Caspian Journal of Dental Research (original) (raw)

Papers by Caspian Journal of Dental Research

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Peripheral ameloblastoma (PA) is a rare subtype of ameloblastoma that occurs in soft tissue. It m... more Peripheral ameloblastoma (PA) is a rare subtype of ameloblastoma that occurs in soft tissue. It most commonly affects the mandible and is more common in males. It most commonly occurs in the sixth decade of life. This case report represented a 19-year-old girl with a 10mm lesion on the lingual gingiva of the mandible. The surface was papillary and no pain or bleeding was noted. Histopathologic examination revealed neoplastic proliferation of odontogenic epithelial cells nested in a connective tissue context. Unlike many other PA cases, these nests appeared to originate from the basal cell layer of the epithelium. Cone-beam computed tomography and orthopantomogram did not reveal severe bone involvement and aggression. The patient is planned to be followed-up for 10 years. The prognosis of patients with PA is generally good, but cases of lesion recurrence have been reported. Due to the rarity of PA, further studies are needed on its development and treatment outcome.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: Adequate knowledge of dental anatomy is essential for successful endodontic treatme... more Introduction: Adequate knowledge of dental anatomy is essential for successful endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of radix molaris in permanent mandibular first and second molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in Rafsanjan-Iran in 2020.
Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted on CBCT images taken at a private oral and maxillofacial radiology clinic in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2020. A total of 407 teeth were examined. An experienced radiologist reconstructed and examined the images in axial and, if necessary, sagittal section. Finally, the data were entered into SPSS 22 and analyzed using the chi-square test. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: A total of 365(89.8) teeth, including 156 first molars and 209 second molars, were included in the study. Of these, 212 (58.1%) belonged to females and 153 (41.9%) to males. Sixteen (4.4%) teeth had three roots, all of which were first molars. Moreover, the extra roots were on the distolingual side and were radix entomolaris in all 16 cases. The prevalence of radix molaris was significantly higher in first molars (P=0.001) but did not differ by tooth side or sex.
Conclusion: The three-rooted mandibular first molars may occur in the Iranian population and are not a rare phenomenon.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: Recently, a new category of dental bonding agents called universal adhesives has be... more Introduction: Recently, a new category of dental bonding agents called universal adhesives has been introduced to the market, which are claimed to be able to create a strong bond between composite resins and teeth, metal surfaces and all types of ceramics alone and without the use of other primers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of universal adhesives in the repair of amalgam restorations with composite resins in comparison with the conventional method.
Material & Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, 80 amalgam blocks were prepared and after abrading the surface with an intraoral sandblaster and performing the aging process, the specimens were divided into 4 groups of 20 each, depending on how each surface was prepared by different bonding in the following order: Single Bond2 (S), Alloy Primer and Single Bond (AS), G-Premio Bond (G) and Alloy Primer and G-Premio Bond (AG). The composite blocks were then cured on the surface of the specimens. Finally, the specimens were tested for micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) using a micro-tensile tester and their cross-section was examined for fracture pattern under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Man Whitney, and chi-square tests. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The highest and lowest bond strengths belonged to the AG and S groups, respectively. The mean difference of µSBS in the four groups was significant, except in the AS and G groups.
Conclusion: G-Premio universal bond is able to create sufficient bond strength between composite and amalgam. However, it is recommended to use a combination of Alloy Primer with all bonding systems to improve bond strength.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: Etching the internal surface of ceramic restorations with hydrofluoric (HF) acid an... more Introduction: Etching the internal surface of ceramic restorations with hydrofluoric (HF) acid and silane is a well-accepted technique to enhance the bond strength. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of concentration of hydrofluoric acid and etching time on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramics in 2021.
Materials & Methods: This in vitro study was conducted on 8 Celtra-Duo ceramic blocks size 14 measuring 12×14×18 mm. Each ceramic block was divided into three equal pieces by a cutting machine to obtain a total of 24 specimens. The specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups for etching with 5% and 10% HF acid for 30, 60, and120 seconds. Silane (Clearfil porcelain activator) and bonding agent (Clearfil SE Bond) were applied to the etched specimens. Panavia F2 resin cement was applied on the surfaces and light-cured. The mTBS of resin cement to porcelain was measured by a universal testing machine. The mode of failure was determined under a stereomicroscope at x40 magnification. Data were analyzed by one- and two-way ANOVA (P<0.05).
Results: The mean mTBS of Celtra-Duo ceramics subjected to etching for 30, 60, and 120 seconds was not significantly different in the use of 5% and 10% HF acid concentrations (P>0.05). Two-way ANOVA showed that the effects of HF acid concentration and etching time, and their interaction effect were not significant on µTBS of CAD/CAM Celtra-Duo ceramics (P>0.05). The mode of failure was dominantly adhesive in both concentrations of 5% and 10% HF acid. No mixed failure occurred in both concentrations.
Conclusion: Considering the non-significant difference in µTBS of ceramics subjected to different concentrations of HF acid for different times, the application of HF acid with lower concentration for a shorter period is recommended to prevent possible adverse effects on ceramic strength.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: Accurate duplication of casts is necessary to fabricate a proper prosthetic applian... more Introduction: Accurate duplication of casts is necessary to fabricate a proper prosthetic appliance with good adaptation. Alginate is an inexpensive impression material and is available in most dental offices. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of the casts duplicated using alginate impression mold.
Materials & Methods: In this in vitro study, at first, a metallic tray and condensational silicone impression material were used to prepare 60 master impressions of a maxillary dental model. The impressions were poured using stone gypsum, and their dimensions were measured via a digital Vernier caliper with accuracy of 0.01 mm. Then, the casts were fixed on the floor of a flask filled with alginate with two folds volume of cold water recommended by the manufacturer. The resulting impressions were immediately poured, and the measurements were repeated. The data were analyzed with SPSS 26 using MANOVA and ICC index (p<0.05).
Results: Statistical analyses showed that dimensional changes of the duplicated casts were not significant relative to the master casts (P=0.90). In addition, insignificantly, the duplicate casts were smaller than the master casts and the dimensional changes in the transverse dimension were more than those in the anteroposterior dimension.
Conclusion: The results indicated that alginate duplicate impressions taken using the alginate molding technique had good dimensional accuracy when they were poured immediately. Since alginate is inexpensive, this technique can be used in the dental office by saving time to decrease laboratory costs and avoid using expensive impression materials.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disorder with an u... more Introduction: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disorder with an unknown etiology. Although a considerable body of evidence suggests that immunologic factors are involved in the etiology of OLP, the involvement of cytokines in the pathogenesis of the disease is not fully understood yet. The aim of the present study was to assess interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels as a proinflammatory cytokine in the saliva of OLP patients compared to healthy controls.
Materials & Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 30 OLP patients (12 males and 18 females) and 30 healthy control subjects, selected from individuals who were referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases in Faculty of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences. Samples of unstimulated saliva were collected. Salivary IL-6 levels were measured using an ELISA kit and compared between OLP patients and healthy controls. The collected data were analyzed by Chi-square, independent t-test, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve using SPSS 18 Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPVs), and negative predictive values (NPVs) ​​were calculated. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Mean salivary IL-6 values in OLP patients and healthy controls were 24.68±9.90 ng/L and 13.76±9.27 ng/L, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The mean IL-6 values in reticular and erosive forms of OLP clinically were 24.35±9.26 ng/L and 24.91±10.64 ng/L, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (P=0.87).
Conclusions: Higher levels of IL-6 in saliva of OLP patients compared with healthy controls support the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: The oral cavity has been suggested as a potential reservoir for Helicobacter pylori... more Introduction: The oral cavity has been suggested as a potential reservoir for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which could be a major cause of reinfection after standard systemic therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of full-mouth disinfection (FMD) on the recurrence of H. pylori infection.
Materials & Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 40 patients with chronic periodontitis and H. pylori infection. Of these, 20 patients received quadruple anti-H. pylori therapy only (group A) and the other 20 patients received quadruple therapy plus FMD (group B). The presence of H. pylori was detected by a 14C-urea breath test (UBT) after 1 and 6 months. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16 using the chi-square test. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Of 40 dyspeptic patients, 15(75%) and 18(90%) of 20 in groups A and B, respectively, had a negative UBT after 4 weeks. Of the patients with successful eradication of H. pylori after 1 month, 8(53.3%) and 6(33.3%) of 15 in group A and 18 in group B, respectively had a positive UBT after 6 months. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the follow-up periods (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Implementation of quadruple therapy plus FMD may reduce recurrence of the infection although further studies are recommended to confirm the results.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: Metal brackets are the most commonly used brackets in clinical orthodontics, but th... more Introduction: Metal brackets are the most commonly used brackets in clinical orthodontics, but the sight of color of the metal bracket can be unpleasant for some patients. Ceramic brackets offer the desired beauty but they have higher frictional resistance. Considering that in vitro studies suggest that CO2 laser reduces the friction between the wire and slot of the bracket in the sliding mechanics, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of CO2 laser on the speed of tooth movement using the sliding mechanics.
Materials & Methods: This randomized double-blind clinical trial was performed on 7 patients and a total of 13 half jaws in each group. These patients were candidates for bilateral extraction of the first premolars due to lack of space or dentoalveolar protrusion. After alignment and leveling, the ceramic brackets were passively bonded. The ceramic brackets of the experimental group irradiated with the CO2 laser and the brackets of the control group were bonded unchanged. The brackets were examined with an atomic force microscope (AFM) before and after irradiation. Statistical data were analyzed paired t-test to compare the rate of gap closure between the two groups at one-month intervals. ANOVA was used to examine the reduction in spacing at three-month intervals. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The rate of gap closure between the two groups was compared at one-month intervals, which was not statistically significant in either month. Furthermore, in the comparison between the study and control groups, the decrease in the distance between the canine and second premolars was not statistically significant after a total of three months (p=0.0918).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, CO2 laser irradiation of the bracket surface has no effect on the speed of movement of the canine when sliding on the wire.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: One of the factors affecting the success of bonded restoration is the use of approp... more Introduction: One of the factors affecting the success of bonded restoration is the use of appropriate adhesives and attention to their maintenance time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three time periods related to the expiration date of two universal adhesives on the bond strength of resin composite to dentin.
Materials & Methods: In this in-vitro study, 30 intact third human molars were selected. The roots of the teeth were cut and the crown part was mounted in acrylic resin in such a way that the enamel of the buccal surface was clearly visible. Using abrasive disks, the enamel of the buccal surface of the teeth was abraded to create a flat dentin area with dimensions of 25 mm2. The samples were randomly divided into 2 groups based on adhesive type (All Bond (Bisco, Fchaumburg,IL, USA) G-Permio and each group was divided into 3 subgroups based on expiration date. After the bonding process and fabrication of composite samples, microtensile bond strength (TBS) was measured at a speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc Tukey's test. P<0.05 was considered as significant level.
Results: Significant differences were found among samples with different expiration dates in both All-Bond Universal (p=0.0001) and G-Premio (p=0.0001) groups in terms of micro TBS (μTBS). In both adhesive groups, a significant difference was found between 2 months after expiration with expiration time and 2 months before expiration, but there was no significant difference between expiration time and 2 months before expiration.
Conclusion: The end of the expiration date has a reducing effect on the μTBS of universal adhesives investigated in this study. However, the amount of this effect varies depending on the type of adhesive.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess dentists’ knowledge and practice about dental ... more Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess dentists’ knowledge and practice about dental radiological wastes that are dangerous to the environment.
Materials &Methods: This was a cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018-19. All participants completed a two sections’ (knowledge and practice) checklist. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Totally, 204 (73.5% general dentists and 26.5% specialist) dentists from Amol (35.8%) and Babol (64.2%) participated. The mean age of participants was 39.2 (SD± 10.9) years, and 59.2% of them were female. The average percentage of dentists’ knowledge and practice about radiological waste disposal was 42.55 and 43.12% respectively. Gender, work experience, special or general degree, and city of clinical activity had no significant effect on dentists’ knowledge and practice (P>0.05).
Conclusion: More than half of dentists had no correct knowledge and practice on how to dispose radiological wastes. It is necessary to develop specific approaches such as workshops and training classes.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: The maxillary sinuses are the largest paranasal sinuses adjacent to the teeth. Due ... more Introduction: The maxillary sinuses are the largest paranasal sinuses adjacent to the teeth. Due to anatomical variations in different people, knowledge of these variations is essential for rhinoplasty and sinusitis. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between maxillary sinus volume with nasal septal deviation, concha bullosa and infundibulum size using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Materials & Methods: In this descriptive -analytical study, CBCT images of 135 patients who underwent maxillofacial imaging were evaluated. In order to measure the volume of maxillary sinuses, CBCT images of axial sections were used with a thickness of 2 mm and Digimizer image analysis software. In the coronary section of nasal septum deviation, types of concha bullosa and infundibulum size were determined. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, paired t-test, Pearson correlation test and regression. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: There was a significant inverse relationship between the mean of volume of the right sinus (p=0.012, r=-0.216) and left sinus (p<0.001, r=-0.303) with the deviation of the nasal septum. A significant inverse relationship was found between the mean volume of right maxillary sinus (p<0.012, r=-0.357) and left maxillary sinus (p=0.006, r=-0.357) with infundibulum size. The mean volume of right and left sinues from coronal view was not significantly different in the presence or absence of concha bullosa. There was no significant difference between male and female in the mean volume of the right and left sinuses.
Conclusion: The present findings suggest that maxillary sinus volume is smaller the deviation in moderate and severe septal deviation cases and that the maxillary and with increasing size of infandibulum, the volume of maxillary sinus was larger.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: Dental services are a hotspot for viral transmission. Dentists must have complete k... more Introduction: Dental services are a hotspot for viral transmission. Dentists must have complete knowledge about the disease and quick access to information to combat this transmission. To prevent COVID-19 viral spreading through dental practices, dentists must be well-versed in disease and infection control measures. As a result, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of Iranian dentists on the Covid 19 pandemic. Materials &Methods: The present study was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey. A modified questionnaire of a perused one was prepared, the validity of which was confirmed, and the reliability was accepted by Cronbach's alpha test (0.86). This questionnaire was completed by 133 Iranian dentists and included six components: consent to participate in research, demographic information, knowledge, infection control, vaccination, and therapeutic approach. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman rank correlation coefficients, and P<0.05 was considered the level of significance. Results: Iranian dentists are shown to have proper knowledge, but only 21.7% of participants received infection control courses; moreover, only 47% of them knew the accurate incubation period of the Virus. Dentists working in Academic clinics took more preventive measures than those working in private clinics (P=0.023). Conclusion: It is recommended that health care authorities ensure that dentists receive organized information and guidelines.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: Demanding qualitative dental services calls for hiring competent staff in dental of... more Introduction: Demanding qualitative dental services calls for hiring competent staff in dental offices. This study was designed to evaluate dental assistants' educational status and ability to perform tasks.
Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 dental assistants working in the offices and clinics of Isfahan, Iran during 2020 were selected using random systematic sampling. The researcher-made evaluation tool with a content validity index of 0.77 was used. Tasks were evaluated by 13 items in 6 sub-scales including communication skills, preparation, radiography, cooperation with dentists, health promotion through prevention and infection control. Moreover, information was requested about the education and training course of the dental assistant. The score of ability was achieved at the range of 0 to 20. The relationship between gender and training course as well as between age and experience level was evaluated with Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation.
Results: The most frequent major of the study was accounting. The mean total ability score of the dental assistants was 19.1±6.5, ranging from 17.7 to 20. The highest and lowest ability scores were related to the cooperation with dentists and health promotion through prevention, respectively. The mean ability score had a weak relationship with age but had no significant relationship with experience. The mean ability score only in the area of radiography had a significant relationship with the training course and gender (P=0.012).
Conclusion: Despite the diversity in the degree and field of study, the ability and task status of the assistants was desirable. In the area of health promotion through prevention, there is a need for training and monitoring its implementation.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: Tobacco use plays an important role in the development of oral lesions. The aim of ... more Introduction: Tobacco use plays an important role in the development of oral lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between tobacco use and the incidence of these lesions.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 399 patients referred to Qom Dental School in four groups of non-tobacco users (n=146), cigarette smokers (n=98), water pipe smokers (hookah) (n=81), and cigarette and water pipe smokers (n=74). Oral lesions, dental caries, halitosis and xerostomia were evaluated with the help of oral examination and the use of a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 24, ANOVA, Chi-square test (P<0.05).
Results: The highest prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (98.6%) was noted in group 4 (cigarette and water pipe smokers). Gingivitis, periodontitis, and coated tongue had the highest frequency among all oral mucosal lesions. Xerostomia, halitosis, impaired sense of taste, hairy tongue, coated tongue, nicotinic stomatitis, leukoedema, smoker’s melanosis, and non-keratotic white plaques had significant correlations with tobacco use (P<0.05). Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) also had a significant correlation with tobacco use (P<0.05).
Conclusion: a wide and varied range of oral mucosal lesions was observed in smokers. Due to its harmful influence on the oral mucosa and awareness of the prevalence of lesions and increase the risk of oral cancer, periodic examinations by specialists are emphasized.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: Dental caries as the most common childhood disease can cause pain and difficulty ea... more Introduction: Dental caries as the most common childhood disease can cause pain and difficulty eating. The aim of this study was to determine the association between gross dental caries and body mass index (BMI) among children attending kindergartens in Rasht, Iran.
Materials & Methods: A descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on 402 3- to-5-year-old children who were randomly selected from kindergartens of Rasht, Iran. All dental exams and anthropometric measurements for each child were performed by a trained examiner. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 19, and the Z-score index was determined. The Monte Carlo statistical method was applied to compare the relationship between dental caries and BMI. Moreover, the relationship between dental caries and other factors was evaluated using a Chi-square test and P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: In this study, 43.5% of children had dental caries. Based on the results, a significant relationship was observed between dental caries and BMI-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height indices (P=0.02, P=0.004 and P=0.017). The underweight children had higher dental caries experience. Moreover, a significant relationship was found between dental caries and parents’ education level.
Conclusion: According to the findings, the underweight children had higher dental caries experience so there may be an association between low BMI and caries experience in children.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: Metal nanoparticles may apply to the cavity walls as acceptable antibacterial agent... more Introduction: Metal nanoparticles may apply to the cavity walls as acceptable antibacterial agents. The present work was conducted to assess the effect of silver nanoparticles (NPs) on the resin cements Shear Bond Strength (SBS) using one self-etch and one etch and rinse resin cement.
Materials & Methods: Sixty intact noncarious extracted, human third molars were selected. All teeth were cut out in the middle of dentin thickness. Resin cement samples were randomly assigned to five groups: (A) Duolink cement without any further surface treatment; (B) Duolink cement with silver NPs (0.5%) dentin surface treatment after acid etching and before the One Step Plus (OSP) adhesive system; (C) Duolink cement with silver NPs (0.5%) dentin surface treatment before acid etching and OSP; (D) Panavia F2.0 cement without any further surface treatment; and (E) Panavia F2.0 cement with silver NPs (0.5%) dentin surface treatment. SBS was assessed by using universal testing machine. Then, human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) cells were treated with tested materials. The biocompatibility of resin cement was evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
Results: The maximum and minimum of the SBS at the presence of silver NPs were observed in group E (15.81±0.91, P-value<0.01) and group B (12.01±0.15, P-value <0.05), respectively. In comparison with the controls, the resin cements incorporated with 0, 0.2% and 0.5% silver NPs, 20.34%, 22.00% and 22.67% for Panavia F2.0 and 36.84%, 37.34% and 38.17% for Duolink flow - decreased in total cell number, respectively (P-value<0.01).
Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that Panavia F2.0 cement with silver NPs dentin surface treatment showed satisfactory result in the SBS compared to Panavia F2.0 cement without any further surface treatment.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: Residual oxygen-free radicals of bleaching agents before composite restorations can... more Introduction: Residual oxygen-free radicals of bleaching agents before composite restorations can increase microleakage in enamel and dentin margins, and also various bleaching techniques are being developed using light sources. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of diode laser bleaching and LED activated bleaching on the microleakage of composite restorations.
Materials & Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted on 84 extracted human premolars in three groups: In group one, class-V cavities were prepared and the teeth (n=12) were restored with composite ten days after bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide with no activator. In groups two and three (n=36 each), the teeth were bleached with a Diode laser activator and LED, respectively. Thereafter, each group was divided into three subgroups (n=12), cavities were prepared and restored with composite three, five, and ten days after bleaching. Digital photographs were used to assess microleakage in the enamel and dentin margins. Data were analyzed using Friedman and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests (p<0.05).
Results: The lowest amount of microleakage in the enamel margin pertained to the diode laser ten-day subgroup (0.17±0.38) and the diode laser ten-day subgroup in the dentin margin (0.50±1.03). Also, the highest amount of microleakage in the LED group was in the three-day subgroup of the dentin margin (2.78±0.42). Five-day subgroup of diode laser-activated bleaching had a lower amount of microleakage compared to the control group (P=0.042).
Conclusion: It may be concluded that diode laser-activated bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide has a better effect on reducing microleakage with an interval of five to ten days, compared to the control and LED activated bleaching group.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2021

Hyperdontia is the increase in the number of teeth. Hereditary patterns have been suggested and m... more Hyperdontia is the increase in the number of teeth. Hereditary patterns have been suggested and many cases are multifactorial. Syndromes such as Cleidocranial dysplasia and Down syndrome are associated with hyperdontia and non-syndromic cases are very rare. The aim of this study was to report multiple supernumerary teeth in a non-syndromic patient. A 25-year-old female patient without any systemic, metabolic, or mental disorders has been referred to the Department of oral medicine, Isfahan school of dentistry for an oral examination. In the panoramic radiography, 12 impacted teeth were accidentally found. Four of them were impacted third molars and the rest were supernumerary teeth. The presence of supernumerary teeth causes situations such as eruption latency of permanent teeth and root resorption of adjacent teeth. In these cases, a complete clinical and radiographic examination of the patient with a detailed medical and dental history should be performed for the appropriate surgical and orthodontic treatment plan.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2021

Introduction: Today, the use of all-ceramic restorations has increased due to their physical prop... more Introduction: Today, the use of all-ceramic restorations has increased due to their physical properties as well as translucency and esthetic appearance.The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) between two methods of e-max ceramic cementing.
Materials & Methods: The study groups were 1 flowable composite as cement (FC group) and 2) choice2 cement (C2 group). The samples were fixed to a KOOPA universal testing machine for SBS testing. Tthe data were analyzed using SPSS 20 through T-test at significant level of P˂0.05.
Results: The average SBS in the FC group was 10.41±2.17 and The average SBS in the C2 group was 13.28 ±1.52. There was a statistically significant difference between the SBS of both groups (p<0.001).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that ,the use of flowable composite instead of C2 cement is not recommended for cementing e-max ceramics.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2021

Introduction: Palatal rugae is a collection of mucosal folds in front of the palatal and is uniqu... more Introduction: Palatal rugae is a collection of mucosal folds in front of the palatal and is unique to each individual. Rugae have been studied for various purposes. This research investigates the pattern of palatal rugae with different skeletal relationships in the sagittal dimension in a group of the Iranian population.
Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was examined on 135 pre-orthodontic dental casts. The patients were grouped as Class I, Class II, and Class III according to the Nasion -A to Nasion -B angle (ANB) 45 patients in each group. Palatal rugae were recorded based on length, orientation, and pattern in each group, then compared. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc test. In this study p<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The mean number of total rugae was significantly different among groups (p value=0.02). Cl III malocclusion had less number of rugae in comparison to other groups (p value=0.03). The number of straight pattern was significantly different between groups, (p value=0.04) and Cl I malocclusion had more straight pattern than other groups .
Conclusion:This study showed some differences in the palatal rugae pattern between different classes of malocclusion according to Angle’s classificatin. In addition, orientation of some rugae were also found to be significantly different between malocclusion groups.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Peripheral ameloblastoma (PA) is a rare subtype of ameloblastoma that occurs in soft tissue. It m... more Peripheral ameloblastoma (PA) is a rare subtype of ameloblastoma that occurs in soft tissue. It most commonly affects the mandible and is more common in males. It most commonly occurs in the sixth decade of life. This case report represented a 19-year-old girl with a 10mm lesion on the lingual gingiva of the mandible. The surface was papillary and no pain or bleeding was noted. Histopathologic examination revealed neoplastic proliferation of odontogenic epithelial cells nested in a connective tissue context. Unlike many other PA cases, these nests appeared to originate from the basal cell layer of the epithelium. Cone-beam computed tomography and orthopantomogram did not reveal severe bone involvement and aggression. The patient is planned to be followed-up for 10 years. The prognosis of patients with PA is generally good, but cases of lesion recurrence have been reported. Due to the rarity of PA, further studies are needed on its development and treatment outcome.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: Adequate knowledge of dental anatomy is essential for successful endodontic treatme... more Introduction: Adequate knowledge of dental anatomy is essential for successful endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of radix molaris in permanent mandibular first and second molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in Rafsanjan-Iran in 2020.
Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted on CBCT images taken at a private oral and maxillofacial radiology clinic in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2020. A total of 407 teeth were examined. An experienced radiologist reconstructed and examined the images in axial and, if necessary, sagittal section. Finally, the data were entered into SPSS 22 and analyzed using the chi-square test. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: A total of 365(89.8) teeth, including 156 first molars and 209 second molars, were included in the study. Of these, 212 (58.1%) belonged to females and 153 (41.9%) to males. Sixteen (4.4%) teeth had three roots, all of which were first molars. Moreover, the extra roots were on the distolingual side and were radix entomolaris in all 16 cases. The prevalence of radix molaris was significantly higher in first molars (P=0.001) but did not differ by tooth side or sex.
Conclusion: The three-rooted mandibular first molars may occur in the Iranian population and are not a rare phenomenon.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: Recently, a new category of dental bonding agents called universal adhesives has be... more Introduction: Recently, a new category of dental bonding agents called universal adhesives has been introduced to the market, which are claimed to be able to create a strong bond between composite resins and teeth, metal surfaces and all types of ceramics alone and without the use of other primers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of universal adhesives in the repair of amalgam restorations with composite resins in comparison with the conventional method.
Material & Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, 80 amalgam blocks were prepared and after abrading the surface with an intraoral sandblaster and performing the aging process, the specimens were divided into 4 groups of 20 each, depending on how each surface was prepared by different bonding in the following order: Single Bond2 (S), Alloy Primer and Single Bond (AS), G-Premio Bond (G) and Alloy Primer and G-Premio Bond (AG). The composite blocks were then cured on the surface of the specimens. Finally, the specimens were tested for micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) using a micro-tensile tester and their cross-section was examined for fracture pattern under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Man Whitney, and chi-square tests. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The highest and lowest bond strengths belonged to the AG and S groups, respectively. The mean difference of µSBS in the four groups was significant, except in the AS and G groups.
Conclusion: G-Premio universal bond is able to create sufficient bond strength between composite and amalgam. However, it is recommended to use a combination of Alloy Primer with all bonding systems to improve bond strength.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: Etching the internal surface of ceramic restorations with hydrofluoric (HF) acid an... more Introduction: Etching the internal surface of ceramic restorations with hydrofluoric (HF) acid and silane is a well-accepted technique to enhance the bond strength. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of concentration of hydrofluoric acid and etching time on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramics in 2021.
Materials & Methods: This in vitro study was conducted on 8 Celtra-Duo ceramic blocks size 14 measuring 12×14×18 mm. Each ceramic block was divided into three equal pieces by a cutting machine to obtain a total of 24 specimens. The specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups for etching with 5% and 10% HF acid for 30, 60, and120 seconds. Silane (Clearfil porcelain activator) and bonding agent (Clearfil SE Bond) were applied to the etched specimens. Panavia F2 resin cement was applied on the surfaces and light-cured. The mTBS of resin cement to porcelain was measured by a universal testing machine. The mode of failure was determined under a stereomicroscope at x40 magnification. Data were analyzed by one- and two-way ANOVA (P<0.05).
Results: The mean mTBS of Celtra-Duo ceramics subjected to etching for 30, 60, and 120 seconds was not significantly different in the use of 5% and 10% HF acid concentrations (P>0.05). Two-way ANOVA showed that the effects of HF acid concentration and etching time, and their interaction effect were not significant on µTBS of CAD/CAM Celtra-Duo ceramics (P>0.05). The mode of failure was dominantly adhesive in both concentrations of 5% and 10% HF acid. No mixed failure occurred in both concentrations.
Conclusion: Considering the non-significant difference in µTBS of ceramics subjected to different concentrations of HF acid for different times, the application of HF acid with lower concentration for a shorter period is recommended to prevent possible adverse effects on ceramic strength.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: Accurate duplication of casts is necessary to fabricate a proper prosthetic applian... more Introduction: Accurate duplication of casts is necessary to fabricate a proper prosthetic appliance with good adaptation. Alginate is an inexpensive impression material and is available in most dental offices. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of the casts duplicated using alginate impression mold.
Materials & Methods: In this in vitro study, at first, a metallic tray and condensational silicone impression material were used to prepare 60 master impressions of a maxillary dental model. The impressions were poured using stone gypsum, and their dimensions were measured via a digital Vernier caliper with accuracy of 0.01 mm. Then, the casts were fixed on the floor of a flask filled with alginate with two folds volume of cold water recommended by the manufacturer. The resulting impressions were immediately poured, and the measurements were repeated. The data were analyzed with SPSS 26 using MANOVA and ICC index (p<0.05).
Results: Statistical analyses showed that dimensional changes of the duplicated casts were not significant relative to the master casts (P=0.90). In addition, insignificantly, the duplicate casts were smaller than the master casts and the dimensional changes in the transverse dimension were more than those in the anteroposterior dimension.
Conclusion: The results indicated that alginate duplicate impressions taken using the alginate molding technique had good dimensional accuracy when they were poured immediately. Since alginate is inexpensive, this technique can be used in the dental office by saving time to decrease laboratory costs and avoid using expensive impression materials.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disorder with an u... more Introduction: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disorder with an unknown etiology. Although a considerable body of evidence suggests that immunologic factors are involved in the etiology of OLP, the involvement of cytokines in the pathogenesis of the disease is not fully understood yet. The aim of the present study was to assess interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels as a proinflammatory cytokine in the saliva of OLP patients compared to healthy controls.
Materials & Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 30 OLP patients (12 males and 18 females) and 30 healthy control subjects, selected from individuals who were referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases in Faculty of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences. Samples of unstimulated saliva were collected. Salivary IL-6 levels were measured using an ELISA kit and compared between OLP patients and healthy controls. The collected data were analyzed by Chi-square, independent t-test, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve using SPSS 18 Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPVs), and negative predictive values (NPVs) ​​were calculated. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Mean salivary IL-6 values in OLP patients and healthy controls were 24.68±9.90 ng/L and 13.76±9.27 ng/L, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The mean IL-6 values in reticular and erosive forms of OLP clinically were 24.35±9.26 ng/L and 24.91±10.64 ng/L, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (P=0.87).
Conclusions: Higher levels of IL-6 in saliva of OLP patients compared with healthy controls support the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: The oral cavity has been suggested as a potential reservoir for Helicobacter pylori... more Introduction: The oral cavity has been suggested as a potential reservoir for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which could be a major cause of reinfection after standard systemic therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of full-mouth disinfection (FMD) on the recurrence of H. pylori infection.
Materials & Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 40 patients with chronic periodontitis and H. pylori infection. Of these, 20 patients received quadruple anti-H. pylori therapy only (group A) and the other 20 patients received quadruple therapy plus FMD (group B). The presence of H. pylori was detected by a 14C-urea breath test (UBT) after 1 and 6 months. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16 using the chi-square test. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Of 40 dyspeptic patients, 15(75%) and 18(90%) of 20 in groups A and B, respectively, had a negative UBT after 4 weeks. Of the patients with successful eradication of H. pylori after 1 month, 8(53.3%) and 6(33.3%) of 15 in group A and 18 in group B, respectively had a positive UBT after 6 months. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the follow-up periods (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Implementation of quadruple therapy plus FMD may reduce recurrence of the infection although further studies are recommended to confirm the results.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: Metal brackets are the most commonly used brackets in clinical orthodontics, but th... more Introduction: Metal brackets are the most commonly used brackets in clinical orthodontics, but the sight of color of the metal bracket can be unpleasant for some patients. Ceramic brackets offer the desired beauty but they have higher frictional resistance. Considering that in vitro studies suggest that CO2 laser reduces the friction between the wire and slot of the bracket in the sliding mechanics, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of CO2 laser on the speed of tooth movement using the sliding mechanics.
Materials & Methods: This randomized double-blind clinical trial was performed on 7 patients and a total of 13 half jaws in each group. These patients were candidates for bilateral extraction of the first premolars due to lack of space or dentoalveolar protrusion. After alignment and leveling, the ceramic brackets were passively bonded. The ceramic brackets of the experimental group irradiated with the CO2 laser and the brackets of the control group were bonded unchanged. The brackets were examined with an atomic force microscope (AFM) before and after irradiation. Statistical data were analyzed paired t-test to compare the rate of gap closure between the two groups at one-month intervals. ANOVA was used to examine the reduction in spacing at three-month intervals. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The rate of gap closure between the two groups was compared at one-month intervals, which was not statistically significant in either month. Furthermore, in the comparison between the study and control groups, the decrease in the distance between the canine and second premolars was not statistically significant after a total of three months (p=0.0918).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, CO2 laser irradiation of the bracket surface has no effect on the speed of movement of the canine when sliding on the wire.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2022

Introduction: One of the factors affecting the success of bonded restoration is the use of approp... more Introduction: One of the factors affecting the success of bonded restoration is the use of appropriate adhesives and attention to their maintenance time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three time periods related to the expiration date of two universal adhesives on the bond strength of resin composite to dentin.
Materials & Methods: In this in-vitro study, 30 intact third human molars were selected. The roots of the teeth were cut and the crown part was mounted in acrylic resin in such a way that the enamel of the buccal surface was clearly visible. Using abrasive disks, the enamel of the buccal surface of the teeth was abraded to create a flat dentin area with dimensions of 25 mm2. The samples were randomly divided into 2 groups based on adhesive type (All Bond (Bisco, Fchaumburg,IL, USA) G-Permio and each group was divided into 3 subgroups based on expiration date. After the bonding process and fabrication of composite samples, microtensile bond strength (TBS) was measured at a speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc Tukey's test. P<0.05 was considered as significant level.
Results: Significant differences were found among samples with different expiration dates in both All-Bond Universal (p=0.0001) and G-Premio (p=0.0001) groups in terms of micro TBS (μTBS). In both adhesive groups, a significant difference was found between 2 months after expiration with expiration time and 2 months before expiration, but there was no significant difference between expiration time and 2 months before expiration.
Conclusion: The end of the expiration date has a reducing effect on the μTBS of universal adhesives investigated in this study. However, the amount of this effect varies depending on the type of adhesive.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess dentists’ knowledge and practice about dental ... more Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess dentists’ knowledge and practice about dental radiological wastes that are dangerous to the environment.
Materials &Methods: This was a cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018-19. All participants completed a two sections’ (knowledge and practice) checklist. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Totally, 204 (73.5% general dentists and 26.5% specialist) dentists from Amol (35.8%) and Babol (64.2%) participated. The mean age of participants was 39.2 (SD± 10.9) years, and 59.2% of them were female. The average percentage of dentists’ knowledge and practice about radiological waste disposal was 42.55 and 43.12% respectively. Gender, work experience, special or general degree, and city of clinical activity had no significant effect on dentists’ knowledge and practice (P>0.05).
Conclusion: More than half of dentists had no correct knowledge and practice on how to dispose radiological wastes. It is necessary to develop specific approaches such as workshops and training classes.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: The maxillary sinuses are the largest paranasal sinuses adjacent to the teeth. Due ... more Introduction: The maxillary sinuses are the largest paranasal sinuses adjacent to the teeth. Due to anatomical variations in different people, knowledge of these variations is essential for rhinoplasty and sinusitis. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between maxillary sinus volume with nasal septal deviation, concha bullosa and infundibulum size using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Materials & Methods: In this descriptive -analytical study, CBCT images of 135 patients who underwent maxillofacial imaging were evaluated. In order to measure the volume of maxillary sinuses, CBCT images of axial sections were used with a thickness of 2 mm and Digimizer image analysis software. In the coronary section of nasal septum deviation, types of concha bullosa and infundibulum size were determined. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, paired t-test, Pearson correlation test and regression. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: There was a significant inverse relationship between the mean of volume of the right sinus (p=0.012, r=-0.216) and left sinus (p<0.001, r=-0.303) with the deviation of the nasal septum. A significant inverse relationship was found between the mean volume of right maxillary sinus (p<0.012, r=-0.357) and left maxillary sinus (p=0.006, r=-0.357) with infundibulum size. The mean volume of right and left sinues from coronal view was not significantly different in the presence or absence of concha bullosa. There was no significant difference between male and female in the mean volume of the right and left sinuses.
Conclusion: The present findings suggest that maxillary sinus volume is smaller the deviation in moderate and severe septal deviation cases and that the maxillary and with increasing size of infandibulum, the volume of maxillary sinus was larger.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: Dental services are a hotspot for viral transmission. Dentists must have complete k... more Introduction: Dental services are a hotspot for viral transmission. Dentists must have complete knowledge about the disease and quick access to information to combat this transmission. To prevent COVID-19 viral spreading through dental practices, dentists must be well-versed in disease and infection control measures. As a result, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of Iranian dentists on the Covid 19 pandemic. Materials &Methods: The present study was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey. A modified questionnaire of a perused one was prepared, the validity of which was confirmed, and the reliability was accepted by Cronbach's alpha test (0.86). This questionnaire was completed by 133 Iranian dentists and included six components: consent to participate in research, demographic information, knowledge, infection control, vaccination, and therapeutic approach. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman rank correlation coefficients, and P<0.05 was considered the level of significance. Results: Iranian dentists are shown to have proper knowledge, but only 21.7% of participants received infection control courses; moreover, only 47% of them knew the accurate incubation period of the Virus. Dentists working in Academic clinics took more preventive measures than those working in private clinics (P=0.023). Conclusion: It is recommended that health care authorities ensure that dentists receive organized information and guidelines.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: Demanding qualitative dental services calls for hiring competent staff in dental of... more Introduction: Demanding qualitative dental services calls for hiring competent staff in dental offices. This study was designed to evaluate dental assistants' educational status and ability to perform tasks.
Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 dental assistants working in the offices and clinics of Isfahan, Iran during 2020 were selected using random systematic sampling. The researcher-made evaluation tool with a content validity index of 0.77 was used. Tasks were evaluated by 13 items in 6 sub-scales including communication skills, preparation, radiography, cooperation with dentists, health promotion through prevention and infection control. Moreover, information was requested about the education and training course of the dental assistant. The score of ability was achieved at the range of 0 to 20. The relationship between gender and training course as well as between age and experience level was evaluated with Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation.
Results: The most frequent major of the study was accounting. The mean total ability score of the dental assistants was 19.1±6.5, ranging from 17.7 to 20. The highest and lowest ability scores were related to the cooperation with dentists and health promotion through prevention, respectively. The mean ability score had a weak relationship with age but had no significant relationship with experience. The mean ability score only in the area of radiography had a significant relationship with the training course and gender (P=0.012).
Conclusion: Despite the diversity in the degree and field of study, the ability and task status of the assistants was desirable. In the area of health promotion through prevention, there is a need for training and monitoring its implementation.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: Tobacco use plays an important role in the development of oral lesions. The aim of ... more Introduction: Tobacco use plays an important role in the development of oral lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between tobacco use and the incidence of these lesions.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 399 patients referred to Qom Dental School in four groups of non-tobacco users (n=146), cigarette smokers (n=98), water pipe smokers (hookah) (n=81), and cigarette and water pipe smokers (n=74). Oral lesions, dental caries, halitosis and xerostomia were evaluated with the help of oral examination and the use of a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 24, ANOVA, Chi-square test (P<0.05).
Results: The highest prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (98.6%) was noted in group 4 (cigarette and water pipe smokers). Gingivitis, periodontitis, and coated tongue had the highest frequency among all oral mucosal lesions. Xerostomia, halitosis, impaired sense of taste, hairy tongue, coated tongue, nicotinic stomatitis, leukoedema, smoker’s melanosis, and non-keratotic white plaques had significant correlations with tobacco use (P<0.05). Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) also had a significant correlation with tobacco use (P<0.05).
Conclusion: a wide and varied range of oral mucosal lesions was observed in smokers. Due to its harmful influence on the oral mucosa and awareness of the prevalence of lesions and increase the risk of oral cancer, periodic examinations by specialists are emphasized.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: Dental caries as the most common childhood disease can cause pain and difficulty ea... more Introduction: Dental caries as the most common childhood disease can cause pain and difficulty eating. The aim of this study was to determine the association between gross dental caries and body mass index (BMI) among children attending kindergartens in Rasht, Iran.
Materials & Methods: A descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on 402 3- to-5-year-old children who were randomly selected from kindergartens of Rasht, Iran. All dental exams and anthropometric measurements for each child were performed by a trained examiner. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 19, and the Z-score index was determined. The Monte Carlo statistical method was applied to compare the relationship between dental caries and BMI. Moreover, the relationship between dental caries and other factors was evaluated using a Chi-square test and P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: In this study, 43.5% of children had dental caries. Based on the results, a significant relationship was observed between dental caries and BMI-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height indices (P=0.02, P=0.004 and P=0.017). The underweight children had higher dental caries experience. Moreover, a significant relationship was found between dental caries and parents’ education level.
Conclusion: According to the findings, the underweight children had higher dental caries experience so there may be an association between low BMI and caries experience in children.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: Metal nanoparticles may apply to the cavity walls as acceptable antibacterial agent... more Introduction: Metal nanoparticles may apply to the cavity walls as acceptable antibacterial agents. The present work was conducted to assess the effect of silver nanoparticles (NPs) on the resin cements Shear Bond Strength (SBS) using one self-etch and one etch and rinse resin cement.
Materials & Methods: Sixty intact noncarious extracted, human third molars were selected. All teeth were cut out in the middle of dentin thickness. Resin cement samples were randomly assigned to five groups: (A) Duolink cement without any further surface treatment; (B) Duolink cement with silver NPs (0.5%) dentin surface treatment after acid etching and before the One Step Plus (OSP) adhesive system; (C) Duolink cement with silver NPs (0.5%) dentin surface treatment before acid etching and OSP; (D) Panavia F2.0 cement without any further surface treatment; and (E) Panavia F2.0 cement with silver NPs (0.5%) dentin surface treatment. SBS was assessed by using universal testing machine. Then, human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) cells were treated with tested materials. The biocompatibility of resin cement was evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
Results: The maximum and minimum of the SBS at the presence of silver NPs were observed in group E (15.81±0.91, P-value<0.01) and group B (12.01±0.15, P-value <0.05), respectively. In comparison with the controls, the resin cements incorporated with 0, 0.2% and 0.5% silver NPs, 20.34%, 22.00% and 22.67% for Panavia F2.0 and 36.84%, 37.34% and 38.17% for Duolink flow - decreased in total cell number, respectively (P-value<0.01).
Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that Panavia F2.0 cement with silver NPs dentin surface treatment showed satisfactory result in the SBS compared to Panavia F2.0 cement without any further surface treatment.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Mar 2022

Introduction: Residual oxygen-free radicals of bleaching agents before composite restorations can... more Introduction: Residual oxygen-free radicals of bleaching agents before composite restorations can increase microleakage in enamel and dentin margins, and also various bleaching techniques are being developed using light sources. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of diode laser bleaching and LED activated bleaching on the microleakage of composite restorations.
Materials & Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted on 84 extracted human premolars in three groups: In group one, class-V cavities were prepared and the teeth (n=12) were restored with composite ten days after bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide with no activator. In groups two and three (n=36 each), the teeth were bleached with a Diode laser activator and LED, respectively. Thereafter, each group was divided into three subgroups (n=12), cavities were prepared and restored with composite three, five, and ten days after bleaching. Digital photographs were used to assess microleakage in the enamel and dentin margins. Data were analyzed using Friedman and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests (p<0.05).
Results: The lowest amount of microleakage in the enamel margin pertained to the diode laser ten-day subgroup (0.17±0.38) and the diode laser ten-day subgroup in the dentin margin (0.50±1.03). Also, the highest amount of microleakage in the LED group was in the three-day subgroup of the dentin margin (2.78±0.42). Five-day subgroup of diode laser-activated bleaching had a lower amount of microleakage compared to the control group (P=0.042).
Conclusion: It may be concluded that diode laser-activated bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide has a better effect on reducing microleakage with an interval of five to ten days, compared to the control and LED activated bleaching group.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2021

Hyperdontia is the increase in the number of teeth. Hereditary patterns have been suggested and m... more Hyperdontia is the increase in the number of teeth. Hereditary patterns have been suggested and many cases are multifactorial. Syndromes such as Cleidocranial dysplasia and Down syndrome are associated with hyperdontia and non-syndromic cases are very rare. The aim of this study was to report multiple supernumerary teeth in a non-syndromic patient. A 25-year-old female patient without any systemic, metabolic, or mental disorders has been referred to the Department of oral medicine, Isfahan school of dentistry for an oral examination. In the panoramic radiography, 12 impacted teeth were accidentally found. Four of them were impacted third molars and the rest were supernumerary teeth. The presence of supernumerary teeth causes situations such as eruption latency of permanent teeth and root resorption of adjacent teeth. In these cases, a complete clinical and radiographic examination of the patient with a detailed medical and dental history should be performed for the appropriate surgical and orthodontic treatment plan.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2021

Introduction: Today, the use of all-ceramic restorations has increased due to their physical prop... more Introduction: Today, the use of all-ceramic restorations has increased due to their physical properties as well as translucency and esthetic appearance.The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) between two methods of e-max ceramic cementing.
Materials & Methods: The study groups were 1 flowable composite as cement (FC group) and 2) choice2 cement (C2 group). The samples were fixed to a KOOPA universal testing machine for SBS testing. Tthe data were analyzed using SPSS 20 through T-test at significant level of P˂0.05.
Results: The average SBS in the FC group was 10.41±2.17 and The average SBS in the C2 group was 13.28 ±1.52. There was a statistically significant difference between the SBS of both groups (p<0.001).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that ,the use of flowable composite instead of C2 cement is not recommended for cementing e-max ceramics.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, Sep 2021

Introduction: Palatal rugae is a collection of mucosal folds in front of the palatal and is uniqu... more Introduction: Palatal rugae is a collection of mucosal folds in front of the palatal and is unique to each individual. Rugae have been studied for various purposes. This research investigates the pattern of palatal rugae with different skeletal relationships in the sagittal dimension in a group of the Iranian population.
Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was examined on 135 pre-orthodontic dental casts. The patients were grouped as Class I, Class II, and Class III according to the Nasion -A to Nasion -B angle (ANB) 45 patients in each group. Palatal rugae were recorded based on length, orientation, and pattern in each group, then compared. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc test. In this study p<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The mean number of total rugae was significantly different among groups (p value=0.02). Cl III malocclusion had less number of rugae in comparison to other groups (p value=0.03). The number of straight pattern was significantly different between groups, (p value=0.04) and Cl I malocclusion had more straight pattern than other groups .
Conclusion:This study showed some differences in the palatal rugae pattern between different classes of malocclusion according to Angle’s classificatin. In addition, orientation of some rugae were also found to be significantly different between malocclusion groups.

Caspian Journal of Dental Research, 2015

Introduction: The bonding process of the brackets to enamel has been a critical issue in orthodon... more Introduction: The bonding process of the brackets to enamel has been a critical issue in orthodontic research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of 3 light-cured adhesives (transbond XT, Z250, light bond).
Materials &Methods: In this study sixty extracted human premolars were collected and randomly divided into 3 test groups. All teeth were etched by 37% phosphoric acid. In first group brackets were bonded by Transbond XT adhesive, in group two brackets were bonded by Light bond adhesive and in third group were bonded by filtek Z250 composite. All of them were cured with Ortholux xt for 40 seconds.24 hours after thermocycling, Shear Bond Strength (SBS) values of these brackets were recorded using a Universal Testing Machine. Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scores were determined after the failure of the brackets, using Stereo Microscope the data were analyzed using ANOVA and Chi-square tests.
Results: Mean shear bond strength of Transbond XT, light bond and Z250 were 28.9±2.25 MPa, 25.06±1.98 MPa and 26.8±2.57 MPa, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the SBS among the groups and a clinically acceptable SBS was found for the three adhesives. ARI scores were not significantly different between the various groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that the Z250 can be used as light bond and transbond xt to bond orthodontic brackets and ARI and SBS scores were not significantly different.