Carol Gonzalez - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Carol Gonzalez
Behavioral Neuroscience, 1985
Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses were examined in infant rhesu... more Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses were examined in infant rhesus monkeys at 4 and 9 months of age. Infants and mothers were removed from the social group and housed as dyads. Following this period, infants were removed and separated under four counterbalanced conditions: (a) totally isolated--placed in a holding cage for 24 hr; (b) mother present, no contact--housed in a single cage in view of their mother, no contact; (c) mother present, contact--similar to above, with mother in proximity to the infant; and (d) peer present--separated but in proximity to a peer. In the first experiment, the infants rarely vocalized when totally isolated but showed high rates of vocalization in the presence of the mother, both with and without contact. In the mother-present conditions, they failed to show a plasma cortisol response. In contrast, totally isolated infants showed a significant elevation in plasma cortisol. At 9 months of age, these infants were separated for 3 days under two different conditions: mother present and totally isolated. Once again, the infants that were totally isolated showed little vocalization but significant elevations in plasma cortisol. In contrast, infants separated in the presence of their mothers showed high vocalization rates but no cortisol response. The concepts of protest and despair are discussed as they relate to behavioral and physiological differences observed following different separation paradigms.
Child Development, 1984
Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses to separation were examined i... more Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses to separation were examined in 4-month-old rhesus monkeys. Infants were removed from their social group under 3 counterbalanced conditions: (1) infant totally isolated from its familiar physical and social environment and placed alone in a cage for 4 days; (2) "mother in"--housing the infant in a single cage in front of its social group with mother remaining in the group; (3) "mother out"--similar situation, except that mother was removed from the group during separation. Infant behavior was recorded, and, at selected times during separation, a blood sample was obtained for analysis of plasma cortisol. Infants rarely vocalized when totally isolated, but showed high vocalization and movement in the presence of their social groups. Vocalization was transiently higher in mother-out condition than in mother-in condition. Infants never showed signs of depression. Plasma cortisol response did not differentiate between groups. Animals showed significantly high levels of plasma cortisol 3 hours following separation. These data indicate that the responses of the infant following separation are attempts to produce effective coping responses. The concepts of "protest" and "despair" are discussed as they relate to behavioral differences observed following different separation paradigms.
Behavioral Neuroscience, 1985
Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses were examined in infant rhesu... more Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses were examined in infant rhesus monkeys at 4 and 9 months of age. Infants and mothers were removed from the social group and housed as dyads. Following this period, infants were removed and separated under four counterbalanced conditions: (a) totally isolated--placed in a holding cage for 24 hr; (b) mother present, no contact--housed in a single cage in view of their mother, no contact; (c) mother present, contact--similar to above, with mother in proximity to the infant; and (d) peer present--separated but in proximity to a peer. In the first experiment, the infants rarely vocalized when totally isolated but showed high rates of vocalization in the presence of the mother, both with and without contact. In the mother-present conditions, they failed to show a plasma cortisol response. In contrast, totally isolated infants showed a significant elevation in plasma cortisol. At 9 months of age, these infants were separated for 3 days under two different conditions: mother present and totally isolated. Once again, the infants that were totally isolated showed little vocalization but significant elevations in plasma cortisol. In contrast, infants separated in the presence of their mothers showed high vocalization rates but no cortisol response. The concepts of protest and despair are discussed as they relate to behavioral and physiological differences observed following different separation paradigms.
American Journal of Primatology, 1981
The behavioral and hormonal responses of squirrel monkeys of the Bolivian and Guyanese subspecies... more The behavioral and hormonal responses of squirrel monkeys of the Bolivian and Guyanese subspecies were compared after a group formation procedure. Two groups of each subspecies, consisting of five females and three males (later reduced to two) were observed daily during the week of group formation and for nine weeks following removal of a single male from each group. Measures of plasma cortisol were examined in the females after the initial group formation and after the groups were reduced by one male. The levels of plasma testosterone were assessed in all the males during the initial week of group formation. Linear dominance hierarchies were determined both within and across the sexes in both subspecies. The frequency and directionality of low-level aggressive interactions indicated that females of the Bolivian subspecies were dominant to the males, while the males of the Guyanese subspecies ranked over all the females. Additionally, the Bolivian squirrel monkey females showed an elevation of plasma cortisol on the day of group formation, which declined 48 hr later, then reelevated after the groups were reduced by one male and declined gradually over a nine-week period. Guyanese females showed little change in cortisol levels during both periods. This suggests fundamental hormonal, as well as behavioral, differences between the two subspecies. The change in plasma testosterone levels in the males during the initial week of group formation was positively correlated with social status. Furthermore, differences in the dynamics within individual groups for each subspecies were reflected by the levels of plasma cortisol of the female members.
Fems Microbiology Letters, 1996
Mice were immunized with resin-bound peptides whose sequences have been proposed to be part of ex... more Mice were immunized with resin-bound peptides whose sequences have been proposed to be part of exposed loops in SaZmonelZa typhi outer membrane protein OmpC. To screen hybridomas for monoclonal antibodies against those epitopes, we designed fusion proteins where the candidate peptide sequence was attached to the amino end of cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB). The constructed fusion proteins allowed the efficient selection of positive clones by GMl-ELISA.
Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, 1994
Fems Microbiology Letters, 1996
Abstract Mice were immunized with resin-bound peptides whose sequences have been proposed to be p... more Abstract Mice were immunized with resin-bound peptides whose sequences have been proposed to be part of exposed loops in Salmonella typhi outer membrane protein OmpC. To screen hybridomas for monoclonal antibodies against those epitopes, we designed fusion proteins where the candidate peptide sequence was attached to the amino end of cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB). The constructed fusion proteins allowed the efficient selection of positive clones by GM1-ELISA. Selected antibodies recognized purified OmpC and whole Salmonella bacteria. This suggests a native structure of our genetically attached peptides in agreement with immunological properties reported for previous CTB recombinant fusion proteins. In a more general context, CTB hybrids could be used to screen for antibodies towards immunogenic epitopes in other systems. This might turn out to be particularly useful when producing antibodies against peptide sequences in microorganisms whose handling is difficult or that pose inherent health risks.
Epidemiology and Infection, 1995
Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, 1995
Behavioral Neuroscience, 1985
Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses were examined in infant rhesu... more Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses were examined in infant rhesus monkeys at 4 and 9 months of age. Infants and mothers were removed from the social group and housed as dyads. Following this period, infants were removed and separated under four counterbalanced conditions: (a) totally isolated--placed in a holding cage for 24 hr; (b) mother present, no contact--housed in a single cage in view of their mother, no contact; (c) mother present, contact--similar to above, with mother in proximity to the infant; and (d) peer present--separated but in proximity to a peer. In the first experiment, the infants rarely vocalized when totally isolated but showed high rates of vocalization in the presence of the mother, both with and without contact. In the mother-present conditions, they failed to show a plasma cortisol response. In contrast, totally isolated infants showed a significant elevation in plasma cortisol. At 9 months of age, these infants were separated for 3 days under two different conditions: mother present and totally isolated. Once again, the infants that were totally isolated showed little vocalization but significant elevations in plasma cortisol. In contrast, infants separated in the presence of their mothers showed high vocalization rates but no cortisol response. The concepts of protest and despair are discussed as they relate to behavioral and physiological differences observed following different separation paradigms.
Child Development, 1984
Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses to separation were examined i... more Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses to separation were examined in 4-month-old rhesus monkeys. Infants were removed from their social group under 3 counterbalanced conditions: (1) infant totally isolated from its familiar physical and social environment and placed alone in a cage for 4 days; (2) "mother in"--housing the infant in a single cage in front of its social group with mother remaining in the group; (3) "mother out"--similar situation, except that mother was removed from the group during separation. Infant behavior was recorded, and, at selected times during separation, a blood sample was obtained for analysis of plasma cortisol. Infants rarely vocalized when totally isolated, but showed high vocalization and movement in the presence of their social groups. Vocalization was transiently higher in mother-out condition than in mother-in condition. Infants never showed signs of depression. Plasma cortisol response did not differentiate between groups. Animals showed significantly high levels of plasma cortisol 3 hours following separation. These data indicate that the responses of the infant following separation are attempts to produce effective coping responses. The concepts of "protest" and "despair" are discussed as they relate to behavioral differences observed following different separation paradigms.
Behavioral Neuroscience, 1985
Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses were examined in infant rhesu... more Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses were examined in infant rhesus monkeys at 4 and 9 months of age. Infants and mothers were removed from the social group and housed as dyads. Following this period, infants were removed and separated under four counterbalanced conditions: (a) totally isolated--placed in a holding cage for 24 hr; (b) mother present, no contact--housed in a single cage in view of their mother, no contact; (c) mother present, contact--similar to above, with mother in proximity to the infant; and (d) peer present--separated but in proximity to a peer. In the first experiment, the infants rarely vocalized when totally isolated but showed high rates of vocalization in the presence of the mother, both with and without contact. In the mother-present conditions, they failed to show a plasma cortisol response. In contrast, totally isolated infants showed a significant elevation in plasma cortisol. At 9 months of age, these infants were separated for 3 days under two different conditions: mother present and totally isolated. Once again, the infants that were totally isolated showed little vocalization but significant elevations in plasma cortisol. In contrast, infants separated in the presence of their mothers showed high vocalization rates but no cortisol response. The concepts of protest and despair are discussed as they relate to behavioral and physiological differences observed following different separation paradigms.
American Journal of Primatology, 1981
The behavioral and hormonal responses of squirrel monkeys of the Bolivian and Guyanese subspecies... more The behavioral and hormonal responses of squirrel monkeys of the Bolivian and Guyanese subspecies were compared after a group formation procedure. Two groups of each subspecies, consisting of five females and three males (later reduced to two) were observed daily during the week of group formation and for nine weeks following removal of a single male from each group. Measures of plasma cortisol were examined in the females after the initial group formation and after the groups were reduced by one male. The levels of plasma testosterone were assessed in all the males during the initial week of group formation. Linear dominance hierarchies were determined both within and across the sexes in both subspecies. The frequency and directionality of low-level aggressive interactions indicated that females of the Bolivian subspecies were dominant to the males, while the males of the Guyanese subspecies ranked over all the females. Additionally, the Bolivian squirrel monkey females showed an elevation of plasma cortisol on the day of group formation, which declined 48 hr later, then reelevated after the groups were reduced by one male and declined gradually over a nine-week period. Guyanese females showed little change in cortisol levels during both periods. This suggests fundamental hormonal, as well as behavioral, differences between the two subspecies. The change in plasma testosterone levels in the males during the initial week of group formation was positively correlated with social status. Furthermore, differences in the dynamics within individual groups for each subspecies were reflected by the levels of plasma cortisol of the female members.
Fems Microbiology Letters, 1996
Mice were immunized with resin-bound peptides whose sequences have been proposed to be part of ex... more Mice were immunized with resin-bound peptides whose sequences have been proposed to be part of exposed loops in SaZmonelZa typhi outer membrane protein OmpC. To screen hybridomas for monoclonal antibodies against those epitopes, we designed fusion proteins where the candidate peptide sequence was attached to the amino end of cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB). The constructed fusion proteins allowed the efficient selection of positive clones by GMl-ELISA.
Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, 1994
Fems Microbiology Letters, 1996
Abstract Mice were immunized with resin-bound peptides whose sequences have been proposed to be p... more Abstract Mice were immunized with resin-bound peptides whose sequences have been proposed to be part of exposed loops in Salmonella typhi outer membrane protein OmpC. To screen hybridomas for monoclonal antibodies against those epitopes, we designed fusion proteins where the candidate peptide sequence was attached to the amino end of cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB). The constructed fusion proteins allowed the efficient selection of positive clones by GM1-ELISA. Selected antibodies recognized purified OmpC and whole Salmonella bacteria. This suggests a native structure of our genetically attached peptides in agreement with immunological properties reported for previous CTB recombinant fusion proteins. In a more general context, CTB hybrids could be used to screen for antibodies towards immunogenic epitopes in other systems. This might turn out to be particularly useful when producing antibodies against peptide sequences in microorganisms whose handling is difficult or that pose inherent health risks.
Epidemiology and Infection, 1995
Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, 1995