James Calkins - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by James Calkins
Journal of environmental horticulture, Jun 1, 1998
Journal of Environmental Horticulture
Effects of five nursery field management systems [cultivation, herbicide management (oxadiazon), ... more Effects of five nursery field management systems [cultivation, herbicide management (oxadiazon), legume companion crop (bird's-foot trefoil), winter cereal cover crop/mulch (winter rye), and mixed grass sod (red fescue/perennial ryegrass)] on cold hardiness and the incidence of winter injury were investigated over a seven-year period. Six tree species were included in the research: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall Seedless’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Skyline’, Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’, and Picea glauca var. densata. Treatment differences in fall coloration, leaf abscission, and winter injury were observed. Cold hardiness levels were determined for Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, and Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’ using controlled freezing tests. Species specific differences in cold hardiness development were observed in response to field management treatment: bare soil treatments (cultivation and herbicide m...
Journal of Environmental Horticulture
The influence of five nursery field management treatments including alternative, sustainable prac... more The influence of five nursery field management treatments including alternative, sustainable practices (ie. companion crops, allelopathic cover crops/mulches) on the incidence of stem cankers caused by Nectria cinnabarina (Tode: Fr.) Fr. on ‘Skyline’ thornless honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis Willd. ‘Skyline’) was monitored in Minnesota. Although considered a stress related disease, field management treatments that reduced tree vigor (ie. growth), decreased susceptibility to attack by N. cinnabarina while treatments which promoted vigorous growth increased susceptibility. The observed vulnerability of honeylocust trees to N. cinnabarina may be related to plant cold hardiness and subsequent winter injury to root and crown tissue as affected by nursery field management treatment. Moisture stress late in the growing season, resulting from root injury during the previous winter, mechanical root injury from cultivation, and high summer soil temperatures may have increas...
Journal of Environmental Horticulture
Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, wood chip mulch, chipped rubber tire mulch, and ne... more Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, wood chip mulch, chipped rubber tire mulch, and newspaper mulch were evaluated for weed control efficacy and phytotoxicity using 12 species of herbaceous perennials under field growing conditions. The effect of herbicide application time was monitored by applying herbicides to dormant and actively growing plants. Herbicide and mulch treatments were compared to weeded and non-weeded controls. Herbicide phytotoxicity was dependent on age and species of herbaceous perennial and time of herbicide application. Herbicide injury was generally greater for young plants compared to established plants and phytotoxicity was usually reduced when herbicides were applied to dormant rather than actively growing plants. Injury was sometimes greater when herbicides were applied in early spring compared to applications made after complete herbaceous perennial emergence. Injury to young shoots that had emerged prior to the earliest possible time that herbi...
HortScience
A manual for certified nursery and landscape professionals has been developed by the University o... more A manual for certified nursery and landscape professionals has been developed by the University of Minnesota Extension Service in conjunction with the Minnesota Nursery and Landscape Association (MNLA). The purpose of the certification manual is to facilitate the improvement of basic skills and knowledge of nursery and landscape professionals, to further the education and training of competent nursery and landscape professionals, and to serve as a training and reference manual for most levels of nursery and landscape culture and management. The manual consists of thirty-four chapters covering all aspects of woody plant biology and culture: abiotic and biotic plant stress; landscape design; installation and maintenance; plant marketing, merchandising and sales; and laws, regulations and safety concerns for nursery, landscape and garden center personnel. A concise glossary, the American Standard For Nursery Stock, and an illustrated nursery catalog are also included in the manual. The...
HortScience
Media fertility is a critical factor in the successful production of container grown plants. Fert... more Media fertility is a critical factor in the successful production of container grown plants. Fertility treatments including fertigation and slow-release fertilizers (topdressed and incorporated) were compared. Fertility treatments were studied over a two-year period on a variety of deciduous and evergreen plant materials. Plant growth was quantified based on height, volume, branching, and quality. Soil fertility levels based on leachates were followed during the study. Nutrient release for incorporated fertilizers tested was variable although less so than when the same fertilizers were topdressed. Fertility treatment effects were species-dependent. Several incorporated, slow-release fertilizers, especially those high in nitrogen (Sierra 17-6-10, Sierra High N 24-4-6, Woodace Briquettes 23-2-0, Woodace 21-4-10), show promise for use in two-year container production systems.
HortScience
A study was designed to ascertain the efficacy, water use efficiency, runoff potential, and cost ... more A study was designed to ascertain the efficacy, water use efficiency, runoff potential, and cost effectiveness of four container irrigation systems: overhead sprinkler irrigation, in-line trickle irrigation, capillary mat with leaky hose, and sub-irrigation. Results were species dependent. Plant growth was best under capillary mat and trickle irrigation treatments, however, differences in plant growth and performance between irrigation treatments were minimal. Differences in water use, however, were quite significant. Overhead irrigation was inefficient regarding water use while capillary mat and trickle systems used much lower volumes of water. Conservative irrigation systems which maintain acceptable plant growth using less water and reduce runoff from container production areas can clearly benefit growers by reducing production and environmental costs.
HortScience
Media fertility, plant nutrient availability, and subsequent plant nutrition are critical factors... more Media fertility, plant nutrient availability, and subsequent plant nutrition are critical factors in the production of quality landscape plant materials. The method of mixing slow-release fertilizers into the media prior to planting is becoming more widespread. This study evaluates different controlled-release fertilizers, their rates of release, and three methods of irrigation regarding water-use efficiency and effects on plant growth performance. The combined effects of fertility and irrigation practices on nutrient loss to the environment are also being monitored. Although the ranking of fertility treatments, based on plant quality, varied among species, Woodace 21–4–10, Sierra 17–6–10, Sierra High N (24–4–6, Scotts 20–7–10, (270–26.67 lb/yd3), Woodace 20–5–10, Polyon 25–4–12, Nutricote 18–6–8 (270–30 lb/yd3), and Nutricote 18–6–8 (270–20 lb/yd3) produced high-quality plants for most of the species evaluated. The control and Nutri-Pak 18–6–12 treatments resulted in relatively poo...
HortScience
Five composted Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) (garbage) products and a composted manure were evaluat... more Five composted Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) (garbage) products and a composted manure were evaluated as container growing media components on eight woody and herbaceous plants. Plant growth response to the different composts and to the quality of compost used was species-specific. Media UM Manure 100 provided the greatest increase in plant height across all species during the first year. However, only one species, V. lentaga, actually ranked number one in UM Manure 100. J.h. `Blue Chip' and A. tuberosa both grew the tallest in Control I. The remaining five species grew tallest in five different media. Therefore, several amended media can provide increased plant height for specific species; however, the top three media for plant height across all species were: #1 UM Manure 100, #2 Prairieland 50, and #3 Pennington 50. Plant height was the lowest in Recomp 100 media. Pennington 50 provided the greatest increase in plant volume. Media producing the highest plant dry weights across a...
HortScience
Media fertility, nutrient availability, and subsequently plant nutrition are critical factors tha... more Media fertility, nutrient availability, and subsequently plant nutrition are critical factors that can be modified by growers to produce quality container-grown plants. The trend in container fertility has been toward incorporation of slow-release fertilizers; however, fertility release curves are variable and fertilizer longevity for many fertilizers is limited. Seventeen slow-release fertilizers were compared for longevity and plant performance over a 2-year production cycle using deciduous and evergreen plant materials. Plant growth was quantified based on height, volume, branching, dry weight, and quality. Soil fertility levels based on leachates were followed. Nutrient release for the incorporated fertilizers evaluated was variable. Fertility treatment effects were species-dependent. Several incorporated, slow-release fertilizers, especially those high in nitrogen and having extended release curves, including Nutricote 20–7–10, Scotts Experimental 24–6–10 and 26–6–11, Scotts Pr...
HortScience
Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, a wood chip mulch, a chipped rubber tire mulch, an... more Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, a wood chip mulch, a chipped rubber tire mulch, and a newspaper mulch were evaluated for weed control efficacy and potential phytotoxicity using 12 species of herbaceous perennials under field-growing conditions. Nineteen herbicides or herbicide combinations were similarly evaluated under container-growing conditions using 11 species of herbaceous perennials. The effect of herbicide application time also was monitored through application of herbicides to dormant and actively growing plants. Herbicides and mulch treatments were compared to weeded and nonweeded controls. Herbicide phytotoxicity effects were dependent on the age and species of the herbaceous perennial and herbicide application timing. Herbicide injury was generally greater for newly established plants compared to established plants. Although injury was usually reduced when herbicides were applied to dormant plants, injury was sometimes greater when herbicides were applied ...
Weed Technology
Soil cultivation (3 to 5 times/yr) and herbicide management (oxadiazon, 3.92 kg ai/ha), agricultu... more Soil cultivation (3 to 5 times/yr) and herbicide management (oxadiazon, 3.92 kg ai/ha), agricultural standards for reducing weed competition, were compared to three alternative nursery field management systems regarding weed suppression: ‘Norcen’ bird's-foot trefoil companion crop, ‘Wheeler’ winter rye cover crop/mulch, and grass sod (80% ‘Eton’ perennial ryegrass and 20% ‘Ruby’ red fescue). Field management treatment had a significant effect on observed weed populations. Weed densities were also subject to yearly variations caused by climate and endogenous weed life cycles. Herbicide management (oxadiazon) consistently provided the best control of undesired vegetation (0.3 weeds/m2) followed by the grass sod (0.7 weeds/m2), Wheeler rye cover crop/mulch (1.7 weeds/m2), Norcen bird's-foot trefoil companion crop (8.6 weeds/m2), and cultivated (55.7 weeds/m2) treatments, respectively. Although the grass sod treatment provided excellent control of undesired vegetation, as an alt...
Hortscience, Jul 1, 1995
To determine when a paper is to be presented, check the session number in the Program Schedule or... more To determine when a paper is to be presented, check the session number in the Program Schedule or the Conference at a Glance charts. The Author presenting the paper is indicated by an asterisk.
Journal of environmental horticulture, Jun 1, 1998
Journal of Environmental Horticulture
Effects of five nursery field management systems [cultivation, herbicide management (oxadiazon), ... more Effects of five nursery field management systems [cultivation, herbicide management (oxadiazon), legume companion crop (bird's-foot trefoil), winter cereal cover crop/mulch (winter rye), and mixed grass sod (red fescue/perennial ryegrass)] on cold hardiness and the incidence of winter injury were investigated over a seven-year period. Six tree species were included in the research: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall Seedless’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Skyline’, Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’, and Picea glauca var. densata. Treatment differences in fall coloration, leaf abscission, and winter injury were observed. Cold hardiness levels were determined for Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, and Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’ using controlled freezing tests. Species specific differences in cold hardiness development were observed in response to field management treatment: bare soil treatments (cultivation and herbicide m...
Journal of Environmental Horticulture
The influence of five nursery field management treatments including alternative, sustainable prac... more The influence of five nursery field management treatments including alternative, sustainable practices (ie. companion crops, allelopathic cover crops/mulches) on the incidence of stem cankers caused by Nectria cinnabarina (Tode: Fr.) Fr. on ‘Skyline’ thornless honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis Willd. ‘Skyline’) was monitored in Minnesota. Although considered a stress related disease, field management treatments that reduced tree vigor (ie. growth), decreased susceptibility to attack by N. cinnabarina while treatments which promoted vigorous growth increased susceptibility. The observed vulnerability of honeylocust trees to N. cinnabarina may be related to plant cold hardiness and subsequent winter injury to root and crown tissue as affected by nursery field management treatment. Moisture stress late in the growing season, resulting from root injury during the previous winter, mechanical root injury from cultivation, and high summer soil temperatures may have increas...
Journal of Environmental Horticulture
Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, wood chip mulch, chipped rubber tire mulch, and ne... more Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, wood chip mulch, chipped rubber tire mulch, and newspaper mulch were evaluated for weed control efficacy and phytotoxicity using 12 species of herbaceous perennials under field growing conditions. The effect of herbicide application time was monitored by applying herbicides to dormant and actively growing plants. Herbicide and mulch treatments were compared to weeded and non-weeded controls. Herbicide phytotoxicity was dependent on age and species of herbaceous perennial and time of herbicide application. Herbicide injury was generally greater for young plants compared to established plants and phytotoxicity was usually reduced when herbicides were applied to dormant rather than actively growing plants. Injury was sometimes greater when herbicides were applied in early spring compared to applications made after complete herbaceous perennial emergence. Injury to young shoots that had emerged prior to the earliest possible time that herbi...
HortScience
A manual for certified nursery and landscape professionals has been developed by the University o... more A manual for certified nursery and landscape professionals has been developed by the University of Minnesota Extension Service in conjunction with the Minnesota Nursery and Landscape Association (MNLA). The purpose of the certification manual is to facilitate the improvement of basic skills and knowledge of nursery and landscape professionals, to further the education and training of competent nursery and landscape professionals, and to serve as a training and reference manual for most levels of nursery and landscape culture and management. The manual consists of thirty-four chapters covering all aspects of woody plant biology and culture: abiotic and biotic plant stress; landscape design; installation and maintenance; plant marketing, merchandising and sales; and laws, regulations and safety concerns for nursery, landscape and garden center personnel. A concise glossary, the American Standard For Nursery Stock, and an illustrated nursery catalog are also included in the manual. The...
HortScience
Media fertility is a critical factor in the successful production of container grown plants. Fert... more Media fertility is a critical factor in the successful production of container grown plants. Fertility treatments including fertigation and slow-release fertilizers (topdressed and incorporated) were compared. Fertility treatments were studied over a two-year period on a variety of deciduous and evergreen plant materials. Plant growth was quantified based on height, volume, branching, and quality. Soil fertility levels based on leachates were followed during the study. Nutrient release for incorporated fertilizers tested was variable although less so than when the same fertilizers were topdressed. Fertility treatment effects were species-dependent. Several incorporated, slow-release fertilizers, especially those high in nitrogen (Sierra 17-6-10, Sierra High N 24-4-6, Woodace Briquettes 23-2-0, Woodace 21-4-10), show promise for use in two-year container production systems.
HortScience
A study was designed to ascertain the efficacy, water use efficiency, runoff potential, and cost ... more A study was designed to ascertain the efficacy, water use efficiency, runoff potential, and cost effectiveness of four container irrigation systems: overhead sprinkler irrigation, in-line trickle irrigation, capillary mat with leaky hose, and sub-irrigation. Results were species dependent. Plant growth was best under capillary mat and trickle irrigation treatments, however, differences in plant growth and performance between irrigation treatments were minimal. Differences in water use, however, were quite significant. Overhead irrigation was inefficient regarding water use while capillary mat and trickle systems used much lower volumes of water. Conservative irrigation systems which maintain acceptable plant growth using less water and reduce runoff from container production areas can clearly benefit growers by reducing production and environmental costs.
HortScience
Media fertility, plant nutrient availability, and subsequent plant nutrition are critical factors... more Media fertility, plant nutrient availability, and subsequent plant nutrition are critical factors in the production of quality landscape plant materials. The method of mixing slow-release fertilizers into the media prior to planting is becoming more widespread. This study evaluates different controlled-release fertilizers, their rates of release, and three methods of irrigation regarding water-use efficiency and effects on plant growth performance. The combined effects of fertility and irrigation practices on nutrient loss to the environment are also being monitored. Although the ranking of fertility treatments, based on plant quality, varied among species, Woodace 21–4–10, Sierra 17–6–10, Sierra High N (24–4–6, Scotts 20–7–10, (270–26.67 lb/yd3), Woodace 20–5–10, Polyon 25–4–12, Nutricote 18–6–8 (270–30 lb/yd3), and Nutricote 18–6–8 (270–20 lb/yd3) produced high-quality plants for most of the species evaluated. The control and Nutri-Pak 18–6–12 treatments resulted in relatively poo...
HortScience
Five composted Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) (garbage) products and a composted manure were evaluat... more Five composted Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) (garbage) products and a composted manure were evaluated as container growing media components on eight woody and herbaceous plants. Plant growth response to the different composts and to the quality of compost used was species-specific. Media UM Manure 100 provided the greatest increase in plant height across all species during the first year. However, only one species, V. lentaga, actually ranked number one in UM Manure 100. J.h. `Blue Chip' and A. tuberosa both grew the tallest in Control I. The remaining five species grew tallest in five different media. Therefore, several amended media can provide increased plant height for specific species; however, the top three media for plant height across all species were: #1 UM Manure 100, #2 Prairieland 50, and #3 Pennington 50. Plant height was the lowest in Recomp 100 media. Pennington 50 provided the greatest increase in plant volume. Media producing the highest plant dry weights across a...
HortScience
Media fertility, nutrient availability, and subsequently plant nutrition are critical factors tha... more Media fertility, nutrient availability, and subsequently plant nutrition are critical factors that can be modified by growers to produce quality container-grown plants. The trend in container fertility has been toward incorporation of slow-release fertilizers; however, fertility release curves are variable and fertilizer longevity for many fertilizers is limited. Seventeen slow-release fertilizers were compared for longevity and plant performance over a 2-year production cycle using deciduous and evergreen plant materials. Plant growth was quantified based on height, volume, branching, dry weight, and quality. Soil fertility levels based on leachates were followed. Nutrient release for the incorporated fertilizers evaluated was variable. Fertility treatment effects were species-dependent. Several incorporated, slow-release fertilizers, especially those high in nitrogen and having extended release curves, including Nutricote 20–7–10, Scotts Experimental 24–6–10 and 26–6–11, Scotts Pr...
HortScience
Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, a wood chip mulch, a chipped rubber tire mulch, an... more Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, a wood chip mulch, a chipped rubber tire mulch, and a newspaper mulch were evaluated for weed control efficacy and potential phytotoxicity using 12 species of herbaceous perennials under field-growing conditions. Nineteen herbicides or herbicide combinations were similarly evaluated under container-growing conditions using 11 species of herbaceous perennials. The effect of herbicide application time also was monitored through application of herbicides to dormant and actively growing plants. Herbicides and mulch treatments were compared to weeded and nonweeded controls. Herbicide phytotoxicity effects were dependent on the age and species of the herbaceous perennial and herbicide application timing. Herbicide injury was generally greater for newly established plants compared to established plants. Although injury was usually reduced when herbicides were applied to dormant plants, injury was sometimes greater when herbicides were applied ...
Weed Technology
Soil cultivation (3 to 5 times/yr) and herbicide management (oxadiazon, 3.92 kg ai/ha), agricultu... more Soil cultivation (3 to 5 times/yr) and herbicide management (oxadiazon, 3.92 kg ai/ha), agricultural standards for reducing weed competition, were compared to three alternative nursery field management systems regarding weed suppression: ‘Norcen’ bird's-foot trefoil companion crop, ‘Wheeler’ winter rye cover crop/mulch, and grass sod (80% ‘Eton’ perennial ryegrass and 20% ‘Ruby’ red fescue). Field management treatment had a significant effect on observed weed populations. Weed densities were also subject to yearly variations caused by climate and endogenous weed life cycles. Herbicide management (oxadiazon) consistently provided the best control of undesired vegetation (0.3 weeds/m2) followed by the grass sod (0.7 weeds/m2), Wheeler rye cover crop/mulch (1.7 weeds/m2), Norcen bird's-foot trefoil companion crop (8.6 weeds/m2), and cultivated (55.7 weeds/m2) treatments, respectively. Although the grass sod treatment provided excellent control of undesired vegetation, as an alt...
Hortscience, Jul 1, 1995
To determine when a paper is to be presented, check the session number in the Program Schedule or... more To determine when a paper is to be presented, check the session number in the Program Schedule or the Conference at a Glance charts. The Author presenting the paper is indicated by an asterisk.