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Papers by Cecilia Valbonesi

<p>One of the most critical part of tsunami warning systems is the so-called &a... more <p>One of the most critical part of tsunami warning systems is the so-called “last mile”, i.e., informing promptly residents and tourists about a possible impending inundation.</p><p>In Italy, one of the most recent activities to reach this goal is the implementation of the Tsunami Ready (TR) Program, developed under the aegis of UNESCO and achieved in synergy between INGV, ISPRA and the Italian Civil Protection Department (the three components of the Italian Tsunami Warning System - SiAM).</p><p>In 2020, the path towards the TR recognition has started in three Italian pilot municipalities: Minturno, Palmi, Marzamemi. The response of local authorities has been enthusiastic in all three cases, despite numerous bureaucratic obstacles to involvement and membership.</p><p>Italy as a NEAM member aims to reach the goal of 100% of communities at risk of tsunami prepared for and resilient to tsunamis by 2030 through the implementation of the UNESCO/IOC Tsunami Ready Programme.</p><p>Several developments are going on because all participants are aware that TR is a virtuous model for dealing with tsunami risk, with numerous implications in terms of education and responsibilities for the harmful consequences of a tsunami.</p><p>First of all, the direct involvement of citizens in the education and information process represents a significant step change of TR. It is achieved through the participation of citizens’ representatives in the TR Local Board, which is responsible for monitoring the development of procedures and certifying that a suite of 12 target parameters identified in the TR guidelines have been accomplished.</p><p>It is important to remind that the recognition as Tsunami Ready community must be also approved by the National TR Board and by the UNESCO ICG.</p><p>Secondly, the existence of internationally accredited guidelines (IOC UNESCO n. 74 and its ongoing updates) represents a reliable parameter for determining the behavior to be adopted by public decision-makers.  In case of harmful events, the compliance with these parameters can contribute to mitigating the (possible) criminal reproach against civil protection officers charged in risk management.</p>

Frontiers in Earth Science, 2021

Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWSs) represent a technical-scientific challenge aimed at impr... more Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWSs) represent a technical-scientific challenge aimed at improving the chance of the population exposed to the earthquake shaking of surviving or being less affected. The ability of an EEWS to affect the risk and, in particular, vulnerability and exposure, may determine serious legal responsibilities for people involved in the system, as scientists and experts. The main question concerns, in fact, the relationship between EEWSs and the predictability and avoidability of earthquake effects-i.e., the ground shaking affecting citizens and infrastructures - and the possibility for people to adopt self-protective behavior and/or for industrial infrastructures to be secured. In Italy, natural disasters, such as the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, teach us that the relationship between science and law is really difficult. So, before EEW’s become operational in Italy, it is necessary to: 1) examine the legislative and technical solutions adopted by some of the ...

EnglishVerdict neglects psychology and social science as legitima te sources of scientific knowle... more EnglishVerdict neglects psychology and social science as legitima te sources of scientific knowledge and the lack of a scientifically grounded reasoning weakens the decision. The judges dismiss their role of gatekeepers of scientific grounded evidence by reconstructing the causal chain and the negligence in an extremely discretional way, following almost unconstitutional paradigms. The causality chain (psychic causality) is based on customary - not general - rules. Negligence lose its traditional paradigm. Following the precautionary principle, the Court imposes to foresee far beyond the specific event, posing a "duty of behavior" in order to avoid any event belonging to the class af avoidable ones. We face two different events: 1) the influence af BDB's words an people's behavior (abandon of usual "cautions"); 2) link between self-determinatian and death. The first could be foreseen, but second could not, because death is necessarily linked to an unpredi...

Premio Ricerca «Città di Firenze», 2015

The growing complexity of production phenomena is causing a progressive expansion of culpable lia... more The growing complexity of production phenomena is causing a progressive expansion of culpable liability assumptions. In particular, the jurisprudence dealing with long-term diseases bases the culpable reproach on scientific knowledge gained in a later period, thus operating a destructuring of the constitutive profiles of the crimen culposum. The work intends to investigate the complex relationship between guilt and scientific progress, highlighting the continuous dialogue between doctrine and jurisprudence, with particular attention to the implications of risk criminal law and precautionism. The search for a new typicality of culpable reproach does not ignore the recent legislative developments aimed at giving meaning to guidelines and protocols.

Rivista Italiana Di Diritto E Procedura Penale, 2013

SOMMARIO:1. Considerazioni introduttive. - 2. I limiti alla responsabilita del medico fra paramet... more SOMMARIO:1. Considerazioni introduttive. - 2. I limiti alla responsabilita del medico fra parametri civilistici ed ascendenze sovranazionali. - 3. La peculiarita del rimprovero colposo in ambito medico. E pos sibil e ridurre il molteplice ad unita? - 3.1. Linee guida e protocolli come fondamento di una "nueva" responsabilita medica a titolo di colpa specifica. - 3.2. I criteri enucleati alla prova della medicina sperimentale e della terapia farmacologica. - 4. I riflessi della riforma nel complesso ambito di accertamento processuale della colpa medica. - 5. Considerazioni conclusive.

Il lavoro vuole affrontare il rapporto fra prova scientifica, diritto e processo penale, sottolin... more Il lavoro vuole affrontare il rapporto fra prova scientifica, diritto e processo penale, sottolineando come in Italia la mancanza di cultura scientifica dei giudici e, parimenti, la carenza di regole riferite ai criteri di scelta dei periti e dei consulenti tecnici, porti spesso a decisioni giudiziarie molto lontane dal rispetto dell’ortodossia del rimprovero penale. Dopo aver illustrato alcuni casi giurisprudenziali, la riflessione si sofferma sulle possibili soluzioni di questa annosa questione, muovendo dalla disciplina introdotta dalla legge Gelli Bianco e dal DDL sul Testo Unico Amianto. Parole chiave: Prova scientifica, colpa, giudice. Resumen: El trabajo pretende abordar la relación entre la evidencia científica, el derecho y el juicio penal, destacando cómo en Italia la falta de cultura científica de los jueces y, del mismo modo, la falta de normas que se refieran a los criterios de selección de peritos y testigos periciales a menudo conduce a decisiones judiciales alejadas ...

&... more <p><strong>How Earthquake Early Warning Systems can affect scientist’s liability? International perspective for domestic questions.</strong></p> <p>Early Warning Systems (EWS) represent a technical-scientific challenge aimed at improving the chance of surviving of the population exposed to the effects of dangerous natural events. This improvement must necessarily face great difficulties in the application fields, because EWS may turn into serious responsibilities for people involved as scientists and engineers.</p> <p>In this complex scenario is necessary to consider the differences among EWS (e.g. meteo, tsunami, earthquake) and their capability of predicting and avoiding the consequences of damaging events.</p> <p>The development of EWS in Italy is not homogenous.</p> <p>Some of these systems, such as Earthquake EWS (EEWS), are in a testing phase and we really need to learn a lot from the comparison with other Countries that have been adopting these solutions for years.</p> <p>This recognition is very important, because the tragic and deadly events of the L'Aquila earthquake, the landslide in Sarno, and the recent eruption of Stromboli volcano have taught us that the relationship between science and law in Italy is really…

<p>One of the most critical part of tsunami warning systems is the so-called &a... more <p>One of the most critical part of tsunami warning systems is the so-called “last mile”, i.e., informing promptly residents and tourists about a possible impending inundation.</p><p>In Italy, one of the most recent activities to reach this goal is the implementation of the Tsunami Ready (TR) Program, developed under the aegis of UNESCO and achieved in synergy between INGV, ISPRA and the Italian Civil Protection Department (the three components of the Italian Tsunami Warning System - SiAM).</p><p>In 2020, the path towards the TR recognition has started in three Italian pilot municipalities: Minturno, Palmi, Marzamemi. The response of local authorities has been enthusiastic in all three cases, despite numerous bureaucratic obstacles to involvement and membership.</p><p>Italy as a NEAM member aims to reach the goal of 100% of communities at risk of tsunami prepared for and resilient to tsunamis by 2030 through the implementation of the UNESCO/IOC Tsunami Ready Programme.</p><p>Several developments are going on because all participants are aware that TR is a virtuous model for dealing with tsunami risk, with numerous implications in terms of education and responsibilities for the harmful consequences of a tsunami.</p><p>First of all, the direct involvement of citizens in the education and information process represents a significant step change of TR. It is achieved through the participation of citizens’ representatives in the TR Local Board, which is responsible for monitoring the development of procedures and certifying that a suite of 12 target parameters identified in the TR guidelines have been accomplished.</p><p>It is important to remind that the recognition as Tsunami Ready community must be also approved by the National TR Board and by the UNESCO ICG.</p><p>Secondly, the existence of internationally accredited guidelines (IOC UNESCO n. 74 and its ongoing updates) represents a reliable parameter for determining the behavior to be adopted by public decision-makers.  In case of harmful events, the compliance with these parameters can contribute to mitigating the (possible) criminal reproach against civil protection officers charged in risk management.</p>

Frontiers in Earth Science, 2021

Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWSs) represent a technical-scientific challenge aimed at impr... more Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWSs) represent a technical-scientific challenge aimed at improving the chance of the population exposed to the earthquake shaking of surviving or being less affected. The ability of an EEWS to affect the risk and, in particular, vulnerability and exposure, may determine serious legal responsibilities for people involved in the system, as scientists and experts. The main question concerns, in fact, the relationship between EEWSs and the predictability and avoidability of earthquake effects-i.e., the ground shaking affecting citizens and infrastructures - and the possibility for people to adopt self-protective behavior and/or for industrial infrastructures to be secured. In Italy, natural disasters, such as the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, teach us that the relationship between science and law is really difficult. So, before EEW’s become operational in Italy, it is necessary to: 1) examine the legislative and technical solutions adopted by some of the ...

EnglishVerdict neglects psychology and social science as legitima te sources of scientific knowle... more EnglishVerdict neglects psychology and social science as legitima te sources of scientific knowledge and the lack of a scientifically grounded reasoning weakens the decision. The judges dismiss their role of gatekeepers of scientific grounded evidence by reconstructing the causal chain and the negligence in an extremely discretional way, following almost unconstitutional paradigms. The causality chain (psychic causality) is based on customary - not general - rules. Negligence lose its traditional paradigm. Following the precautionary principle, the Court imposes to foresee far beyond the specific event, posing a "duty of behavior" in order to avoid any event belonging to the class af avoidable ones. We face two different events: 1) the influence af BDB's words an people's behavior (abandon of usual "cautions"); 2) link between self-determinatian and death. The first could be foreseen, but second could not, because death is necessarily linked to an unpredi...

Premio Ricerca «Città di Firenze», 2015

The growing complexity of production phenomena is causing a progressive expansion of culpable lia... more The growing complexity of production phenomena is causing a progressive expansion of culpable liability assumptions. In particular, the jurisprudence dealing with long-term diseases bases the culpable reproach on scientific knowledge gained in a later period, thus operating a destructuring of the constitutive profiles of the crimen culposum. The work intends to investigate the complex relationship between guilt and scientific progress, highlighting the continuous dialogue between doctrine and jurisprudence, with particular attention to the implications of risk criminal law and precautionism. The search for a new typicality of culpable reproach does not ignore the recent legislative developments aimed at giving meaning to guidelines and protocols.

Rivista Italiana Di Diritto E Procedura Penale, 2013

SOMMARIO:1. Considerazioni introduttive. - 2. I limiti alla responsabilita del medico fra paramet... more SOMMARIO:1. Considerazioni introduttive. - 2. I limiti alla responsabilita del medico fra parametri civilistici ed ascendenze sovranazionali. - 3. La peculiarita del rimprovero colposo in ambito medico. E pos sibil e ridurre il molteplice ad unita? - 3.1. Linee guida e protocolli come fondamento di una "nueva" responsabilita medica a titolo di colpa specifica. - 3.2. I criteri enucleati alla prova della medicina sperimentale e della terapia farmacologica. - 4. I riflessi della riforma nel complesso ambito di accertamento processuale della colpa medica. - 5. Considerazioni conclusive.

Il lavoro vuole affrontare il rapporto fra prova scientifica, diritto e processo penale, sottolin... more Il lavoro vuole affrontare il rapporto fra prova scientifica, diritto e processo penale, sottolineando come in Italia la mancanza di cultura scientifica dei giudici e, parimenti, la carenza di regole riferite ai criteri di scelta dei periti e dei consulenti tecnici, porti spesso a decisioni giudiziarie molto lontane dal rispetto dell’ortodossia del rimprovero penale. Dopo aver illustrato alcuni casi giurisprudenziali, la riflessione si sofferma sulle possibili soluzioni di questa annosa questione, muovendo dalla disciplina introdotta dalla legge Gelli Bianco e dal DDL sul Testo Unico Amianto. Parole chiave: Prova scientifica, colpa, giudice. Resumen: El trabajo pretende abordar la relación entre la evidencia científica, el derecho y el juicio penal, destacando cómo en Italia la falta de cultura científica de los jueces y, del mismo modo, la falta de normas que se refieran a los criterios de selección de peritos y testigos periciales a menudo conduce a decisiones judiciales alejadas ...

&... more <p><strong>How Earthquake Early Warning Systems can affect scientist’s liability? International perspective for domestic questions.</strong></p> <p>Early Warning Systems (EWS) represent a technical-scientific challenge aimed at improving the chance of surviving of the population exposed to the effects of dangerous natural events. This improvement must necessarily face great difficulties in the application fields, because EWS may turn into serious responsibilities for people involved as scientists and engineers.</p> <p>In this complex scenario is necessary to consider the differences among EWS (e.g. meteo, tsunami, earthquake) and their capability of predicting and avoiding the consequences of damaging events.</p> <p>The development of EWS in Italy is not homogenous.</p> <p>Some of these systems, such as Earthquake EWS (EEWS), are in a testing phase and we really need to learn a lot from the comparison with other Countries that have been adopting these solutions for years.</p> <p>This recognition is very important, because the tragic and deadly events of the L'Aquila earthquake, the landslide in Sarno, and the recent eruption of Stromboli volcano have taught us that the relationship between science and law in Italy is really…