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The recognition that frequency ratios are formed by the arrows of time led to the graphical accou... more The recognition that frequency ratios are formed by the arrows of time led to the graphical account of Bohr's formula below. The "hex cycles," from which the sequences are compounded, are treated as electron cycles (although the charge quanta are not shown.) For the explanation of Bohr's formula, see Causal Set Theory and the Origin of Mass-ratio http://vixra.org/pdf/1006.0070v1.pdf Each successive sequence has been scaled such that 36 electron cycles reach from the bottom of the page to the top, indicating that the separable sequences transpire in the same amount of time. Thus, taking the electron cycle as the unit of energy, an equal amount of energy plays out in an equal amount of time for any sequence. Discrete time dilation, from one electron cloud to the next, is represented. My purpose here is to focus attention on neutrino formations rather than electron clouds. We'll forget about Bohr's formula and the incident photon. The sequence on the right suggests that neutrino propagation can modulate freely between different forms. I will propose a causal set manifold composed only of neutrinos and electron clouds.

The reference frame of the earth gives us the impression of 3-D space and 1-D time. I propose to ... more The reference frame of the earth gives us the impression of 3-D space and 1-D time. I propose to explain this in terms of the organizing role of the causal set proton in the formation of 3-D matter. At the quantum level, there are no primitive spatial relations. Thus, there is no instantaneous 3-D spatial extension, at the quantum level or at any level. With the reduction to causal sets, the universe is simply a discrete causal web formed by the ongoing stepping action of time. Subassemblies of the causal web can be graphed by "the arrows of time." Such graphs-using symmetry as the guide-have produced quantum schematics of the 4-D time manifold, the photon, neutrino, electron, neutron and proton. Causal Set Theory and the Origin of Mass-ratio Carey R Carlson, June 27, 2010 Quantum theory is reconstructed using standalone causal sets. The frequency ratios inherent in causal sets are used to define energy-ratios, implicating the causal link as the quantum of action. Space-time and its particle-like sequences are then constructed from causal links. A 4-D time-lattice structure is defined and then used to model neutrinos and electron clouds, which together constitute a 4-D manifold. A 6-D timelattice is used to model the nucleons. The integration of the nucleus with its electron cloud affords calculation of the mass-ratio of the proton (or the neutron) with respect to the electron. Arrow diagrams, along with several ball-and-stick models, are used to streamline the presentation. http://vixra.org/pdf/1006.0070v1.pdf The proton is my focus here-the model in the middle. All three models are subassemblies of an extendable pattern called the "octet truss." With the octet truss extended indefinitely, each subassembly will recur repeatedly, as will formations at twice the size, three times the size, and so on.

Lays out the problem of sentience in a physical world and the solution based on the event ontolog... more Lays out the problem of sentience in a physical world and the solution based on the event ontology of Russell and Whitehead. The second edition includes the construction of physics from arrow diagrams, stemming from the discovery that the arrows of time form frequency ratios, which serve to define energy ratios and the quantum

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Page 1. The Adequacy of Language for Finite Domains of Reference Carey R. Carlson internet addres... more Page 1. The Adequacy of Language for Finite Domains of Reference Carey R. Carlson internet address: careyralphcarlson@msn.com Abstract A formal system is constructed which generates a finite set of statements that correlate 1-to-1 with the facts of a finite domain. ...

Whitehead arrived at the view that physics is reducible to patterns of sheer temporal succession,... more Whitehead arrived at the view that physics is reducible to patterns of sheer temporal succession, or causal sets. Recently it was noticed that causal sets form inherent frequency ratios, affording the definition of energy ratios, by virtue of Planck's E=hf. The causal link is implicated as the quantum of energy. The 4-D manifold and the common particles were then constructed as causal sets, confirming Whitehead's vision of the universe as the temporal/causal succession of primitive individuals-- these being naturally interpreted as momentary "occasions of experience."

A Theory of Everything for Physics (Second Edition), 2005

Arrows-of-time graphs (directed graphs) provide a graphical account of the discrete spectral freq... more Arrows-of-time graphs (directed graphs) provide a graphical account of the discrete spectral frequencies emitted and absorbed by the atoms in accord with Bohr's formula.
This was an important step in the reduction of physics to time. There is a discrete time dilation from one atomic cloud to the next, conveyed in the graphs by systematic scaling. That is something new to physics, and could serve as the basis for discrete GR.

Process studies, 2021

This article examines the time duration of individual occasions in the light of the discovery tha... more This article examines the time duration of individual occasions in the light of the discovery that temporal succession produces frequency ratios. The frequency ratios are used to define energy ratios and the quantum. The manifold and the common particles are constructed graphically using the arrows of time, with the mass-ratios of the particles derivable from the graphs. The formal reduction of physics to time compels us to adopt Whitehead's conception of the physical universe as occasions of experience engaged in temporal/causal succession. The relative duration of the constituent occasions of the particles are determined by their graphs. In the final section, a refined account of the mind-brain interaction sequence confirms the duration of a human occasion as one tenth of a second.

A Theory of Everything for Physics, Second Edition, 2004

Causal set graphs depicting the "arrows of time" are constructed that reveal the structure of the... more Causal set graphs depicting the "arrows of time" are constructed that reveal the structure of the electron and its atomic cloud formations, ending with a graphical account of Bohr's formula.

viXra, 2010

Quantum theory is reconstructed using standalone causal sets. The frequency ratios inherent in ca... more Quantum theory is reconstructed using standalone causal sets. The frequency ratios inherent in causal sets are used to define energy-ratios, implicating the causal link as the quantum of action. Space-time and its particle-like sequences are then constructed from causal links. A 4-D time-lattice structure is defined and then used to model neutrinos and electron clouds, which together constitute a 4-D manifold. A 6-D time-lattice is used to model the nucleons. The integration of the nucleus with its electron cloud affords calculation of the mass-ratio of the proton (or the neutron) with respect to the electron. Arrow diagrams, along with several ball-and-stick models, are used to streamline the presentation.

The Mind-Body Problem and Its Solution (Second Edition), 2019

The problem of sentience and qualia in a physical world of theoretical entities is described and ... more The problem of sentience and qualia in a physical world of theoretical entities is described and then treated in accord with the event ontology of Russell and Whitehead. The frequency ratios found in a discrete causal web lead to the graphical construction of physics using directed graphs depicting the "arrows of time," confirming the discrete event ontology with the reduction of physics to time.

How Physics and Philosophy took every wrong turn since the event ontology and wasted decades, 2019

The solution to the mind-body problem, as provided by Russell and Whitehead, led to the solution ... more The solution to the mind-body problem, as provided by Russell and Whitehead, led to the solution to physics (the reduction to discrete time) when it was noticed that the "arrows of time" show the formation of frequency ratios, useful for defining energy ratios and the quantum. Whitehead's discrete event ontology is thus confirmed.

A formal system is constructed which generates a finite set of statements that correlate 1-to-1 w... more A formal system is constructed which generates a finite set of statements that correlate 1-to-1 with the facts of a finite domain. Each formal statement transcribes directly to English, so the adequacy of language in general is entailed by the adequacy of the formal system. The crux of the argument involves giving precision to the phrase "finite domain of reference." It is assumed that any such domain consists of a finite number of individuals connected to one another by a finite number of relations. A domain of three individuals is examined in detail, which serves to show that any relation is constructible from a pair-wise relation. This in turn implies that the realm of finite mathematical structure can be systematically generated by an algorithm. An important domain of reference for the formalism is obtained by interpreting the primitive relation as "time order." We

Physics is currently fragmented into competing theoretical approaches that contradict one another... more Physics is currently fragmented into competing theoretical approaches that contradict one another in regard to foundational assumptions. Airing these contradictions can clarify the stark choices that confront theoretical physics from within. Causal set theory has found a respectable niche in fundamental physics, and it is particularly brutal in contradicting widely held assumptions. A candidate for the Theory of Everything, causal set theory has the simplest, most rigorous formalization of any theory. When stripped of any physical interpretation, it is the formal theory of " partial orders, " a domain of pure mathematics. A partial order is a structure generated by an asymmetrical relation. A partial order becomes a causal set when the ordering relation is designated " causal. " We then have the mathematics of partial orders applied to the physics of cause-and-effect. (See reference [1] for a link to the Wikipedia article on causal sets, which has a standard definition, discussion, and further references to landmark papers.) Dual-parameter space-time is a composite of spatial relations and time relations. When a 4-D manifold is formulated as a causal set, spatial relations are not employed. In lieu of space-time there is a causal web—a single-parameter manifold composed entirely of time-ordering relations and their relata. The single parameter is time. A generic temporal successor relation generates the 4-D manifold all by itself. The exclusion of primitive spatial relations means that there is no geometry in causal set theory. Deprived of geometry, causal set theory relies on the topology of temporal succession patterns to model the universe. An example of a 4-D manifold, constructed as a causal set, is depicted in the following diagram. You will notice that the " arrow of time " is the only graphic element employed. The arrows make junctions only at their endpoints—other arrow crossings indicate nothing. The diagram consists entirely of arrows that connect to one another at junctions. This specifies the time order of the junctions, defining one specific causal set.

Randomness vs. order at the foundation of physics Any directed graph specifies the structure of s... more Randomness vs. order at the foundation of physics Any directed graph specifies the structure of some causal set. The directed graphs produced by the causal set physicists are typically random in appearance. There is a widespread assumption that chaos and randomness should be expected at the foundation of physics. I took the opposite approach, drawing the simplest, most symmetrical directed graphs possible. That approach quickly arrived at the 4-D manifold, the common particles, and the derivation of their mass-ratios from the graphs. It's no accident that the fundamentals of physics should arise from simple diagrams depicting sheer temporal/causal succession. Yet the findings have not found a ready audience. That may be due to an automatic bias that favors randomness over order at the foundation of quantum theory. Faced with the prospect of constructing physics from scratch using the directed graphs of causal sets, I started out drawing all possible directed graphs starting with the simplest, the single arrow.

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A Theory of Everything for Physics (Second Edition), 2005

Process studies, 2021

A Theory of Everything for Physics, Second Edition, 2004

viXra, 2010

The Mind-Body Problem and Its Solution (Second Edition), 2019

How Physics and Philosophy took every wrong turn since the event ontology and wasted decades, 2019

The symmetry and simplicity revealed in the causal set construction of the elementary particles h... more The symmetry and simplicity revealed in the causal set construction of the elementary particles has a corollary. The particles that dominate any stage or region of the universe must have the same structure as the particles dominant today. Photons, neutrinos, electrons, protons, and neutrons are each self-organized by chained repetition and time-reversal symmetry, representing the simplest patterns of discrete order that are mathematically possible. The structural building block for the particles is the quantum-the arrow of the arrow diagrams. The only organizing principle is symmetry. which assumes the role of the forces and laws of physics. Causal Set Theory and the Origin of Mass-ratio Quantum theory is reconstructed using standalone causal sets. The frequency ratios inherent in causal sets are used to define energy-ratios, implicating the causal link as the quantum of action. Space-time and its particle-like sequences are then constructed from causal links-from quanta. A 4-D time-lattice structure is defined and then used to model neutrinos and electron clouds, which together constitute a 4-D manifold. A 6-D time-lattice is used to model the nucleons. The integration of the nucleus with its electron cloud affords calculation of the mass-ratio of the proton (or the neutron) with respect to the electron. Arrow diagrams, along with several ball-and-stick models, are used to streamline the presentation. http://vixra.org/pdf/1006.0070v1.pdf The basis for the constructions is the frequency ratios formed by "the arrows of time" (causal set graphs.) Time order and causal order are conflated in causal set theory.

This is a letter I've been sending out, describing the developments that led from Russell and Whi... more This is a letter I've been sending out, describing the developments that led from Russell and Whitehead's event ontology, to the discovery of frequency ratios formed by "the arrows of time" (causal set graphs), to the graphical construction of the fundamental entities and features of physics using the arrows of time as quantum schematics, each arrow a quantum.

A Frequency Ratio Account of Temporal Atomism, 2020

Process Studies, 2019

The Mind-Body Problem and Its Solution (Second Edition), 2019

Chapters: The Presence of Sensory Qualities; The Absence of Qualities in Physics; The Mind-Body P... more Chapters: The Presence of Sensory Qualities; The Absence of Qualities in Physics; The Mind-Body Problem; Relations and Structure; Space-time as Causal Structure; The Physical Location of Mental Events; Scientific Knowledge Characterized; The Solution. The solution owes to the event ontology of Russell and Whitehead, as documented by passages from Human Knowledge and Adventures of Ideas. The first edition in 2004 introduced the discovery that time can make frequency ratios. That eventually led to the graphical construction of physics using time diagrams as quantum schematics. These are included in the second edition.