Carmen Barnhardt - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Carmen Barnhardt

International Congress Series, 2005

Worldwide in all healthcare systems (socialised, insurance based and those in developing countrie... more Worldwide in all healthcare systems (socialised, insurance based and those in developing countries) people with intellectual disabilities receive a lower standard of care. However due to developmental problems, and issues of premature ageing, the healthcare needs of this population are greater than in the rest of the population. There are many barriers to care for this group of people, and

American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2007

Purpose: To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle... more Purpose: To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle correction.

JAMA ophthalmology, 2014

Initial treatment for amblyopia of the fellow eye with patching and atropine sulfate eyedrops imp... more Initial treatment for amblyopia of the fellow eye with patching and atropine sulfate eyedrops improves visual acuity. Long-term data on the durability of treatment benefit are needed. To report visual acuity at 15 years of age among patients who were younger than 7 years when enrolled in a treatment trial for moderate amblyopia. In a multicenter clinical trial, 419 children with amblyopia (visual acuity, 20/40 to 20/100) were randomly assigned to patching (minimum of 6 h/d) or atropine sulfate eyedrops, 1% (1 drop daily), for 6 months. Treatment after 6 months was at the discretion of the investigator. Two years after enrollment, an unselected subgroup of 188 children were enrolled into long-term follow-up. Initial treatment with patching or atropine with subsequent treatment at investigator discretion. Visual acuity at 15 years of age with the electronic Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study test in amblyopic and fellow eyes. Mean visual acuity in the amblyopic eye measured in...

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2009

Purpose-The objectives of the present study were to evaluate whether investigator bias influenced... more Purpose-The objectives of the present study were to evaluate whether investigator bias influenced the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) scores of children with normal binocular vision (NBV) in our original validation study, reevaluate the usefulness of the cut-off score of 16, and reexamine the validity of the CISS.

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2014

JAMA Ophthalmology, 2014

Initial treatment for amblyopia of the fellow eye with patching and atropine sulfate eyedrops imp... more Initial treatment for amblyopia of the fellow eye with patching and atropine sulfate eyedrops improves visual acuity. Long-term data on the durability of treatment benefit are needed. To report visual acuity at 15 years of age among patients who were younger than 7 years when enrolled in a treatment trial for moderate amblyopia. In a multicenter clinical trial, 419 children with amblyopia (visual acuity, 20/40 to 20/100) were randomly assigned to patching (minimum of 6 h/d) or atropine sulfate eyedrops, 1% (1 drop daily), for 6 months. Treatment after 6 months was at the discretion of the investigator. Two years after enrollment, an unselected subgroup of 188 children were enrolled into long-term follow-up. Initial treatment with patching or atropine with subsequent treatment at investigator discretion. Visual acuity at 15 years of age with the electronic Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study test in amblyopic and fellow eyes. Mean visual acuity in the amblyopic eye measured in 147 participants at 15 years of age was 0.14 logMAR (approximately 20/25); 59.9% of amblyopic eyes had visual acuity of 20/25 or better and 33.3%, 20/20 or better. Mean interocular acuity difference (IOD) at 15 years of age was 0.21 logMAR (2.1 lines); 48.3% had an IOD of 2 or more lines and 71.4%, 1 or more lines. Treatment (other than spectacles) was prescribed for 9 participants (6.1%) aged 10 to 15 years. Mean IOD was similar at examinations at 10 and 15 years of age (2.0 and 2.1 logMAR lines, respectively; P = .39). Better visual acuity at the 15-year examination was achieved in those who were younger than 5 years at the time of entry into the randomized clinical trial (mean logMAR, 0.09) compared with those aged 5 to 6 years (mean logMAR, 0.18; P < .001). When we compared subgroups based on original treatment with atropine or patching, no significant differences were observed in visual acuity of amblyopic and fellow eyes at 15 years of age (P = .44 and P = .43, respectively). At 15 years of age, most children treated for moderate amblyopia when younger than 7 years have good visual acuity, although mild residual amblyopia is common. The outcome is similar regardless of initial treatment with atropine or patching. The results indicate that improvement occurring with amblyopia treatment is maintained until at least 15 years of age. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000170.

Optometry - Journal of The American Optometric Association, 2006

The Neitz Test of Color Vision (Neitz) and Color Vision Testing Made Easy™ (CVTME) were compared ... more The Neitz Test of Color Vision (Neitz) and Color Vision Testing Made Easy™ (CVTME) were compared to determine which test was more effective in evaluating patients with intellectual disability (i.e., mental retardation) and developmental delay.Two hundred eight Special Olympics floor hockey athletes were screened in San Diego, California, and 93 athletes were screened in Long Beach, California for a total of 301 athletes. Each athlete was administered the CVTME and the Neitz tests.The pass rate for the CVTME was 94.6% (n = 93) at Long Beach and 96.2% (n = 208) at San Diego. Every athlete was able to complete the CVTME. The pass rate for the Neitz was 38.7% at Long Beach and 56.7% at San Diego. Additionally, 10.8% of the Long Beach athletes and 12.5% of the San Diego athletes were unable to understand the Neitz. In addition, there was a low level of agreement between the results from the 2 tests with kappa = 0.081 for the San Diego data and 0.028 for the Long Beach data.This study suggests that the CVTME continues to be the screening test of choice in evaluating color vision in individuals with intellectual disability. The Neitz had more failing scores on the first attempt and more total failing scores leading to over-referrals, making it an inappropriate screening test for individuals with intellectual disability and developmental delay.

Optometry (St. Louis, Mo.), 2006

The Neitz Test of Color Vision (Neitz) and Color Vision Testing Made Easy(trade mark) (CVTME) wer... more The Neitz Test of Color Vision (Neitz) and Color Vision Testing Made Easy(trade mark) (CVTME) were compared to determine which test was more effective in evaluating patients with intellectual disability (i.e., mental retardation) and developmental delay. Two hundred eight Special Olympics floor hockey athletes were screened in San Diego, California, and 93 athletes were screened in Long Beach, California for a total of 301 athletes. Each athlete was administered the CVTME and the Neitz tests. The pass rate for the CVTME was 94.6% (n = 93) at Long Beach and 96.2% (n = 208) at San Diego. Every athlete was able to complete the CVTME. The pass rate for the Neitz was 38.7% at Long Beach and 56.7% at San Diego. Additionally, 10.8% of the Long Beach athletes and 12.5% of the San Diego athletes were unable to understand the Neitz. In addition, there was a low level of agreement between the results from the 2 tests with kappa = 0.081 for the San Diego data and 0.028 for the Long Beach data. This study suggests that the CVTME continues to be the screening test of choice in evaluating color vision in individuals with intellectual disability. The Neitz had more failing scores on the first attempt and more total failing scores leading to over-referrals, making it an inappropriate screening test for individuals with intellectual disability and developmental delay.

Optometry and Vision Science, 2009

Purpose-The objectives of the present study were to evaluate whether investigator bias influenced... more Purpose-The objectives of the present study were to evaluate whether investigator bias influenced the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) scores of children with normal binocular vision (NBV) in our original validation study, reevaluate the usefulness of the cut-off score of 16, and reexamine the validity of the CISS.

Optometry and Vision Science, 2012

Purpose. To investigate symptom patterns and evaluate the relationship between patient characteri... more Purpose. To investigate symptom patterns and evaluate the relationship between patient characteristics and symptom severity before and after treatment for symptomatic children with convergence insufficiency (CI). Methods. In a randomized clinical trial, the convergence insufficiency symptom survey was administered pre-and posttreatment to 221 children aged 9 to Ͻ18 years with symptomatic CI. Frequency of symptom type was determined at baseline, mean change in performance-related vs. eye-related symptoms for treatment responders was compared, and the relationship between patient characteristics and symptom severity at baseline for the entire cohort and after treatment for those who responded to treatment was determined. Results. At baseline, the score for performance-related symptoms was greater than that for eye-related symptoms (mean response of 2.3 vs. 1.8, p Ͻ 0.001) regardless of age, sex, race/ethnicity, or presence of parent-reported Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Symptom severity increased with age for both the overall and eye-related subscale scores (p ϭ 0.048, p ϭ 0.022, respectively). Children with parent-reported ADHD were more symptomatic (p ϭ 0.005) than those without parent-reported ADHD because of a higher performance-related score (p Ͻ 0.001). A significant and equal improvement (p Ͻ 0.01) for the performance-and eye-related symptoms was found in treatment responders. Girls had significantly lower performance-related symptoms than boys (p ϭ 0.014), and black children reported less eye-related symptoms than white children (p ϭ 0.022). Children without parent-reported ADHD had significantly less symptoms overall and less eye-related symptoms than children with parent-reported ADHD (p ϭ 0.019, p ϭ 0.011, respectively). Conclusions. Because of a high frequency of both performance-and eye-related symptoms, clinicians should perform a targeted history that addresses both types of symptoms to help identify children with symptomatic CI. Future study regarding the relationship of CI and symptoms and their potential influence on ADHD, reading performance, and attention is warranted. (Optom Vis Sci 2012;89:1512-1520

Optometry and Vision Science, 2002

Optometry and Vision Science, 2002

Optometry and Vision Science, 2000

Optometry and Vision Science, 2001

The relationship between visual-motor integration and academic achievement is not clearly underst... more The relationship between visual-motor integration and academic achievement is not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the type and frequency of errors made by children with poor visual-motor integration during a written language and math task. Eighteen children with normal visual-motor integration (> or =36%) and 19 children with low visual-motor integration (< or =16%) participated in the study. The two groups had similar ages, gender profiles, and cognitive and reading levels. Each group copied and solved math problems and copied a written passage. The errors for the math and writing task were combined into a total error score, and the time taken to complete each task was combined into a total time score. The low visual-motor integration group made more errors than the normal visual-motor integration group. However, the time taken to copy both tasks was not different between the two groups. A secondary analysis of the errors revealed that alignment of numbers (p = 0.02), organization of math problems (p = 0.05), and spacing errors of letters and words (p = 0.01) were more common in the low visual-motor integration group. The results suggest that reduced visual-motor integration may contribute to poor spatial organization of written work.

Optometry and Vision Science, 2005

The relationship between visual-motor integration and academic achievement is not clearly underst... more The relationship between visual-motor integration and academic achievement is not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the type and frequency of errors made by children with poor visual-motor integration during a written language and math task. Eighteen children with normal visual-motor integration (> or =36%) and 19 children with low visual-motor integration (< or =16%) participated in the study. The two groups had similar ages, gender profiles, and cognitive and reading levels. Each group copied and solved math problems and copied a written passage. The errors for the math and writing task were combined into a total error score, and the time taken to complete each task was combined into a total time score. The low visual-motor integration group made more errors than the normal visual-motor integration group. However, the time taken to copy both tasks was not different between the two groups. A secondary analysis of the errors revealed that alignment of numbers (p = 0.02), organization of math problems (p = 0.05), and spacing errors of letters and words (p = 0.01) were more common in the low visual-motor integration group. The results suggest that reduced visual-motor integration may contribute to poor spatial organization of written work.

American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2007

To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle correcti... more To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle correction.Prospective, interventional case series.Twelve patients with previously untreated strabismic amblyopia were prescribed spectacles and examined at five-week intervals until visual acuity was not improved from the prior visit.Amblyopic eye acuity improved by 2 lines or more from spectacle-corrected baseline acuity in nine of the 12 patients (75%), resolving in three (interocular difference ≤1 line). Mean change from baseline to maximum improvement was 2.2 ± 1.8 lines. Improvement continued for up to 25 weeks.These results support the suggestion from a prior study that strabismic amblyopia can improve and even resolve with spectacle correction alone. Larger studies with concurrent controls are needed to confirm or refute these findings.

American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2007

Purpose: To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle... more Purpose: To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle correction.

International Congress Series, 2005

Worldwide in all healthcare systems (socialised, insurance based and those in developing countrie... more Worldwide in all healthcare systems (socialised, insurance based and those in developing countries) people with intellectual disabilities receive a lower standard of care. However due to developmental problems, and issues of premature ageing, the healthcare needs of this population are greater than in the rest of the population. There are many barriers to care for this group of people, and

American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2007

Purpose: To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle... more Purpose: To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle correction.

JAMA ophthalmology, 2014

Initial treatment for amblyopia of the fellow eye with patching and atropine sulfate eyedrops imp... more Initial treatment for amblyopia of the fellow eye with patching and atropine sulfate eyedrops improves visual acuity. Long-term data on the durability of treatment benefit are needed. To report visual acuity at 15 years of age among patients who were younger than 7 years when enrolled in a treatment trial for moderate amblyopia. In a multicenter clinical trial, 419 children with amblyopia (visual acuity, 20/40 to 20/100) were randomly assigned to patching (minimum of 6 h/d) or atropine sulfate eyedrops, 1% (1 drop daily), for 6 months. Treatment after 6 months was at the discretion of the investigator. Two years after enrollment, an unselected subgroup of 188 children were enrolled into long-term follow-up. Initial treatment with patching or atropine with subsequent treatment at investigator discretion. Visual acuity at 15 years of age with the electronic Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study test in amblyopic and fellow eyes. Mean visual acuity in the amblyopic eye measured in...

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2009

Purpose-The objectives of the present study were to evaluate whether investigator bias influenced... more Purpose-The objectives of the present study were to evaluate whether investigator bias influenced the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) scores of children with normal binocular vision (NBV) in our original validation study, reevaluate the usefulness of the cut-off score of 16, and reexamine the validity of the CISS.

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2014

JAMA Ophthalmology, 2014

Initial treatment for amblyopia of the fellow eye with patching and atropine sulfate eyedrops imp... more Initial treatment for amblyopia of the fellow eye with patching and atropine sulfate eyedrops improves visual acuity. Long-term data on the durability of treatment benefit are needed. To report visual acuity at 15 years of age among patients who were younger than 7 years when enrolled in a treatment trial for moderate amblyopia. In a multicenter clinical trial, 419 children with amblyopia (visual acuity, 20/40 to 20/100) were randomly assigned to patching (minimum of 6 h/d) or atropine sulfate eyedrops, 1% (1 drop daily), for 6 months. Treatment after 6 months was at the discretion of the investigator. Two years after enrollment, an unselected subgroup of 188 children were enrolled into long-term follow-up. Initial treatment with patching or atropine with subsequent treatment at investigator discretion. Visual acuity at 15 years of age with the electronic Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study test in amblyopic and fellow eyes. Mean visual acuity in the amblyopic eye measured in 147 participants at 15 years of age was 0.14 logMAR (approximately 20/25); 59.9% of amblyopic eyes had visual acuity of 20/25 or better and 33.3%, 20/20 or better. Mean interocular acuity difference (IOD) at 15 years of age was 0.21 logMAR (2.1 lines); 48.3% had an IOD of 2 or more lines and 71.4%, 1 or more lines. Treatment (other than spectacles) was prescribed for 9 participants (6.1%) aged 10 to 15 years. Mean IOD was similar at examinations at 10 and 15 years of age (2.0 and 2.1 logMAR lines, respectively; P = .39). Better visual acuity at the 15-year examination was achieved in those who were younger than 5 years at the time of entry into the randomized clinical trial (mean logMAR, 0.09) compared with those aged 5 to 6 years (mean logMAR, 0.18; P < .001). When we compared subgroups based on original treatment with atropine or patching, no significant differences were observed in visual acuity of amblyopic and fellow eyes at 15 years of age (P = .44 and P = .43, respectively). At 15 years of age, most children treated for moderate amblyopia when younger than 7 years have good visual acuity, although mild residual amblyopia is common. The outcome is similar regardless of initial treatment with atropine or patching. The results indicate that improvement occurring with amblyopia treatment is maintained until at least 15 years of age. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000170.

Optometry - Journal of The American Optometric Association, 2006

The Neitz Test of Color Vision (Neitz) and Color Vision Testing Made Easy™ (CVTME) were compared ... more The Neitz Test of Color Vision (Neitz) and Color Vision Testing Made Easy™ (CVTME) were compared to determine which test was more effective in evaluating patients with intellectual disability (i.e., mental retardation) and developmental delay.Two hundred eight Special Olympics floor hockey athletes were screened in San Diego, California, and 93 athletes were screened in Long Beach, California for a total of 301 athletes. Each athlete was administered the CVTME and the Neitz tests.The pass rate for the CVTME was 94.6% (n = 93) at Long Beach and 96.2% (n = 208) at San Diego. Every athlete was able to complete the CVTME. The pass rate for the Neitz was 38.7% at Long Beach and 56.7% at San Diego. Additionally, 10.8% of the Long Beach athletes and 12.5% of the San Diego athletes were unable to understand the Neitz. In addition, there was a low level of agreement between the results from the 2 tests with kappa = 0.081 for the San Diego data and 0.028 for the Long Beach data.This study suggests that the CVTME continues to be the screening test of choice in evaluating color vision in individuals with intellectual disability. The Neitz had more failing scores on the first attempt and more total failing scores leading to over-referrals, making it an inappropriate screening test for individuals with intellectual disability and developmental delay.

Optometry (St. Louis, Mo.), 2006

The Neitz Test of Color Vision (Neitz) and Color Vision Testing Made Easy(trade mark) (CVTME) wer... more The Neitz Test of Color Vision (Neitz) and Color Vision Testing Made Easy(trade mark) (CVTME) were compared to determine which test was more effective in evaluating patients with intellectual disability (i.e., mental retardation) and developmental delay. Two hundred eight Special Olympics floor hockey athletes were screened in San Diego, California, and 93 athletes were screened in Long Beach, California for a total of 301 athletes. Each athlete was administered the CVTME and the Neitz tests. The pass rate for the CVTME was 94.6% (n = 93) at Long Beach and 96.2% (n = 208) at San Diego. Every athlete was able to complete the CVTME. The pass rate for the Neitz was 38.7% at Long Beach and 56.7% at San Diego. Additionally, 10.8% of the Long Beach athletes and 12.5% of the San Diego athletes were unable to understand the Neitz. In addition, there was a low level of agreement between the results from the 2 tests with kappa = 0.081 for the San Diego data and 0.028 for the Long Beach data. This study suggests that the CVTME continues to be the screening test of choice in evaluating color vision in individuals with intellectual disability. The Neitz had more failing scores on the first attempt and more total failing scores leading to over-referrals, making it an inappropriate screening test for individuals with intellectual disability and developmental delay.

Optometry and Vision Science, 2009

Purpose-The objectives of the present study were to evaluate whether investigator bias influenced... more Purpose-The objectives of the present study were to evaluate whether investigator bias influenced the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) scores of children with normal binocular vision (NBV) in our original validation study, reevaluate the usefulness of the cut-off score of 16, and reexamine the validity of the CISS.

Optometry and Vision Science, 2012

Purpose. To investigate symptom patterns and evaluate the relationship between patient characteri... more Purpose. To investigate symptom patterns and evaluate the relationship between patient characteristics and symptom severity before and after treatment for symptomatic children with convergence insufficiency (CI). Methods. In a randomized clinical trial, the convergence insufficiency symptom survey was administered pre-and posttreatment to 221 children aged 9 to Ͻ18 years with symptomatic CI. Frequency of symptom type was determined at baseline, mean change in performance-related vs. eye-related symptoms for treatment responders was compared, and the relationship between patient characteristics and symptom severity at baseline for the entire cohort and after treatment for those who responded to treatment was determined. Results. At baseline, the score for performance-related symptoms was greater than that for eye-related symptoms (mean response of 2.3 vs. 1.8, p Ͻ 0.001) regardless of age, sex, race/ethnicity, or presence of parent-reported Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Symptom severity increased with age for both the overall and eye-related subscale scores (p ϭ 0.048, p ϭ 0.022, respectively). Children with parent-reported ADHD were more symptomatic (p ϭ 0.005) than those without parent-reported ADHD because of a higher performance-related score (p Ͻ 0.001). A significant and equal improvement (p Ͻ 0.01) for the performance-and eye-related symptoms was found in treatment responders. Girls had significantly lower performance-related symptoms than boys (p ϭ 0.014), and black children reported less eye-related symptoms than white children (p ϭ 0.022). Children without parent-reported ADHD had significantly less symptoms overall and less eye-related symptoms than children with parent-reported ADHD (p ϭ 0.019, p ϭ 0.011, respectively). Conclusions. Because of a high frequency of both performance-and eye-related symptoms, clinicians should perform a targeted history that addresses both types of symptoms to help identify children with symptomatic CI. Future study regarding the relationship of CI and symptoms and their potential influence on ADHD, reading performance, and attention is warranted. (Optom Vis Sci 2012;89:1512-1520

Optometry and Vision Science, 2002

Optometry and Vision Science, 2002

Optometry and Vision Science, 2000

Optometry and Vision Science, 2001

The relationship between visual-motor integration and academic achievement is not clearly underst... more The relationship between visual-motor integration and academic achievement is not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the type and frequency of errors made by children with poor visual-motor integration during a written language and math task. Eighteen children with normal visual-motor integration (> or =36%) and 19 children with low visual-motor integration (< or =16%) participated in the study. The two groups had similar ages, gender profiles, and cognitive and reading levels. Each group copied and solved math problems and copied a written passage. The errors for the math and writing task were combined into a total error score, and the time taken to complete each task was combined into a total time score. The low visual-motor integration group made more errors than the normal visual-motor integration group. However, the time taken to copy both tasks was not different between the two groups. A secondary analysis of the errors revealed that alignment of numbers (p = 0.02), organization of math problems (p = 0.05), and spacing errors of letters and words (p = 0.01) were more common in the low visual-motor integration group. The results suggest that reduced visual-motor integration may contribute to poor spatial organization of written work.

Optometry and Vision Science, 2005

The relationship between visual-motor integration and academic achievement is not clearly underst... more The relationship between visual-motor integration and academic achievement is not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the type and frequency of errors made by children with poor visual-motor integration during a written language and math task. Eighteen children with normal visual-motor integration (> or =36%) and 19 children with low visual-motor integration (< or =16%) participated in the study. The two groups had similar ages, gender profiles, and cognitive and reading levels. Each group copied and solved math problems and copied a written passage. The errors for the math and writing task were combined into a total error score, and the time taken to complete each task was combined into a total time score. The low visual-motor integration group made more errors than the normal visual-motor integration group. However, the time taken to copy both tasks was not different between the two groups. A secondary analysis of the errors revealed that alignment of numbers (p = 0.02), organization of math problems (p = 0.05), and spacing errors of letters and words (p = 0.01) were more common in the low visual-motor integration group. The results suggest that reduced visual-motor integration may contribute to poor spatial organization of written work.

American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2007

To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle correcti... more To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle correction.Prospective, interventional case series.Twelve patients with previously untreated strabismic amblyopia were prescribed spectacles and examined at five-week intervals until visual acuity was not improved from the prior visit.Amblyopic eye acuity improved by 2 lines or more from spectacle-corrected baseline acuity in nine of the 12 patients (75%), resolving in three (interocular difference ≤1 line). Mean change from baseline to maximum improvement was 2.2 ± 1.8 lines. Improvement continued for up to 25 weeks.These results support the suggestion from a prior study that strabismic amblyopia can improve and even resolve with spectacle correction alone. Larger studies with concurrent controls are needed to confirm or refute these findings.

American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2007

Purpose: To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle... more Purpose: To report data on the response of previously untreated strabismic amblyopia to spectacle correction.