Carlos Arce - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Carlos Arce
How to Follow the Patient After Keratoconus Diagnosis
Keratoconus
Dual Scheimpflug Tomography and Placido Topography
Keratoconus
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2008
Aim: To compare the retinal morphologic characteristics of eyes with choroidal neovascularization... more Aim: To compare the retinal morphologic characteristics of eyes with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to pathologic myopia versus eyes with CNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), using quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) subanalysis. Methods: Twenty-one eyes of 21 patients newly diagnosed with CNV secondary to pathologic myopia, and 43 consecutive cases of eyes with newly diagnosed subfoveal CNV secondary to AMD were retrospectively collected. In all patients, StratusOCT images and fluorescein angiograms (FA) were available for analysis. StratusOCT images were analyzed using custom software (termed "OCTOR"), which allowed calculation of the thickness/volume of the neurosensory retina, subretinal
Key note lecture: Early detection of keratoconus suspects with advanced diagnostic tools
Objectives: To present a comprehensive summary of diagnostic tools used for early detection of ke... more Objectives: To present a comprehensive summary of diagnostic tools used for early detection of keratoconus. Methods: Review of strategies, signs, patterns and indices used to diagnosis keratoconus Results: Clinical signs of early corneal deformation can be detected by different devices and strategies.[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]
A importancia da relacao entre a evolucao natural do retinoblastoma e a idade, sexo e raca dos pacientes, a origem genetica, o estadio e tipo celular dos tumores
Complete Characterization of Laser Beam Ablation Profile on PMMA Material as a Function of Practical and Theoretical Parameters and its Consequence to the Improvement of Customized Refractive Surgery Outcomes
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2012
Purpose: To evaluate the dioptric power of the normal central cornea. Methods: Retrospective anal... more Purpose: To evaluate the dioptric power of the normal central cornea. Methods: Retrospective analysis of combined slitscanning and Placido-ring topography in 30 normal eyes. Results: Keratometric-mean, anterior-mean, thickness-mean, and total-mean powers; keratometric-optical and total-optical, keratometric-axial and total-axial, and total-tangential powers; equivalent power and the addition of anterior and posterior mean powers, were similar (p≥0.8361) in the four analyzed central areas with 0.04, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mm diameter. The posterior-mean power decreased (p=0.0030) from –6.62 D to –6.35 D. The average thickness increased (p=0.0231) from 524 μm to 554 μm, representing 0.13 D of total-mean corneal power. Keratometric-optical (p≤0.0167), keratometric-axial (p≤0.0099), and keratometric-mean powers (p≤0.0030) were approximately 1.5 D more positive than the respective total powers. Total-mean power was equal to equivalent power (p≥0.4907), and to the addition of anterior-mean and...
Quantitative Area Topography: A New Concept Applied to Study Normal and Pathologic Corneas
Sectorial and Annular Quantitative Area Pachymetry With the Orbscan II
Journal of Refractive Surgery
To present a new application of quantitative area pachymetry of the cornea. Sectorial quantitativ... more To present a new application of quantitative area pachymetry of the cornea. Sectorial quantitative area pachymetry of small corneal zones located at the center and surrounding areas is possible by means of the statistical analysis device and tools menu of Orbscan II (Bausch and Lomb). Average pachymetry of 1 central zone and 12 small zones around the center may be shown in the pachymetry map by simply formatting the system. Average pachymetry, standard deviation, rate of thickness variation (slope), and volume of analyzed annular corneal zone can also be automatically shown in a data window. The examination results can be printed and kept on record. The method is simple and descriptive. This type of preoperative evaluation may guide the manual or laser preparation of channels for intracorneal segments and the corneal trephination for lamellar or penetrating keratoplasty.
International journal of ophthalmology, 2016
To analyze the relationship between two visual functions and refractive, topographic, pachymetric... more To analyze the relationship between two visual functions and refractive, topographic, pachymetric and aberrometric indicators in eyes with keratoconus. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and letter contrast sensitivity (CS) were correlated with refraction, corneal topography, pachymetry, and total corneal wavefront data prospectively in 71 eyes with keratoconus. The topographic indices assessed were simulated keratometry for the flattest and steepest meridians (SimK1 and SimK2), posterior steeper K (Ks), elevation value in best-fit sphere (BFS) maps, squared eccentricity (Є(2)), aspheric asymmetric index (AAI), pachymetry, thickness progression index (TPI), the amount of pachymetric decentralization (APD), and GalileiTM-keratoconus indices. The mean CDVA (expressed as logMAR) were 0.25±0.21. The mean CS was 1.25±0.46. The spherical refraction correlated well with CDVA (r=-0.526, P<0.001). From topographic indices, SRI correlated with CS (r=-0.695), and IAI with CS (r=-0.672...
International journal of ophthalmology, 2016
To evaluate corneal parameters measured with a dual Scheimpflug analyzer in keratoconus patients ... more To evaluate corneal parameters measured with a dual Scheimpflug analyzer in keratoconus patients implanted with intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS). Fifty eyes of 40 keratoconus patients had Ferrara ICRS implantation from November 2010 to April 2014. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refraction, keratometry, asphericity, elevation, pachymetry, root mean square (RMS), spherical aberration and coma were studied. All patients were evaluated using a dual Scheimpflug system. The mean follow-up time after the procedure was 12.7mo. The mean UCVA improved from 0.82 to 0.31 (P<0.001); the mean BCVA improved from 0.42 to 0.05 (P<0.0001), the mean spherical refraction changed from -3.06±3.80 D to -0.80±2.5 D (P<0.0001) and the mean refraction astigmatism reduced from -4.51±2.08 D to -2.26±1.18 D (P<0.0001). The changes from preoperative to postoperative, in parameters of the anterior and posterior surface of the cornea, were statistically ...
Comunica��o visual por computador na esclerose lateral amiotr�fica
Arq Bras Oftalmol, 2004
Qualitative identification of rigid gas permeable contact lens materials by densitometry
The CLAO journal : official publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc, 1999
We describe a practical method to qualitatively identify polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and rigid ... more We describe a practical method to qualitatively identify polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lens materials. By progressive dilution of a saturated saline solution made with distilled or tap water and sodium chloride, we recorded comparative densitometry of rigid contact lens materials using a small hydrometer or by liquid displacement. The method was sensitive enough to separate the polymethylmethacrylate, all silicon-methacrylates, and all but two fluorine-containing silicon-methacrylates. The hydrometer had a precision of three decimals rounded to the nearest 0.005. There was only one RGP product that could have been confused with the PMMA material. Most silicon-methacrylates had lower densities than fluorine containing silicon-methacrylates. Only four of 25 products under 1.117 gm/cm3 contained fluorine. Densitometry with a hydrometer is an effective non-destructive method to identify RGP materials and to verify their quality. The method is easier...
Journal of Refractive Surgery, 2009
PURPOSE: To present the prospective application of the Orbscan II central 2-mm total-mean corneal... more PURPOSE: To present the prospective application of the Orbscan II central 2-mm total-mean corneal power obtained by quantitative area topography in intraocular lens (IOL) calculation after refractive surgery. METHODS: Calculated and achieved refraction and the difference between them were studied in 77 eyes of 61 patients with previous radial keratotomy (RK), RK and additional surgeries, myopic LASIK, myopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), or hyperopic LASIK who underwent phacoemulsifi cation without complications in 3 eye centers. All IOL calculations used the average from the central 2-mm Orbscan II total-mean power of maps centered on the pupil without the use of previous refractive data. Six IOL styles implanted within the bag were used. RESULTS: Using the SRK-T formula, the overall calculated refraction was Ϫ0.64Ϯ0.93 diopters (D). The overall achieved spherical equivalent refraction (Ϫ0.52Ϯ0.79 D) was Ϯ1.00 D in 78% of eyes and Ϯ2.00 D in 99% of eyes. The overall difference between the calculated and achieved refraction (0.12Ϯ0.93 D, P=.27) was Ϯ1.00 D in 77% of eyes and Ϯ2.00 D in 96% of eyes. This difference was Ϯ1.00 D in 77% of eyes with RK (P=.70) and in 90% of eyes with myopic LASIK (P=.34) or myopic PRK (P=.96). In eyes with RK followed by LASIK, a trend toward undercorrection was noted (P=.03). In eyes with hyperopic LASIK, a trend toward overcorrection was noted (P=.005). CONCLUSIONS: In eyes with previous corneal refractive surgery, IOL power calculation can be performed with reasonable accuracy using the Orbscan II central 2-mm total-mean power. This method had better outcomes in eyes with previous RK, myopic LASIK, and myopic PRK than in eyes with hyperopic LASIK or RK with LASIK.
Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery, 2008
Determining corneal power using Orbscan II videokeratography for IOL calculation after excimer laser surgery for myopia
Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery, 2007
The mean corneal power after refractive surgery based on BCK values using the Holladay 2 formula ... more The mean corneal power after refractive surgery based on BCK values using the Holladay 2 formula (BCK H2) was 39.35 diopters (D) ± 2.58 (SD). The mean manual value (40.52 ± 1.95 D) and Atlas-based values were statistically higher than BCK H2 values (P<.001). The ...
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2004
A esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença do sistema nervoso, degenerativa e incapacitan... more A esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença do sistema nervoso, degenerativa e incapacitante, caracterizada por perda de neurônios motores no córtex, tronco cerebral, e medula espinhal . A ELA, também conhecida como doença de Charcot na França, doença do neurônio motor no Reino Unido e doença de Lou Gehrig nos Estados Unidos, tem sido amplamente estudada no Brasil . Usualmente é esporádica, mas entre 5 a 10% dos casos são herdados de forma autossômica dominante . De causa e patogênese ainda desconhecidas, nos últimos quinze anos tem sido sugeridos mecanismos etiopatológicos diversos: morte celular por agressão autoimune nos canais do cálcio e incremento do cálcio intracelular, infecção Objetivo: Descrever os sistemas eletrônicos de comunicação utilizados por um paciente com esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) e a doença oftalmológica apresentada por um grupo de pacientes gravemente incapacitados. A partir deste relato, revisamos as manifestações oftalmológicas da esclerose lateral amiotrófica, os sistemas de comunicação não convencionais e a importância do atendimento domiciliar e da comunicação no tratamento destes pacientes. Métodos: Relato de casos clínicos, descrição de equipamento e revisão da literatura. Resultados: O paciente com esclerose lateral amiotrófica apresentou sintomas de origem bulbar, comprometimento da musculatura respiratória e dos membros, com musculatura ocular extrínseca parcialmente poupada, intelecto e estado de consciência intactos. Utilizando a mobilidade facial e a ocular, equipamento eletrônico e computador, ele conseguiu comunicar-se e trabalhar como desenhista gráfico. Atualmente, o tratamento paliativo recomendado para pacientes crônicos acamados é prestado por equipes multi-profissionais como a Assistência Domiciliar da Unimed-Campinas (ADUC). A doença oftalmológica encontrada neles é diversa. Conclusões: A esclerose lateral amiotrófica, assim como outras doenças crônicas podem deteriorar drasticamente a qualidade de vida. O seu tratamento e planejamento de custos de longo prazo devem proporcionar a maior autonomia possível, boa comunicação e meio ambiente digno e adequado, visando à saúde física e psicológica dos pacientes e a de seus familiares. O oftalmologista deve estar preparado para formar parte deste atendimento. Medidas simples, como piscar diante uma cartela, ou sofisticadas, como usar computador, são úteis e possibilitaram a "comunicação visual" dos pacientes, isto é, a expressão de idéias e pensamentos mediante os olhos e as pálpebras.
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2004
Somente um dos autores (CRC) tem interesse comercial.
Corneal Power Measurement After Laser In Situ Keratomileusis
Archives of Ophthalmology, 2005
... from Page 2. 8 of 10 cases would have had a residual ametropia of 1 di-opter or less (Table 2... more ... from Page 2. 8 of 10 cases would have had a residual ametropia of 1 di-opter or less (Table 2). Correspondence: Dr Arce, Rua Expedicionários 427, Sou-sas, Campinas SP 13106-028, Brazil (cgarce@mpc.com .br). 1. Sónego ...
How to Follow the Patient After Keratoconus Diagnosis
Keratoconus
Dual Scheimpflug Tomography and Placido Topography
Keratoconus
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2008
Aim: To compare the retinal morphologic characteristics of eyes with choroidal neovascularization... more Aim: To compare the retinal morphologic characteristics of eyes with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to pathologic myopia versus eyes with CNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), using quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) subanalysis. Methods: Twenty-one eyes of 21 patients newly diagnosed with CNV secondary to pathologic myopia, and 43 consecutive cases of eyes with newly diagnosed subfoveal CNV secondary to AMD were retrospectively collected. In all patients, StratusOCT images and fluorescein angiograms (FA) were available for analysis. StratusOCT images were analyzed using custom software (termed "OCTOR"), which allowed calculation of the thickness/volume of the neurosensory retina, subretinal
Key note lecture: Early detection of keratoconus suspects with advanced diagnostic tools
Objectives: To present a comprehensive summary of diagnostic tools used for early detection of ke... more Objectives: To present a comprehensive summary of diagnostic tools used for early detection of keratoconus. Methods: Review of strategies, signs, patterns and indices used to diagnosis keratoconus Results: Clinical signs of early corneal deformation can be detected by different devices and strategies.[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]
A importancia da relacao entre a evolucao natural do retinoblastoma e a idade, sexo e raca dos pacientes, a origem genetica, o estadio e tipo celular dos tumores
Complete Characterization of Laser Beam Ablation Profile on PMMA Material as a Function of Practical and Theoretical Parameters and its Consequence to the Improvement of Customized Refractive Surgery Outcomes
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2012
Purpose: To evaluate the dioptric power of the normal central cornea. Methods: Retrospective anal... more Purpose: To evaluate the dioptric power of the normal central cornea. Methods: Retrospective analysis of combined slitscanning and Placido-ring topography in 30 normal eyes. Results: Keratometric-mean, anterior-mean, thickness-mean, and total-mean powers; keratometric-optical and total-optical, keratometric-axial and total-axial, and total-tangential powers; equivalent power and the addition of anterior and posterior mean powers, were similar (p≥0.8361) in the four analyzed central areas with 0.04, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mm diameter. The posterior-mean power decreased (p=0.0030) from –6.62 D to –6.35 D. The average thickness increased (p=0.0231) from 524 μm to 554 μm, representing 0.13 D of total-mean corneal power. Keratometric-optical (p≤0.0167), keratometric-axial (p≤0.0099), and keratometric-mean powers (p≤0.0030) were approximately 1.5 D more positive than the respective total powers. Total-mean power was equal to equivalent power (p≥0.4907), and to the addition of anterior-mean and...
Quantitative Area Topography: A New Concept Applied to Study Normal and Pathologic Corneas
Sectorial and Annular Quantitative Area Pachymetry With the Orbscan II
Journal of Refractive Surgery
To present a new application of quantitative area pachymetry of the cornea. Sectorial quantitativ... more To present a new application of quantitative area pachymetry of the cornea. Sectorial quantitative area pachymetry of small corneal zones located at the center and surrounding areas is possible by means of the statistical analysis device and tools menu of Orbscan II (Bausch and Lomb). Average pachymetry of 1 central zone and 12 small zones around the center may be shown in the pachymetry map by simply formatting the system. Average pachymetry, standard deviation, rate of thickness variation (slope), and volume of analyzed annular corneal zone can also be automatically shown in a data window. The examination results can be printed and kept on record. The method is simple and descriptive. This type of preoperative evaluation may guide the manual or laser preparation of channels for intracorneal segments and the corneal trephination for lamellar or penetrating keratoplasty.
International journal of ophthalmology, 2016
To analyze the relationship between two visual functions and refractive, topographic, pachymetric... more To analyze the relationship between two visual functions and refractive, topographic, pachymetric and aberrometric indicators in eyes with keratoconus. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and letter contrast sensitivity (CS) were correlated with refraction, corneal topography, pachymetry, and total corneal wavefront data prospectively in 71 eyes with keratoconus. The topographic indices assessed were simulated keratometry for the flattest and steepest meridians (SimK1 and SimK2), posterior steeper K (Ks), elevation value in best-fit sphere (BFS) maps, squared eccentricity (Є(2)), aspheric asymmetric index (AAI), pachymetry, thickness progression index (TPI), the amount of pachymetric decentralization (APD), and GalileiTM-keratoconus indices. The mean CDVA (expressed as logMAR) were 0.25±0.21. The mean CS was 1.25±0.46. The spherical refraction correlated well with CDVA (r=-0.526, P<0.001). From topographic indices, SRI correlated with CS (r=-0.695), and IAI with CS (r=-0.672...
International journal of ophthalmology, 2016
To evaluate corneal parameters measured with a dual Scheimpflug analyzer in keratoconus patients ... more To evaluate corneal parameters measured with a dual Scheimpflug analyzer in keratoconus patients implanted with intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS). Fifty eyes of 40 keratoconus patients had Ferrara ICRS implantation from November 2010 to April 2014. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refraction, keratometry, asphericity, elevation, pachymetry, root mean square (RMS), spherical aberration and coma were studied. All patients were evaluated using a dual Scheimpflug system. The mean follow-up time after the procedure was 12.7mo. The mean UCVA improved from 0.82 to 0.31 (P<0.001); the mean BCVA improved from 0.42 to 0.05 (P<0.0001), the mean spherical refraction changed from -3.06±3.80 D to -0.80±2.5 D (P<0.0001) and the mean refraction astigmatism reduced from -4.51±2.08 D to -2.26±1.18 D (P<0.0001). The changes from preoperative to postoperative, in parameters of the anterior and posterior surface of the cornea, were statistically ...
Comunica��o visual por computador na esclerose lateral amiotr�fica
Arq Bras Oftalmol, 2004
Qualitative identification of rigid gas permeable contact lens materials by densitometry
The CLAO journal : official publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc, 1999
We describe a practical method to qualitatively identify polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and rigid ... more We describe a practical method to qualitatively identify polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lens materials. By progressive dilution of a saturated saline solution made with distilled or tap water and sodium chloride, we recorded comparative densitometry of rigid contact lens materials using a small hydrometer or by liquid displacement. The method was sensitive enough to separate the polymethylmethacrylate, all silicon-methacrylates, and all but two fluorine-containing silicon-methacrylates. The hydrometer had a precision of three decimals rounded to the nearest 0.005. There was only one RGP product that could have been confused with the PMMA material. Most silicon-methacrylates had lower densities than fluorine containing silicon-methacrylates. Only four of 25 products under 1.117 gm/cm3 contained fluorine. Densitometry with a hydrometer is an effective non-destructive method to identify RGP materials and to verify their quality. The method is easier...
Journal of Refractive Surgery, 2009
PURPOSE: To present the prospective application of the Orbscan II central 2-mm total-mean corneal... more PURPOSE: To present the prospective application of the Orbscan II central 2-mm total-mean corneal power obtained by quantitative area topography in intraocular lens (IOL) calculation after refractive surgery. METHODS: Calculated and achieved refraction and the difference between them were studied in 77 eyes of 61 patients with previous radial keratotomy (RK), RK and additional surgeries, myopic LASIK, myopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), or hyperopic LASIK who underwent phacoemulsifi cation without complications in 3 eye centers. All IOL calculations used the average from the central 2-mm Orbscan II total-mean power of maps centered on the pupil without the use of previous refractive data. Six IOL styles implanted within the bag were used. RESULTS: Using the SRK-T formula, the overall calculated refraction was Ϫ0.64Ϯ0.93 diopters (D). The overall achieved spherical equivalent refraction (Ϫ0.52Ϯ0.79 D) was Ϯ1.00 D in 78% of eyes and Ϯ2.00 D in 99% of eyes. The overall difference between the calculated and achieved refraction (0.12Ϯ0.93 D, P=.27) was Ϯ1.00 D in 77% of eyes and Ϯ2.00 D in 96% of eyes. This difference was Ϯ1.00 D in 77% of eyes with RK (P=.70) and in 90% of eyes with myopic LASIK (P=.34) or myopic PRK (P=.96). In eyes with RK followed by LASIK, a trend toward undercorrection was noted (P=.03). In eyes with hyperopic LASIK, a trend toward overcorrection was noted (P=.005). CONCLUSIONS: In eyes with previous corneal refractive surgery, IOL power calculation can be performed with reasonable accuracy using the Orbscan II central 2-mm total-mean power. This method had better outcomes in eyes with previous RK, myopic LASIK, and myopic PRK than in eyes with hyperopic LASIK or RK with LASIK.
Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery, 2008
Determining corneal power using Orbscan II videokeratography for IOL calculation after excimer laser surgery for myopia
Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery, 2007
The mean corneal power after refractive surgery based on BCK values using the Holladay 2 formula ... more The mean corneal power after refractive surgery based on BCK values using the Holladay 2 formula (BCK H2) was 39.35 diopters (D) ± 2.58 (SD). The mean manual value (40.52 ± 1.95 D) and Atlas-based values were statistically higher than BCK H2 values (P<.001). The ...
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2004
A esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença do sistema nervoso, degenerativa e incapacitan... more A esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença do sistema nervoso, degenerativa e incapacitante, caracterizada por perda de neurônios motores no córtex, tronco cerebral, e medula espinhal . A ELA, também conhecida como doença de Charcot na França, doença do neurônio motor no Reino Unido e doença de Lou Gehrig nos Estados Unidos, tem sido amplamente estudada no Brasil . Usualmente é esporádica, mas entre 5 a 10% dos casos são herdados de forma autossômica dominante . De causa e patogênese ainda desconhecidas, nos últimos quinze anos tem sido sugeridos mecanismos etiopatológicos diversos: morte celular por agressão autoimune nos canais do cálcio e incremento do cálcio intracelular, infecção Objetivo: Descrever os sistemas eletrônicos de comunicação utilizados por um paciente com esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) e a doença oftalmológica apresentada por um grupo de pacientes gravemente incapacitados. A partir deste relato, revisamos as manifestações oftalmológicas da esclerose lateral amiotrófica, os sistemas de comunicação não convencionais e a importância do atendimento domiciliar e da comunicação no tratamento destes pacientes. Métodos: Relato de casos clínicos, descrição de equipamento e revisão da literatura. Resultados: O paciente com esclerose lateral amiotrófica apresentou sintomas de origem bulbar, comprometimento da musculatura respiratória e dos membros, com musculatura ocular extrínseca parcialmente poupada, intelecto e estado de consciência intactos. Utilizando a mobilidade facial e a ocular, equipamento eletrônico e computador, ele conseguiu comunicar-se e trabalhar como desenhista gráfico. Atualmente, o tratamento paliativo recomendado para pacientes crônicos acamados é prestado por equipes multi-profissionais como a Assistência Domiciliar da Unimed-Campinas (ADUC). A doença oftalmológica encontrada neles é diversa. Conclusões: A esclerose lateral amiotrófica, assim como outras doenças crônicas podem deteriorar drasticamente a qualidade de vida. O seu tratamento e planejamento de custos de longo prazo devem proporcionar a maior autonomia possível, boa comunicação e meio ambiente digno e adequado, visando à saúde física e psicológica dos pacientes e a de seus familiares. O oftalmologista deve estar preparado para formar parte deste atendimento. Medidas simples, como piscar diante uma cartela, ou sofisticadas, como usar computador, são úteis e possibilitaram a "comunicação visual" dos pacientes, isto é, a expressão de idéias e pensamentos mediante os olhos e as pálpebras.
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2004
Somente um dos autores (CRC) tem interesse comercial.
Corneal Power Measurement After Laser In Situ Keratomileusis
Archives of Ophthalmology, 2005
... from Page 2. 8 of 10 cases would have had a residual ametropia of 1 di-opter or less (Table 2... more ... from Page 2. 8 of 10 cases would have had a residual ametropia of 1 di-opter or less (Table 2). Correspondence: Dr Arce, Rua Expedicionários 427, Sou-sas, Campinas SP 13106-028, Brazil (cgarce@mpc.com .br). 1. Sónego ...