Carole McRae - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Carole McRae
Marine Chemistry, Dec 1, 2003
ABSTRACT The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments of a coas... more ABSTRACT The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments of a coastal lagoon of the Adriatic Sea (Pialassa, Baiona, Ravenna, Italy) has been investigated. Concentrations, molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic ratios (δ13C) of PAHs extracted from core sediments and soils have been determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and diode array detection (DAD), by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (GC–IRMS). The total concentrations of PAHs in core sediments are highly variable, ranging from 30 to 112,000 ng/g and exhibit depth profiles similar to those registered for mercury and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC was manufactured in the nearby industry from acetylene, in turn produced by partial combustion/pyrolysis of methane, the process considered responsible for PAH emission into the lagoon. In accordance, the molecular pattern of PAHs found in sediments is similar to that reported for the interior of fuel rich premixed flames of methane, being characterised by the dominance of pyrene, cyclopenta[cd]pyrene, benzo[ghi]fluoranthene, fluoranthene and by the presence of several five-membered ring PAHs, including high levels of 4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene and minor amounts of dicyclopentapyrenes. The extremely low δ13C values of sedimentary PAHs (from −62‰ to −36‰) confirm that local biogenic methane is their major source. The distribution of the isotopic signatures suggests PAHs were introduced into the lagoon by direct discharge into the water body rather than by atmospheric fallout. The uncommon molecular and isotopic distribution of these PAHs is proposed as fingerprinting specific for pyrolysis of biogenic methane useful to source apportionment.
Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology
Renewable Energy, 1994
To assess the effects of mass transfer and hydrogen pressure on the oil yield and quality from ce... more To assess the effects of mass transfer and hydrogen pressure on the oil yield and quality from cellulosic biomass, fixed-bed pyrolysis (atmospheric pressure) and hydropyrolysis experiments at temperatures between 400 and 650°(2 have been conducted on sunflower bagasse and pure cellulose. The Euphorbia Rigida was extracted with n-hexane and methanol to remove low molecular mass terpenoids and
Fuel, 2002
Ten sapropels, deposited in three different basins of the eastern Mediterranean since the Miocene... more Ten sapropels, deposited in three different basins of the eastern Mediterranean since the Miocene and selected from cores of the Deep Sea Drilling Programme have been characterised by elemental analysis;¯uorescence, infra-red and NMR spectrometry, by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and by catalytic hydrogenation at moderately high pressure. The sapropels are Types I±II kerogens, which have been oxidised, probably by a front experienced, since their deposition. Only one, from the Cretan basin, contained structures from lignin. The others, typical of a marine deposition, possessed aromaticities of about 0.2. Their detailed organic structures are described.
Fuel, 1999
To investigate the yields of specific compounds and compound classes that can be achieved by co-p... more To investigate the yields of specific compounds and compound classes that can be achieved by co-processing single-stream plastic waste in carbonisation, a series of GrayKing tests have been conducted on blends of Gascoigne Wood (UK high volatile bituminous coal) and ...
Energy & Fuels, 2002
... A. Bueno-López, A. García-García, C. Salinas-Martinez de Lecea,* C. McRae, and CE Sna... more ... A. Bueno-López, A. García-García, C. Salinas-Martinez de Lecea,* C. McRae, and CE Snape §. ... 5) García-García, A.; Chinchón-Yepes, S.; Linares-Solano, A.; Salinas-Martínez de Lecea, C. Energy Fuels1997, 11, 292. ...
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1997
ABSTRACT To probe the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the carbonizati... more ABSTRACT To probe the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the carbonization, gasification, and liquefaction of coals and other solid fuels, nonsoftening phenol—formaldehyde (PF) co-resites are ideal since they facilitate the incorporation of individual PAHs into a highly crosslinked matrix. A series of PAH and diphenylalkane-containing phenolic co-resites have been prepared using phenol with, as the second component, 2-naphthol, 4-hydroxy diphenylmethane, 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylethane, 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)naphthalene, 9-(4-hydroxybenzyl)anthracene, and 9-(4-hydroxybenzyl)phenanthrene. A mole ratio of 3 : 1 (phenol : second phenolic constituent) was adopted to ensure that a reasonably high degree of crosslinking was achieved. The virtually complete elimination of ether and methylol functions from the resoles by curing at 200°C was monitored by solid-state 13C-NMR. The resites were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The volatile-matter contents of the PAH-containing resites were all higher than that of the normal resite. The carbonization of the 9-(4-hydroxybenzyl)anthracene-containing resite in a fluidized-bed reactor is used to illustrate the potential applications of the PAH-containing resites in fuel science. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 663–671, 1997
Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 2002
Atmospheric Environment, 2013
Marine Chemistry, 2003
The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments of a coastal lagoo... more The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments of a coastal lagoon of the Adriatic Sea (Pialassa, Baiona, Ravenna, Italy) has been investigated. Concentrations, molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic ratios ( δ 13 C) of PAHs extracted from core sediments and soils have been determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and diode array detection (DAD), by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (GC–IRMS). The total concentrations of PAHs in core sediments are highly variable, ranging from 30 to 112,000 ng/g and exhibit depth profiles similar to those registered for mercury and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC was manufactured in the nearby industry from acetylene, in turn produced by partial combustion/pyrolysis of methane, the process considered responsible for PAH emission into the lagoon. In accordance, the molecular pattern of PAHs found in sediments is similar to that ...
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Dec 1, 2000
To investigate the effects of domestic coal burning on the distribution and isotopic composition ... more To investigate the effects of domestic coal burning on the distribution and isotopic composition of environmental PAH, a series of soil samples were collected in a coal-burning village nearby Glasgow, UK. Analyses showed that, typically, PAHs in the Lochwinnoch village samples were isotopically heavy having δC values close to −25‰ that are consistent with the PAHs emanating from coal burning.
Atmospheric Environment, 2013
Fuel, 2003
4684] that, for thermal conversion regimes where volatiles survive to a significant degree (e.g. ... more 4684] that, for thermal conversion regimes where volatiles survive to a significant degree (e.g. low and high temperature carbonisation, domestic combustion), the stable carbon isotopic signatures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are similar to those of the parent coals (ca. 225‰, cf. 2 23.5‰ for the coals). This information has been used to unambiguously identify coal-derived PAHs in contaminated land sites. Aromatic hydrocarbons in a number of samples analysed from a former foundry site at Mansfield displayed variable compositions with those containing predominately alkylated benzenes and naphthalenes having carbon stable isotopic ratios in the range of 2 28 to 2 30‰, typical of transport fuels. The aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions confirmed the petroleum origin and indicated that the oil had also been biodegraded. Less negative (enriched in 13 C, 225 to 2 26‰) isotopic profiles were obtained for the fractions rich in 3 -6 ring parent PAHs, indicating a significant input from coal utilisation. Separating the aromatic by ring size enabled the coal-derived 3 -6 ring PAHs to be identified in samples where petroleum-derived alkylated benzenes and naphthalenes dominated. A similar situation to this with only a small input from coal-derived PAHs was found for a soil heavily contaminated with diesel fuel from the Motherwell area. Carbon stable isotopic data taken in conjunction with PAH distributions indicate that the coal tar contaminating an area of Glasgow Green, which was believed to be dumped during the Second World War and was unearthed recently, probably originated from a high temperature coking plant as opposed to a gas works, as indicated by the isotopic signatures of the distributions of PAHs. q
Marine Chemistry, 2003
The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments of a coastal lagoo... more The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments of a coastal lagoon of the Adriatic Sea (Pialassa, Baiona, Ravenna, Italy) has been investigated. Concentrations, molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic ratios (δ13C) of PAHs extracted from core sediments and soils have been determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and diode array detection (DAD), by gas
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 2000
To investigate the effects of domestic coal burning on the distribution and isotopic composition ... more To investigate the effects of domestic coal burning on the distribution and isotopic composition of environmental PAH, a series of soil samples were collected in a coal-burning village nearby Glasgow, UK. Analyses showed that, typically, PAHs in the Lochwinnoch village samples were isotopically heavy having δC values close to −25‰ that are consistent with the PAHs emanating from coal burning.
Environmental Science & Technology, 2000
... Carole McRae, Colin E. Snape,* Cheng-Gong Sun, Daniele Fabbri, § Daniele Tartari, § Cla... more ... Carole McRae, Colin E. Snape,* Cheng-Gong Sun, Daniele Fabbri, § Daniele Tartari, § Claudio ... 31 to −62 ) is ascribed mainly to biodegradation rather than to major inputs from sources of isotopically heavy PAH, such as the neighboring modern-day carbon black plants. ...
Coal Science and Technology, 1995
Organic Geochemistry, 1999
The 13C/12C isotopic ratios for coal-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a numbe... more The 13C/12C isotopic ratios for coal-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a number of processes encompassing low and high temperature carbonisation, gasification and combustion have been determined using gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (δ13C GC–IRMS). The results, in conjunction with those for PAHs released under controlled laboratory pyrolysis conditions, indicate that the primary control on the isotopic values of coal-derived
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 2000
To investigate the effects of domestic coal burning on the distribution and isotopic composition ... more To investigate the effects of domestic coal burning on the distribution and isotopic composition of environmental PAH, a series of soil samples were collected in a coal-burning village nearby Glasgow, UK. Analyses showed that, typically, PAHs in the Lochwinnoch village samples were isotopically heavy having δC values close to −25‰ that are consistent with the PAHs emanating from coal burning.
Environmental Science & Technology, 2000
Marine Chemistry, Dec 1, 2003
ABSTRACT The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments of a coas... more ABSTRACT The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments of a coastal lagoon of the Adriatic Sea (Pialassa, Baiona, Ravenna, Italy) has been investigated. Concentrations, molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic ratios (δ13C) of PAHs extracted from core sediments and soils have been determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and diode array detection (DAD), by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (GC–IRMS). The total concentrations of PAHs in core sediments are highly variable, ranging from 30 to 112,000 ng/g and exhibit depth profiles similar to those registered for mercury and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC was manufactured in the nearby industry from acetylene, in turn produced by partial combustion/pyrolysis of methane, the process considered responsible for PAH emission into the lagoon. In accordance, the molecular pattern of PAHs found in sediments is similar to that reported for the interior of fuel rich premixed flames of methane, being characterised by the dominance of pyrene, cyclopenta[cd]pyrene, benzo[ghi]fluoranthene, fluoranthene and by the presence of several five-membered ring PAHs, including high levels of 4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene and minor amounts of dicyclopentapyrenes. The extremely low δ13C values of sedimentary PAHs (from −62‰ to −36‰) confirm that local biogenic methane is their major source. The distribution of the isotopic signatures suggests PAHs were introduced into the lagoon by direct discharge into the water body rather than by atmospheric fallout. The uncommon molecular and isotopic distribution of these PAHs is proposed as fingerprinting specific for pyrolysis of biogenic methane useful to source apportionment.
Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology
Renewable Energy, 1994
To assess the effects of mass transfer and hydrogen pressure on the oil yield and quality from ce... more To assess the effects of mass transfer and hydrogen pressure on the oil yield and quality from cellulosic biomass, fixed-bed pyrolysis (atmospheric pressure) and hydropyrolysis experiments at temperatures between 400 and 650°(2 have been conducted on sunflower bagasse and pure cellulose. The Euphorbia Rigida was extracted with n-hexane and methanol to remove low molecular mass terpenoids and
Fuel, 2002
Ten sapropels, deposited in three different basins of the eastern Mediterranean since the Miocene... more Ten sapropels, deposited in three different basins of the eastern Mediterranean since the Miocene and selected from cores of the Deep Sea Drilling Programme have been characterised by elemental analysis;¯uorescence, infra-red and NMR spectrometry, by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and by catalytic hydrogenation at moderately high pressure. The sapropels are Types I±II kerogens, which have been oxidised, probably by a front experienced, since their deposition. Only one, from the Cretan basin, contained structures from lignin. The others, typical of a marine deposition, possessed aromaticities of about 0.2. Their detailed organic structures are described.
Fuel, 1999
To investigate the yields of specific compounds and compound classes that can be achieved by co-p... more To investigate the yields of specific compounds and compound classes that can be achieved by co-processing single-stream plastic waste in carbonisation, a series of GrayKing tests have been conducted on blends of Gascoigne Wood (UK high volatile bituminous coal) and ...
Energy & Fuels, 2002
... A. Bueno-López, A. García-García, C. Salinas-Martinez de Lecea,* C. McRae, and CE Sna... more ... A. Bueno-López, A. García-García, C. Salinas-Martinez de Lecea,* C. McRae, and CE Snape §. ... 5) García-García, A.; Chinchón-Yepes, S.; Linares-Solano, A.; Salinas-Martínez de Lecea, C. Energy Fuels1997, 11, 292. ...
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1997
ABSTRACT To probe the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the carbonizati... more ABSTRACT To probe the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the carbonization, gasification, and liquefaction of coals and other solid fuels, nonsoftening phenol—formaldehyde (PF) co-resites are ideal since they facilitate the incorporation of individual PAHs into a highly crosslinked matrix. A series of PAH and diphenylalkane-containing phenolic co-resites have been prepared using phenol with, as the second component, 2-naphthol, 4-hydroxy diphenylmethane, 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylethane, 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)naphthalene, 9-(4-hydroxybenzyl)anthracene, and 9-(4-hydroxybenzyl)phenanthrene. A mole ratio of 3 : 1 (phenol : second phenolic constituent) was adopted to ensure that a reasonably high degree of crosslinking was achieved. The virtually complete elimination of ether and methylol functions from the resoles by curing at 200°C was monitored by solid-state 13C-NMR. The resites were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The volatile-matter contents of the PAH-containing resites were all higher than that of the normal resite. The carbonization of the 9-(4-hydroxybenzyl)anthracene-containing resite in a fluidized-bed reactor is used to illustrate the potential applications of the PAH-containing resites in fuel science. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 663–671, 1997
Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 2002
Atmospheric Environment, 2013
Marine Chemistry, 2003
The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments of a coastal lagoo... more The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments of a coastal lagoon of the Adriatic Sea (Pialassa, Baiona, Ravenna, Italy) has been investigated. Concentrations, molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic ratios ( δ 13 C) of PAHs extracted from core sediments and soils have been determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and diode array detection (DAD), by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (GC–IRMS). The total concentrations of PAHs in core sediments are highly variable, ranging from 30 to 112,000 ng/g and exhibit depth profiles similar to those registered for mercury and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC was manufactured in the nearby industry from acetylene, in turn produced by partial combustion/pyrolysis of methane, the process considered responsible for PAH emission into the lagoon. In accordance, the molecular pattern of PAHs found in sediments is similar to that ...
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Dec 1, 2000
To investigate the effects of domestic coal burning on the distribution and isotopic composition ... more To investigate the effects of domestic coal burning on the distribution and isotopic composition of environmental PAH, a series of soil samples were collected in a coal-burning village nearby Glasgow, UK. Analyses showed that, typically, PAHs in the Lochwinnoch village samples were isotopically heavy having δC values close to −25‰ that are consistent with the PAHs emanating from coal burning.
Atmospheric Environment, 2013
Fuel, 2003
4684] that, for thermal conversion regimes where volatiles survive to a significant degree (e.g. ... more 4684] that, for thermal conversion regimes where volatiles survive to a significant degree (e.g. low and high temperature carbonisation, domestic combustion), the stable carbon isotopic signatures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are similar to those of the parent coals (ca. 225‰, cf. 2 23.5‰ for the coals). This information has been used to unambiguously identify coal-derived PAHs in contaminated land sites. Aromatic hydrocarbons in a number of samples analysed from a former foundry site at Mansfield displayed variable compositions with those containing predominately alkylated benzenes and naphthalenes having carbon stable isotopic ratios in the range of 2 28 to 2 30‰, typical of transport fuels. The aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions confirmed the petroleum origin and indicated that the oil had also been biodegraded. Less negative (enriched in 13 C, 225 to 2 26‰) isotopic profiles were obtained for the fractions rich in 3 -6 ring parent PAHs, indicating a significant input from coal utilisation. Separating the aromatic by ring size enabled the coal-derived 3 -6 ring PAHs to be identified in samples where petroleum-derived alkylated benzenes and naphthalenes dominated. A similar situation to this with only a small input from coal-derived PAHs was found for a soil heavily contaminated with diesel fuel from the Motherwell area. Carbon stable isotopic data taken in conjunction with PAH distributions indicate that the coal tar contaminating an area of Glasgow Green, which was believed to be dumped during the Second World War and was unearthed recently, probably originated from a high temperature coking plant as opposed to a gas works, as indicated by the isotopic signatures of the distributions of PAHs. q
Marine Chemistry, 2003
The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments of a coastal lagoo... more The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments of a coastal lagoon of the Adriatic Sea (Pialassa, Baiona, Ravenna, Italy) has been investigated. Concentrations, molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic ratios (δ13C) of PAHs extracted from core sediments and soils have been determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and diode array detection (DAD), by gas
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 2000
To investigate the effects of domestic coal burning on the distribution and isotopic composition ... more To investigate the effects of domestic coal burning on the distribution and isotopic composition of environmental PAH, a series of soil samples were collected in a coal-burning village nearby Glasgow, UK. Analyses showed that, typically, PAHs in the Lochwinnoch village samples were isotopically heavy having δC values close to −25‰ that are consistent with the PAHs emanating from coal burning.
Environmental Science & Technology, 2000
... Carole McRae, Colin E. Snape,* Cheng-Gong Sun, Daniele Fabbri, § Daniele Tartari, § Cla... more ... Carole McRae, Colin E. Snape,* Cheng-Gong Sun, Daniele Fabbri, § Daniele Tartari, § Claudio ... 31 to −62 ) is ascribed mainly to biodegradation rather than to major inputs from sources of isotopically heavy PAH, such as the neighboring modern-day carbon black plants. ...
Coal Science and Technology, 1995
Organic Geochemistry, 1999
The 13C/12C isotopic ratios for coal-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a numbe... more The 13C/12C isotopic ratios for coal-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a number of processes encompassing low and high temperature carbonisation, gasification and combustion have been determined using gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (δ13C GC–IRMS). The results, in conjunction with those for PAHs released under controlled laboratory pyrolysis conditions, indicate that the primary control on the isotopic values of coal-derived
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 2000
To investigate the effects of domestic coal burning on the distribution and isotopic composition ... more To investigate the effects of domestic coal burning on the distribution and isotopic composition of environmental PAH, a series of soil samples were collected in a coal-burning village nearby Glasgow, UK. Analyses showed that, typically, PAHs in the Lochwinnoch village samples were isotopically heavy having δC values close to −25‰ that are consistent with the PAHs emanating from coal burning.
Environmental Science & Technology, 2000