II different IraN Controlling e IS. SECURITY CLASS. til 15.SE... more I. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(II different IraN Controlling e IS. SECURITY CLASS. til 15.SE URTYCL SS (of hi report) Unclassified I5.. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thi Report) Approved for Public release; reproduction is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government; distribution is unlimited. 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abetrect entered In Block 20, It different fron Report)

Research paper thumbnail of Poly(3-methylthiophene)-coated electrodes: optical and electrical properties as a function of redox potential and amplification of electrical and chemical signals using poly(3-methylthiophene)-based microelectrochemical transistors

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1985

Approved for Public release; reproduction is permitted for any purpose of The United States Gover... more Approved for Public release; reproduction is permitted for any purpose of The United States Government; distribution unlimited 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the obetract entered In Block 20, It different from Report) Distribution of this document is unlimited, Ia. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Prepared for Publication in the Journal of Physical Chemistry 19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reveree aide if necessary and Identify by block number) conducting polymers, njicroelectrochemistry, molecular electronics modified electrodes 20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse olde It neceeeary and Identify by block number) Attached DO I JAN73 1473 EDITION OF I NOV

Research paper thumbnail of Two-terminal voltammetric microsensors

Research paper thumbnail of Selective functionalization of gold micrsotructures with ferrocenyl derivatives via reaction with thiols or disulfides : characterization by electrochemistry and auger electron spectroscopy

Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1991

Research paper thumbnail of Chemically Sensitive Microelectrochemical Devices

ACS Symposium Series, 1992

... 1K53051-597 11 TITLE (Include Security Classification) Chemically Sensitive Microelectrochemi... more ... 1K53051-597 11 TITLE (Include Security Classification) Chemically Sensitive Microelectrochemical Devices: New Approaches to Sensors in, R. Valentine, D. Ofer, JJ Hickman, MS Wrighton ... by CA Mirkin, JR Valentine, D. Ofer, JJ Hickman, MS Wrighton Prepared for ...

Research paper thumbnail of Orthogonal Self-Assembly of Redox Active Molecules on PT and Au: Selective Reaction of Disulfide with Au and Isonitrile with PT

la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 1b. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS 1 Unclassified 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFIC... more la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 1b. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS 1 Unclassified 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT 2b. ECLSSIICATONYDOWGRADNG CHEULEApproved for public release; distribution 2b. ECLSSIICATON/DOWGRADNG CHEULEunlimited f4. PE RFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) Technical Report No. 46 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Harvrd UiverityDARPA 6C. ADDRESS (City; State. and ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State. and ZIP Code)

Research paper thumbnail of Charge trapping by anionic quinones electrostatically bound to a highly charged cationic quinone-viologen polymer or a cationic poly(3-viologenthiophene)

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1993

Charge associated with quinone reduction is trapped at low p H in systems composed of sulfonated ... more Charge associated with quinone reduction is trapped at low p H in systems composed of sulfonated anthraquinones electrostatically bound to a polymer derived from a monomer consisting of a quinone unit flanked by two viologen units. Each monomer repeat unit carries 6 equiv of positive charge which can be charge compensated by monosulfonated anthraquinone to yield a quinone:viologen ratio of nearly 7:2. At low pH, electrostatic binding is persistent, and the amount of trapped charge is 90% of the theoretical maximum. Some of the electrostatically bound quinone can be replaced with Fe(CN)63-to allow mediated release of trapped charge via the Fe(CN)b3-/" redox couple. Iis blocked from entering the polymer and thus does not mediate release of charge. Electrostatic binding of anionic quinones to a thiophene polymer with pendant viologen units has also been demonstrated. This polymer system has the unique property of having built-in qediators for both the reduction (charge trapping) and oxidation (charge release) of the electrostatically bound anthraquinone.

Research paper thumbnail of Characterization of p-type cadmium telluride electrodes in acetonitrile/electrolyte solutions. Nearly ideal behavior from reductive surface pretreatments

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1983

EmDON OF I OV ss is osisoLE, UNCLASSIFIED 88 0 014SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE to 0.1. Xm... more EmDON OF I OV ss is osisoLE, UNCLASSIFIED 88 0 014SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE to 0.1. Xm. 88 0726 oil OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH CONTRACT N00014-75-C-0880 Task No. NR 051-579 TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 39 "CHARACTERIZATION OF p-TYPE CdTe ELECTRODES IN ACETONITRILE/ELECTROLYTE

Research paper thumbnail of Resistance of polyaniline films as a function of electrochemical potential and the fabrication of polyaniline-based microelectronic devices

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1985

S LC Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for Lii any purpose of the United States Gover... more S LC Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for Lii any purpose of the United States Government. This document has been approved for public release Cand sale; its distribution is unlimited.

Research paper thumbnail of Chemically Modified Microelectrode Arrays. New Kinds of Electronic Devices

… modified surfaces in …, 1988

... Chem., 9^, 648 (1987). 25. MJ Natan, D. Belanger, MR Carpenter, MS Wrighton, J. Phys. Chem., ... more ... Chem., 9^, 648 (1987). 25. MJ Natan, D. Belanger, MR Carpenter, MS Wrighton, J. Phys. Chem., 9^, 1834 (1987). 26. DF Lyons, M. 0. Schloh, JJ Hickman, MS Wrighton, Extended Abstracts of the 171th Electrochemical Society Meeting, 8^-1, Ab. No. 470, 675 (1987). 27. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Orthogonal Self-Assembled Monolayers: Alkanethiols on Gold and Alkane Carboxylic Acids on Alumina

Science, 1989

This work demonstrates the practicality of forming two self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), independ... more This work demonstrates the practicality of forming two self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), independently but simultaneously, by adsorption of two different adsorbates from a common solution onto a substrate exposing two different materials at its surface. The experimental procedure and the degree of independence achieved in the resulting SAMs are illustrated by examination of monolayers obtained by adsorption of alkanethiols on gold and alkane carboxylic acids on alumina. This procedure provides a method for modifying the surface characteristics of microlithographically generated patterns and offers a versatile technique for controlling solid-vapor and solid-liquid interfacial properties in systems having patterns with dimensions of the order of 1 micrometer.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrochemical Sensor: Prior Concept

Science, 1991

Mouse embryos survived freezing to-196°C. Survival required slow cooling (0.30 to 2°C per minute)... more Mouse embryos survived freezing to-196°C. Survival required slow cooling (0.30 to 2°C per minute) and slow warming (40 to 250C per minute). Depending on the specific rates used, 50 to 70 percent of more than 2500 frozen and thawed early embryos developed into blastocysts in culture after storage at-196°C for up to 8 days. When approximately 1000 of the survivors, including some frozen to-269°C (4°K), were transferred into foster mothers, 65 percent of the recipients became pregnant. More than 40 percent of the embryos in these pregnant mice gave rise to normal, living full-term fetuses or newborn mice.