Catriona I Matheson - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Catriona I Matheson

Drug and alcohol dependence, 2017

There is a dearth of research in the published literature on substance use and addiction in the M... more There is a dearth of research in the published literature on substance use and addiction in the Middle East and Islamic countries. This study was the first to explore whether the biopsychosocial-spiritual model of addiction was relevant to an addicted treatment population in Jordan, an Islamic country. A qualitative study design using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with a sample of 25 males in addiction treatment. The sample was drawn from a cohort of in-patients at a treatment centre in Amman, Jordan who had already participated in a quantitative survey. A purposive sample was selected to ensure the inclusion of a range of characteristics that might affect their experience of developing addiction and its consequences, i.e., age, marital status and educational level. Interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis conducted using verbatim quotes to illustrate themes. Themes were mapped onto the biopsychosocial-spiritual model of addiction. This study found...

International Journal of Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, 2013

This study aimed to determine whether pharmacy customers are deterred from using a pharmacy that ... more This study aimed to determine whether pharmacy customers are deterred from using a pharmacy that offers services to drug misusers. If patients are deterred, what are their specific concerns? The study was qualitative and three different groups were interviewed about their views on pharmacies providing services to drug misusers (i) pharmacy customers, (ii) local community councils and (iii) local drug forums. This paper focuses on pharmacy customer interview results. Interviews were conducted in 10 pharmacies, five in Aberdeen and five in Glasgow, both areas of high drug misuse. The pharmacy customers were attending pharmacies with high, medium and low involvement with drug misusers and were located in city centre, suburban and rural locations. Pharmacy customers were generally supportive of pharmacies offering services to drug misusers. However, their support was often qualified by a wish to see a private area provided for methadone consumption. Pharmacy customers were more knowledgeable of the rationale for and supportive of needle exchange services compared to methadone maintenance and supervised consumption. The results of the study demonstrate that the majority of pharmacy customers are supportive of drug misuse services, provided there is adequate privacy in the pharmacy. These results should be used to encourage more pharmacists to provide drug misuse services. [Lawrie T, Matheson C, Bond CM, Roberts K. Pharmacy customers' views and experiences of using pharmacies which provide drug misuse services. Drug Alcohol Rev 2004;23:195 -202]

The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, Jan 9, 2016

Modern demands and challenges among healthcare professionals can be particularly stressful and re... more Modern demands and challenges among healthcare professionals can be particularly stressful and resilience is increasingly necessary to maintain an effective, adaptable, and sustainable workforce. However, definitions of, and associations with, resilience have not been examined within the primary care context. To examine definitions and measures of resilience, identify characteristics and components, and synthesise current evidence about resilience in primary healthcare professionals. A systematic review was undertaken to identify studies relating to the primary care setting. Ovid(®), Embase(®), CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched in December 2014. Text selections and data extraction were conducted by paired reviewers working independently. Data were extracted on health professional resilience definitions and associated factors. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria: eight were quantitative, four qualitative, and one was an intervention study. Resilience, altho...

Specialist services have increased their capacity considerably in recent years to initiate and/or... more Specialist services have increased their capacity considerably in recent years to initiate and/or provide ongoing treatment for drug misuse. Consequently, methadone prescribing has substantially increased and over 17,000 patients are currently receiving methadone. Clinical guidance promotes consumption on the premises (COP) initially to ensure patients take medication as prescribed and also to prevent diversion. Diversion poses two risks: the patient may remain under-treated and continue illicit heroin use; diverted drugs put others at risk. However, COP can be restrictive. Current UK guidance is vague and not evidence-based recommending 'around three months subject to assessment of compliance and individual circumstances'. The overall aim of this study was to describe clinical practice regarding prescribing methadone under COP in Scotland, and reasons for this. Design and Methods. A structured, postal questionnaire was sent to all lead clinicians in specialist drug treatment centres in Scotland in 2009 (n=42). The questionnaire explored current practice, influence of supervision on retention, views of best practice and contingency management. The response rate was 76% (n=32). Clinicians usually supervise for a minimum of three months with patient-centred criteria used to determine when to reduce or stop COP. Employment, clinical stability, family support and concerns for the safety of children in the home influenced decision making. Contingency management approaches to supervision were widely used (62%). In Scotland, clinicians' practice is variable and individualised to patients, but generally cautious regarding relaxing supervision conditions. This may reflect the lack of evidence-based guidance.

Journal of Public Health, 2016

Non-prescription medicines (NPMs) can be misused, abused or lead to dependence, but the prevalenc... more Non-prescription medicines (NPMs) can be misused, abused or lead to dependence, but the prevalence of these problems within the UK general population was unknown. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-reported misuse, abuse and dependence to NPMs. A cross-sectional postal survey was sent to 1000 individuals aged ≥18 randomly drawn from the UK Edited Electoral Register. A response rate of 43.4% was achieved. The lifetime prevalence of NPM misuse was 19.3%. Lifetime prevalence of abuse was 4.1%. Younger age, having a long-standing illness requiring regular NPM use and ever having used illicit drugs or legal highs were predictive of misuse/abuse of NPMs. In terms of dependence, lifetime prevalence was 2% with 0.8% currently dependent and 1.3% dependent in the past. Dependence was reported with analgesics (with and without codeine), sleep aids and nicotine products. Given the increasing emphasis on self-care and empowering the public to manage their health with NPMs, the findings highlight the need for improved pharmacovigilance of these medicines to maximize benefits with minimal risk. Healthcare providers need to be aware of the potential for misuse, abuse and dependence, particularly in patients with long-term illness.

International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 2012

Journal of public health (Oxford, England), Jan 27, 2015

Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are available without prescription, allowing convenience and fac... more Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are available without prescription, allowing convenience and facilitating self-care. As more OTC drugs become available, concerns regarding misuse have increased. This study explored pharmacists' perceptions about OTC drugs misuse, products involved and measures taken to address misuse. This was a cross-sectional postal survey. A questionnaire, based on one used previously (1995, 2000 and 2006), was posted to all community pharmacists in Scotland (n = 1246) in 2014. Questions related to suspected OTC misuse in their area, the products involved and resultant changes in policy. Data were managed and analysed in SPSS. Descriptive frequencies and χ(2) tests of association are reported. Responses were compared across the four cohorts. The 2014 response rate was 57% (709). The proportion of pharmacists reporting suspected OTC misuse increased to 80.8% from 70.8% in 2006. Codeine-containing products were most frequently perceived to be misused; previous...

Pharmaceutical Journal, 2006

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International Journal of Drug Policy, 2015

In Scotland community pharmacies are heavily involved in service delivery for people with drug pr... more In Scotland community pharmacies are heavily involved in service delivery for people with drug problems (PWDP) as documented through surveys of all community pharmacies in 1995, 2000 and 2006. A further survey in 2014 enabled trends in service demand/provision to be analysed and provides insight into future development. The lead pharmacist in every Scottish pharmacy (n=1246) was invited to complete a postal questionnaire covering attitudes towards PWDP and service provision and level of involvement in services (needle exchange, dispensing for PWDP and methadone supervision). Additional questions covered new services of take-home naloxone (THN) and pharmacist prescribing for opioid dependence. Telephone follow-up of non-responders covered key variables. A comparative analysis of four cross-sectional population surveys of the community pharmacy workforce (1995, 2000, 2006 and 2014) was undertaken. Completed questionnaires were returned by 709 (57%) pharmacists in 2014. Key variables (questionnaire or telephone follow-up) were available from 873 (70%). The proportion of pharmacies providing needle exchange significantly increased from 1995 to 2014 (8.6%, 9.5%, 12.2%, 17.8%, p<0.001) as did the proportion of pharmacies dispensing for the treatment of drug misuse (58.9%, 73.4%, 82.6% and 88%, p<0.001). Methadone was dispensed to 16,406 individuals and buprenorphine to 1777 individuals (increased from 12,400 and 192 respectively in 2006). Attitudes improved significantly from 1995 to 2014 (p<0.001). Being male and past training in drug misuse significantly predicted higher attitude scores (p<0.05) in all four years. Attitude score was a consistently significant predictor in all four years for dispensing for the treatment of drug misuse [OR=1.1 (1995 and 2006, CI 1.1-1.3, and 2014 CI 1.1-1.4) and 1.2 (2000), CI 1.3-1.5] and providing needle exchange [OR=1.1 (1995 and 2006), CI 1.1-1.2, 1.1-1.3 and 1.2 (2000 and 2014), CI 1.1-1.3 and 1.1-1.5]. In 2014, 53% of pharmacists felt part of the addiction team and 27.7% did not feel their role was valued by them. Nine pharmacists prescribed for opioid dependence. It is possible for pharmacy workforce attitudes and service engagement to improve over time. Training was key to these positive trends. Communication with the wider addiction team could be further developed.

British Journal of General Practice

Background. Traditional systems of managing repeat prescribing have been criticised for their lac... more Background. Traditional systems of managing repeat prescribing have been criticised for their lack of clinical and administrative controls. Aim. To compare a community pharmacist-managed repeat prescribing system with established methods of managing repeat prescribing. Method. A randomised controlled intervention study (19 general medical practices, 3074 patients, 62 community pharmacists). Patients on repeat medication were given sufficient three-monthly scripts, endorsed for monthly dispensing, to last until their next clinical review consultation with their general practitioner (GP). The scripts were stored by a pharmacist of the patient's choice. Each monthly dispensing was authorised by the pharmacist, using a standard protocol. The cost of the drugs prescribed and dispensed was calculated. Data on patient outcomes were obtained from pharmacist-generated patient records and GP notes. Results. A total of 12.4% of patients had compliance problems, side-effects, adverse drug reactions, or drug interactions identified by the pharmacist. There were significantly more problems identified in total in the intervention group. The total number of consultations, deaths, and non-elective hospital admissions was the same in both groups. Sixty-six per cent of the study patients did not require their full quota of prescribed drugs, representing 18% of the total prescribed costs (estimated annual drug cost avoidance of £43 per patient). Conclusion. This system of managing repeat prescribing has been demonstrated to be logistically feasible, to identify clinical problems, and to make savings in the drugs bill.

Addiction

Aim. To assess the relationship between pharmacists' attitudes towards drug misusers and the avai... more Aim. To assess the relationship between pharmacists' attitudes towards drug misusers and the availability and provision of services for drug misusers. Design. A cross-sectional postal questionnaire survey. Setting. All community pharmacies in Scotland (n 5 1142). Participants. A total of 864 pharmacists managing community pharmacies on a day-to-da y basis (response rate 79%). Measurements. Descriptive data were collected on demography, drug misuse services provided and training in drug misuse. Attitude statements were used to measure attitudes to drug misusers, the role of the pharmacist in dispensing controlled drugs and providing injecting equipment, providing advice on drug misuse and ® nancial aspects of service provision. Statements were incorporated into a scale which was correlated with behavioural data on whether and how services were provided. Results. The attitude scale had good internal reliability and was unidimensional. Pharmacists that provided needle/syringe exchanges, sold needles/syringes, dispensed methadone, supervised the consumption of methadone and provided health promotion services to drug misusers had signi® cantly more positive attitudes towards drug misusers. Attitudes were associated with health board area, sex and number of years registered as a pharmacist. After controlling for these characteristics, attitude was an independent predictor of whether needles/syringes were sold, methadone was dispensed and methadone consumption supervised. Conclusions. Addressing negative attitudes could encourage more pharmacists to provide services and enhance the process of service delivery.

British Journal of General Practice

139 Keywords buprenorphine; methadone; opiate dependence; primary health care; systematic review.

Family Practice, 2015

In the last 20 years, pharmaceutical care has evolved as a modus operandi for community pharmacy.... more In the last 20 years, pharmaceutical care has evolved as a modus operandi for community pharmacy. This article tracks the development of pharmaceutical care for drug misusers since 1995 and considers the implications for pharmacy engagement with the wider care team. To survey current community pharmacy service provision for drug misusers, past training and future training needs and compare with data from previous years (1995, 2000 and 2006). A cross-sectional postal questionnaire of pharmacy managers in Scotland (n = 1246), and telephone interviews with non-respondents. Results were compared with previous surveys. The response rate was 70% (873) including 13.2% (164) by telephone. More pharmacies dispensed methadone in 2014 (88.5%) than previously, a significant increase across all time points (1995, 2000 and 2006) (P < 0.001). Most pharmacies (88.1%) had some drug misusers registered for the minor ailment scheme. In 2014, 43.4% of pharmacists always reported a drug misuser's non-attendance for opiate replacement treatment (ORT) to the prescriber (36.6% in 2006). If patient intoxication was suspected, medication was always withheld by 47.9% (27.5% in 2006). Pharmacists undertaking training in drug misuse and blood-borne diseases increased significantly since 1995, to 78.6% and 48.7%, respectively, in 2014 (P < 0.001). The preferred topic for future training was communication/engagement with other services. Pharmaceutical care for drug misusers has evolved from ORT supply to a more clinical approach. Pharmacists actively monitored ORT patients, managed their minor ailments and increasingly engaged with the wider care team.

Family Practice, 2015

Homeless patients have complex health needs. They also often describe difficulty accessing and ma... more Homeless patients have complex health needs. They also often describe difficulty accessing and maintaining access to clinical services. Although engagement with health care has been explored from the patient perspective, little is known about how health care professionals conceptualize, assess and promote engagement with health care among homeless persons. To examine how health professionals working in services for homeless persons view their patients' engagement with health care and explore how these views influence their practice. Semi-structured phone interviews were conducted with health professionals who had experience working with homeless patients. Purposive sampling aimed to cover a range of location, practice type and duration of professional experience. Thematic analysis was undertaken on interview transcripts. Thirteen interviews were conducted. Four themes were explored relating to engagement of homeless persons with health care: (i) systematic barriers to engagement; (ii) difficulties engaging with professionals; (iii) system approaches to facilitate engagement and (iv) relationship approaches to facilitate engagement. In addition, a fifth theme emerged relating to the interaction between practices and networks of homeless persons in which practices were perceived as a key resource for a citizenship of the homeless. Primary care practices providing services for homeless people aim to promote engagement with health care by maximizing flexibility and fostering relationships between patients and the clinical team. In doing so they produce a paradox, whereby they function as a key hub within a citizenship of homeless persons while simultaneously aiming to help people move out of homelessness into a more settled state.

International Journal of Drug Policy, 2015

The epidemic of drug-related mortality continues to endure. The most common cause of death associ... more The epidemic of drug-related mortality continues to endure. The most common cause of death associated with drugs is overdose and opioids are consistently the substances most prominently involved. As well as efforts to control the availability of illicit drugs and increase engagement in treatment services, the use of naloxone for peer administration has increasingly been championed as a mechanism for addressing the DRD epidemic. Despite increasing adoption and use of take-home naloxone (THN) as a primary response to DRD internationally the evidence base remains limited. A systematic review and descriptive meta-analysis of the international THN literature was undertaken to determine an effect size for THN programmes. For each study, a proportion of use (PoU) was calculated using the number of 'peer administered uses' and the 'total number of participant/clients' trained and supplied with naloxone with a specific focus on people who use drugs (PWUD). This was constrained to a three month period as the lowest common denominator. As a percentage this gives the three month rate of use (per 100 participants). From twenty-five identified THN evaluations, nine studies allowed a PoU to be determined. Overall, the model shows a range of 5.2-13.1 (point estimate 9.2) naloxone uses every three months for every 100 PWUD trained. Our model estimates that around 9% of naloxone kits distributed are likely to be used for peer administration within the first three months of supply for every 100 PWUD trained. Future evaluations should directly compare different training structures to test relative effectiveness and use a series of fixed time periods (3, 6 and 12 months) to determine whether time since training affects rate of naloxone use.

The International journal on drug policy, 2014

Research evidence is strong for opiate replacement treatment (ORT). However, public opinion (atti... more Research evidence is strong for opiate replacement treatment (ORT). However, public opinion (attitudes) can be at odds with evidence. This study explored the relationships between, attitudes, knowledge of drugs and a range of socio-demographic variables that potentially influence attitude. This is relevant in the current policy arena in which a major shift from harm reduction to, rehabilitation is underway. A cross sectional postal questionnaire survey in Scotland was conducted where the drug, treatment strategy has changed from harm-reduction to recovery-based. A random sample (N=3000), of the general public, >18 years, and on the electoral register was used. The questionnaire was largely structured with tick box format but included two open questions for qualitative responses. Valuation was measured using the economic willingness-to-pay (WTP) method. The response rate was 38.1% (1067/2803). Less than 10% had personal experience of drug, misuse but 16.7% had experience of drug m...

Drug and alcohol dependence, 2017

There is a dearth of research in the published literature on substance use and addiction in the M... more There is a dearth of research in the published literature on substance use and addiction in the Middle East and Islamic countries. This study was the first to explore whether the biopsychosocial-spiritual model of addiction was relevant to an addicted treatment population in Jordan, an Islamic country. A qualitative study design using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with a sample of 25 males in addiction treatment. The sample was drawn from a cohort of in-patients at a treatment centre in Amman, Jordan who had already participated in a quantitative survey. A purposive sample was selected to ensure the inclusion of a range of characteristics that might affect their experience of developing addiction and its consequences, i.e., age, marital status and educational level. Interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis conducted using verbatim quotes to illustrate themes. Themes were mapped onto the biopsychosocial-spiritual model of addiction. This study found...

International Journal of Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, 2013

This study aimed to determine whether pharmacy customers are deterred from using a pharmacy that ... more This study aimed to determine whether pharmacy customers are deterred from using a pharmacy that offers services to drug misusers. If patients are deterred, what are their specific concerns? The study was qualitative and three different groups were interviewed about their views on pharmacies providing services to drug misusers (i) pharmacy customers, (ii) local community councils and (iii) local drug forums. This paper focuses on pharmacy customer interview results. Interviews were conducted in 10 pharmacies, five in Aberdeen and five in Glasgow, both areas of high drug misuse. The pharmacy customers were attending pharmacies with high, medium and low involvement with drug misusers and were located in city centre, suburban and rural locations. Pharmacy customers were generally supportive of pharmacies offering services to drug misusers. However, their support was often qualified by a wish to see a private area provided for methadone consumption. Pharmacy customers were more knowledgeable of the rationale for and supportive of needle exchange services compared to methadone maintenance and supervised consumption. The results of the study demonstrate that the majority of pharmacy customers are supportive of drug misuse services, provided there is adequate privacy in the pharmacy. These results should be used to encourage more pharmacists to provide drug misuse services. [Lawrie T, Matheson C, Bond CM, Roberts K. Pharmacy customers' views and experiences of using pharmacies which provide drug misuse services. Drug Alcohol Rev 2004;23:195 -202]

The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, Jan 9, 2016

Modern demands and challenges among healthcare professionals can be particularly stressful and re... more Modern demands and challenges among healthcare professionals can be particularly stressful and resilience is increasingly necessary to maintain an effective, adaptable, and sustainable workforce. However, definitions of, and associations with, resilience have not been examined within the primary care context. To examine definitions and measures of resilience, identify characteristics and components, and synthesise current evidence about resilience in primary healthcare professionals. A systematic review was undertaken to identify studies relating to the primary care setting. Ovid(®), Embase(®), CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched in December 2014. Text selections and data extraction were conducted by paired reviewers working independently. Data were extracted on health professional resilience definitions and associated factors. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria: eight were quantitative, four qualitative, and one was an intervention study. Resilience, altho...

Specialist services have increased their capacity considerably in recent years to initiate and/or... more Specialist services have increased their capacity considerably in recent years to initiate and/or provide ongoing treatment for drug misuse. Consequently, methadone prescribing has substantially increased and over 17,000 patients are currently receiving methadone. Clinical guidance promotes consumption on the premises (COP) initially to ensure patients take medication as prescribed and also to prevent diversion. Diversion poses two risks: the patient may remain under-treated and continue illicit heroin use; diverted drugs put others at risk. However, COP can be restrictive. Current UK guidance is vague and not evidence-based recommending 'around three months subject to assessment of compliance and individual circumstances'. The overall aim of this study was to describe clinical practice regarding prescribing methadone under COP in Scotland, and reasons for this. Design and Methods. A structured, postal questionnaire was sent to all lead clinicians in specialist drug treatment centres in Scotland in 2009 (n=42). The questionnaire explored current practice, influence of supervision on retention, views of best practice and contingency management. The response rate was 76% (n=32). Clinicians usually supervise for a minimum of three months with patient-centred criteria used to determine when to reduce or stop COP. Employment, clinical stability, family support and concerns for the safety of children in the home influenced decision making. Contingency management approaches to supervision were widely used (62%). In Scotland, clinicians' practice is variable and individualised to patients, but generally cautious regarding relaxing supervision conditions. This may reflect the lack of evidence-based guidance.

Journal of Public Health, 2016

Non-prescription medicines (NPMs) can be misused, abused or lead to dependence, but the prevalenc... more Non-prescription medicines (NPMs) can be misused, abused or lead to dependence, but the prevalence of these problems within the UK general population was unknown. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-reported misuse, abuse and dependence to NPMs. A cross-sectional postal survey was sent to 1000 individuals aged ≥18 randomly drawn from the UK Edited Electoral Register. A response rate of 43.4% was achieved. The lifetime prevalence of NPM misuse was 19.3%. Lifetime prevalence of abuse was 4.1%. Younger age, having a long-standing illness requiring regular NPM use and ever having used illicit drugs or legal highs were predictive of misuse/abuse of NPMs. In terms of dependence, lifetime prevalence was 2% with 0.8% currently dependent and 1.3% dependent in the past. Dependence was reported with analgesics (with and without codeine), sleep aids and nicotine products. Given the increasing emphasis on self-care and empowering the public to manage their health with NPMs, the findings highlight the need for improved pharmacovigilance of these medicines to maximize benefits with minimal risk. Healthcare providers need to be aware of the potential for misuse, abuse and dependence, particularly in patients with long-term illness.

International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 2012

Journal of public health (Oxford, England), Jan 27, 2015

Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are available without prescription, allowing convenience and fac... more Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are available without prescription, allowing convenience and facilitating self-care. As more OTC drugs become available, concerns regarding misuse have increased. This study explored pharmacists' perceptions about OTC drugs misuse, products involved and measures taken to address misuse. This was a cross-sectional postal survey. A questionnaire, based on one used previously (1995, 2000 and 2006), was posted to all community pharmacists in Scotland (n = 1246) in 2014. Questions related to suspected OTC misuse in their area, the products involved and resultant changes in policy. Data were managed and analysed in SPSS. Descriptive frequencies and χ(2) tests of association are reported. Responses were compared across the four cohorts. The 2014 response rate was 57% (709). The proportion of pharmacists reporting suspected OTC misuse increased to 80.8% from 70.8% in 2006. Codeine-containing products were most frequently perceived to be misused; previous...

Pharmaceutical Journal, 2006

RefDoc Bienvenue - Welcome. Refdoc est un service / is powered by. ...

International Journal of Drug Policy, 2015

In Scotland community pharmacies are heavily involved in service delivery for people with drug pr... more In Scotland community pharmacies are heavily involved in service delivery for people with drug problems (PWDP) as documented through surveys of all community pharmacies in 1995, 2000 and 2006. A further survey in 2014 enabled trends in service demand/provision to be analysed and provides insight into future development. The lead pharmacist in every Scottish pharmacy (n=1246) was invited to complete a postal questionnaire covering attitudes towards PWDP and service provision and level of involvement in services (needle exchange, dispensing for PWDP and methadone supervision). Additional questions covered new services of take-home naloxone (THN) and pharmacist prescribing for opioid dependence. Telephone follow-up of non-responders covered key variables. A comparative analysis of four cross-sectional population surveys of the community pharmacy workforce (1995, 2000, 2006 and 2014) was undertaken. Completed questionnaires were returned by 709 (57%) pharmacists in 2014. Key variables (questionnaire or telephone follow-up) were available from 873 (70%). The proportion of pharmacies providing needle exchange significantly increased from 1995 to 2014 (8.6%, 9.5%, 12.2%, 17.8%, p<0.001) as did the proportion of pharmacies dispensing for the treatment of drug misuse (58.9%, 73.4%, 82.6% and 88%, p<0.001). Methadone was dispensed to 16,406 individuals and buprenorphine to 1777 individuals (increased from 12,400 and 192 respectively in 2006). Attitudes improved significantly from 1995 to 2014 (p<0.001). Being male and past training in drug misuse significantly predicted higher attitude scores (p<0.05) in all four years. Attitude score was a consistently significant predictor in all four years for dispensing for the treatment of drug misuse [OR=1.1 (1995 and 2006, CI 1.1-1.3, and 2014 CI 1.1-1.4) and 1.2 (2000), CI 1.3-1.5] and providing needle exchange [OR=1.1 (1995 and 2006), CI 1.1-1.2, 1.1-1.3 and 1.2 (2000 and 2014), CI 1.1-1.3 and 1.1-1.5]. In 2014, 53% of pharmacists felt part of the addiction team and 27.7% did not feel their role was valued by them. Nine pharmacists prescribed for opioid dependence. It is possible for pharmacy workforce attitudes and service engagement to improve over time. Training was key to these positive trends. Communication with the wider addiction team could be further developed.

British Journal of General Practice

Background. Traditional systems of managing repeat prescribing have been criticised for their lac... more Background. Traditional systems of managing repeat prescribing have been criticised for their lack of clinical and administrative controls. Aim. To compare a community pharmacist-managed repeat prescribing system with established methods of managing repeat prescribing. Method. A randomised controlled intervention study (19 general medical practices, 3074 patients, 62 community pharmacists). Patients on repeat medication were given sufficient three-monthly scripts, endorsed for monthly dispensing, to last until their next clinical review consultation with their general practitioner (GP). The scripts were stored by a pharmacist of the patient's choice. Each monthly dispensing was authorised by the pharmacist, using a standard protocol. The cost of the drugs prescribed and dispensed was calculated. Data on patient outcomes were obtained from pharmacist-generated patient records and GP notes. Results. A total of 12.4% of patients had compliance problems, side-effects, adverse drug reactions, or drug interactions identified by the pharmacist. There were significantly more problems identified in total in the intervention group. The total number of consultations, deaths, and non-elective hospital admissions was the same in both groups. Sixty-six per cent of the study patients did not require their full quota of prescribed drugs, representing 18% of the total prescribed costs (estimated annual drug cost avoidance of £43 per patient). Conclusion. This system of managing repeat prescribing has been demonstrated to be logistically feasible, to identify clinical problems, and to make savings in the drugs bill.

Addiction

Aim. To assess the relationship between pharmacists' attitudes towards drug misusers and the avai... more Aim. To assess the relationship between pharmacists' attitudes towards drug misusers and the availability and provision of services for drug misusers. Design. A cross-sectional postal questionnaire survey. Setting. All community pharmacies in Scotland (n 5 1142). Participants. A total of 864 pharmacists managing community pharmacies on a day-to-da y basis (response rate 79%). Measurements. Descriptive data were collected on demography, drug misuse services provided and training in drug misuse. Attitude statements were used to measure attitudes to drug misusers, the role of the pharmacist in dispensing controlled drugs and providing injecting equipment, providing advice on drug misuse and ® nancial aspects of service provision. Statements were incorporated into a scale which was correlated with behavioural data on whether and how services were provided. Results. The attitude scale had good internal reliability and was unidimensional. Pharmacists that provided needle/syringe exchanges, sold needles/syringes, dispensed methadone, supervised the consumption of methadone and provided health promotion services to drug misusers had signi® cantly more positive attitudes towards drug misusers. Attitudes were associated with health board area, sex and number of years registered as a pharmacist. After controlling for these characteristics, attitude was an independent predictor of whether needles/syringes were sold, methadone was dispensed and methadone consumption supervised. Conclusions. Addressing negative attitudes could encourage more pharmacists to provide services and enhance the process of service delivery.

British Journal of General Practice

139 Keywords buprenorphine; methadone; opiate dependence; primary health care; systematic review.

Family Practice, 2015

In the last 20 years, pharmaceutical care has evolved as a modus operandi for community pharmacy.... more In the last 20 years, pharmaceutical care has evolved as a modus operandi for community pharmacy. This article tracks the development of pharmaceutical care for drug misusers since 1995 and considers the implications for pharmacy engagement with the wider care team. To survey current community pharmacy service provision for drug misusers, past training and future training needs and compare with data from previous years (1995, 2000 and 2006). A cross-sectional postal questionnaire of pharmacy managers in Scotland (n = 1246), and telephone interviews with non-respondents. Results were compared with previous surveys. The response rate was 70% (873) including 13.2% (164) by telephone. More pharmacies dispensed methadone in 2014 (88.5%) than previously, a significant increase across all time points (1995, 2000 and 2006) (P < 0.001). Most pharmacies (88.1%) had some drug misusers registered for the minor ailment scheme. In 2014, 43.4% of pharmacists always reported a drug misuser's non-attendance for opiate replacement treatment (ORT) to the prescriber (36.6% in 2006). If patient intoxication was suspected, medication was always withheld by 47.9% (27.5% in 2006). Pharmacists undertaking training in drug misuse and blood-borne diseases increased significantly since 1995, to 78.6% and 48.7%, respectively, in 2014 (P < 0.001). The preferred topic for future training was communication/engagement with other services. Pharmaceutical care for drug misusers has evolved from ORT supply to a more clinical approach. Pharmacists actively monitored ORT patients, managed their minor ailments and increasingly engaged with the wider care team.

Family Practice, 2015

Homeless patients have complex health needs. They also often describe difficulty accessing and ma... more Homeless patients have complex health needs. They also often describe difficulty accessing and maintaining access to clinical services. Although engagement with health care has been explored from the patient perspective, little is known about how health care professionals conceptualize, assess and promote engagement with health care among homeless persons. To examine how health professionals working in services for homeless persons view their patients' engagement with health care and explore how these views influence their practice. Semi-structured phone interviews were conducted with health professionals who had experience working with homeless patients. Purposive sampling aimed to cover a range of location, practice type and duration of professional experience. Thematic analysis was undertaken on interview transcripts. Thirteen interviews were conducted. Four themes were explored relating to engagement of homeless persons with health care: (i) systematic barriers to engagement; (ii) difficulties engaging with professionals; (iii) system approaches to facilitate engagement and (iv) relationship approaches to facilitate engagement. In addition, a fifth theme emerged relating to the interaction between practices and networks of homeless persons in which practices were perceived as a key resource for a citizenship of the homeless. Primary care practices providing services for homeless people aim to promote engagement with health care by maximizing flexibility and fostering relationships between patients and the clinical team. In doing so they produce a paradox, whereby they function as a key hub within a citizenship of homeless persons while simultaneously aiming to help people move out of homelessness into a more settled state.

International Journal of Drug Policy, 2015

The epidemic of drug-related mortality continues to endure. The most common cause of death associ... more The epidemic of drug-related mortality continues to endure. The most common cause of death associated with drugs is overdose and opioids are consistently the substances most prominently involved. As well as efforts to control the availability of illicit drugs and increase engagement in treatment services, the use of naloxone for peer administration has increasingly been championed as a mechanism for addressing the DRD epidemic. Despite increasing adoption and use of take-home naloxone (THN) as a primary response to DRD internationally the evidence base remains limited. A systematic review and descriptive meta-analysis of the international THN literature was undertaken to determine an effect size for THN programmes. For each study, a proportion of use (PoU) was calculated using the number of 'peer administered uses' and the 'total number of participant/clients' trained and supplied with naloxone with a specific focus on people who use drugs (PWUD). This was constrained to a three month period as the lowest common denominator. As a percentage this gives the three month rate of use (per 100 participants). From twenty-five identified THN evaluations, nine studies allowed a PoU to be determined. Overall, the model shows a range of 5.2-13.1 (point estimate 9.2) naloxone uses every three months for every 100 PWUD trained. Our model estimates that around 9% of naloxone kits distributed are likely to be used for peer administration within the first three months of supply for every 100 PWUD trained. Future evaluations should directly compare different training structures to test relative effectiveness and use a series of fixed time periods (3, 6 and 12 months) to determine whether time since training affects rate of naloxone use.

The International journal on drug policy, 2014

Research evidence is strong for opiate replacement treatment (ORT). However, public opinion (atti... more Research evidence is strong for opiate replacement treatment (ORT). However, public opinion (attitudes) can be at odds with evidence. This study explored the relationships between, attitudes, knowledge of drugs and a range of socio-demographic variables that potentially influence attitude. This is relevant in the current policy arena in which a major shift from harm reduction to, rehabilitation is underway. A cross sectional postal questionnaire survey in Scotland was conducted where the drug, treatment strategy has changed from harm-reduction to recovery-based. A random sample (N=3000), of the general public, >18 years, and on the electoral register was used. The questionnaire was largely structured with tick box format but included two open questions for qualitative responses. Valuation was measured using the economic willingness-to-pay (WTP) method. The response rate was 38.1% (1067/2803). Less than 10% had personal experience of drug, misuse but 16.7% had experience of drug m...