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Papers by Adriana Chacon-Cascante
The EU banana market has been of enormous interest for researchers for a long time, especially af... more The EU banana market has been of enormous interest for researchers for a long time, especially after the import policy unification brought by the Common Market Organization for Bananas (CMOB) in 1993. Empirical evidence suggests that the CMOB and its subsequent modifications have been highly distorting. However, the quantifications made of those distortions by different authors vary a lot, not only in magnitude but also in direction. The reason is that for each evaluation, a different system of demand equations has been estimated. However, besides the different models used, there is one common denominator to all models. They do not incorporate the general restrictions (homogeneity, symmetry and adding up) necessary to make the demand estimations consistent with economic theory. In this paper we estimate the almost ideal demand system (AIDS) to calculate more reliable elasticities to facilitate future welfare analysis of the EU banana market. The inverse almost ideal demand system (I...
La producción de ganado en Costa Rica se extiende por todo el país: desde la frontera con Nicarag... more La producción de ganado en Costa Rica se extiende por todo el país: desde la frontera con Nicaragua en el norte hasta la frontera con Panamá en el sur; y de costa a costa entre el Pacífico y el Atlántico. Hay aproximadamente 1,28 millones de cabezas de ganado en 37 171 fincas. Cuarenta y dos por ciento del hato ganadero es para la producción de carne, 26% para producción de leche y el 32% es de doble propósito. El ganado costarricense consume 1,04 millones de hectáreas de pastos, una superficie equivalente al 43% del terreno dedicado a la agricultura y 20% del área total. Más de 26 000 productores reportan la ganadería como actividad primaria generadora de ingresos y más de 37 000 productores tienen ganado en su finca.
Environmental Policy and Governance, 2017
Policy mix analysis has been applied in research on energy, climate, urban and transport policy, ... more Policy mix analysis has been applied in research on energy, climate, urban and transport policy, and more recently biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. However, policy mix analysis has thus far been employed at a high conceptual level, focusing on describing interactions between instrument types. Policy mix analysis rarely describes instrument ‘structure’ or functional characteristics in a way that would answer the question ‘what constitutes an instrument’? We describe how the rules‐in‐use taxonomy of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, developed for research on common pool resource management, can be used to characterize conservation policy instrument interactions. We demonstrate the approach on the well‐known payments for ecosystem services (PES) program in Costa Rica and cross‐compliance policies, arguing that PES is a policy mix rather than a single economic instrument. Our analysis shows how design features of PES described in the economics ...
Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 2012
The objective of this research is to identify and quantify the motivations for organic grain farm... more The objective of this research is to identify and quantify the motivations for organic grain farming in the United States. Survey data of US organic grain producers were used in regression models to find the statistical determinants of three motivations for organic grain production, including profit maximization, environmental stewardship, and an organic lifestyle. Results provide evidence that many organic grain producers had more than a single motivation and that younger farmers are more likely to be motivated by environmental and lifestyle goals than older farmers. Organic grain producers exhibited a diversity of motivations, including profit and stewardship.
The EU is one of the world’s biggest importers of bananas and, as such, import policies enforced ... more The EU is one of the world’s biggest importers of bananas and, as such, import policies enforced by this trade union are likely to have a great impact on major producers of bananas. Aiming to protect communitarian producers and exporters from selected ex-colonies of Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific and to honor previous agreements, the EU unified its import policy for bananas in 1993. This policy, known as the Common Market Organization for Bananas, generated one of the most controversial trade disputes in history. After several modifications of the original regime, in January 2006, the EU changed its import regime to satisfy a World Trade Organization mandate and to honor an agreement signed with the United States in 2000. This dissertation reviews the history of the trade disputes in the EU banana market and analyzes the effects that the new import regime will have on major suppliers. To do this, a theoretically-consistent demand system is estimated and then the calculated parame...
Los instrumentos económicos desempeñan un papel importante en la protección y conservación de los... more Los instrumentos económicos desempeñan un papel importante en la protección y conservación de los recursos naturales, tanto a nivel de biodiversidad como en otros servicios de los ecosistemas. En muchos casos, estos instrumentos ofrecen una alternativa más eficiente a las herramientas tradicionales de control y mando; tales como las prohibiciones o restricciones al uso de recursos naturales o la creación de áreas protegidas. En este trabajo se describen tres instrumentos económicos: Pagos por Servicios Ambientales, Certificación para la Conservación y Manejo Sostenible del Sector Forestal y otros instrumentos financieros para el manejo forestal sostenible.
Today’s Costa Rica’s Payment for Environmental Services Program is the result of an evolving poli... more Today’s Costa Rica’s Payment for Environmental Services Program is the result of an evolving policy process. Although it would be difficult to define an exact starting date, the promulgation of the first Forest Law in 1969 is a good reference point. Even though this law was not implemented, it set the basis for a future forest conservation culture that characterizes the country nowadays. The need for establishing a forest law comes as result of years of perverse incentives in favor of agricultural production and expansion at a high deforestation cost. Forest coverage went down from 75% in the 1950’s to a lowest 26% at the beginning of the 1980’s. As result of the accelerated deforestation rates, economic (market based) mechanisms started to be implemented since the 1980´s. They started as soft credits and tax exceptions to incentivize reforestation as well as the establishment of forest plantations. However, in the early 90’s the country had to eliminate its subsidy system in respon...
The paper conducts an evaluation of socio-economic impact of two of the most extensively used PES... more The paper conducts an evaluation of socio-economic impact of two of the most extensively used PES contract modalities in Nicoya Peninsula. To control for confounding factors and selection bias, propensity score matching techniques were used. A total of 30 conservation contracts and 30 reforestation contracts were evaluated using 150 farms as control group. Cadastre data was used, which added methodological value to the paper as it demonstrates the use of the recently completed Cadastre for Costa Rica in conducting policy evaluation at property level. Results show no socio-economic impact of the PES program on people, which goes in line with previous findings. We claim for a better social targeting based on farm wealth would perform better in terms of poverty reduction as it would increase the likelihood of less well-endowed farmers to enrol in the programme.
Costa Rica's commitment to carbon neutrality has prompted the development of a policy initiat... more Costa Rica's commitment to carbon neutrality has prompted the development of a policy initiative that prioritizes climate smart actions including mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHG) emission. This research characterized management strategies in 104 farms, their partial emission (enteric methane and nitrous oxide from synthetic fertilizers and cows' effluent deposited in pasture), and estimated their economic efficiency. Diet ingredient composition and cow performance data were collected with a survey, energy expenditure and dry matter intake were determined with NRC equations, and emissions were estimated with IPCC equations. A cluster analysis resulted in the identification of 4 distinct feeding strategies based on relative reliance of pasture, concentrate, by-products or cut-and-carry grasses. Compared with a pasture-based feeding strategies, using a higher proportion of concentrates in the diet resulted in higher feed costs but also higher income over feed cost (IOFC = m...
The EU banana market has been of enormous interest for researchers for a long time, especially af... more The EU banana market has been of enormous interest for researchers for a long time, especially after the import policy unification brought by the Common Market Organization for Bananas (CMOB) in 1993. Empirical evidence suggests that the CMOB and its subsequent modifications have been highly distorting. However, the quantifications made of those distortions by different authors vary a lot, not only in magnitude but also in direction. The reason is that for each evaluation, a different system of demand equations has been estimated. However, besides the different models used, there is one common denominator to all models. They do not incorporate the general restrictions (homogeneity, symmetry and adding up) necessary to make the demand estimations consistent with economic theory. In this paper we estimate the almost ideal demand system (AIDS) to calculate more reliable elasticities to facilitate future welfare analysis of the EU banana market. The inverse almost ideal demand system (I...
La producción de ganado en Costa Rica se extiende por todo el país: desde la frontera con Nicarag... more La producción de ganado en Costa Rica se extiende por todo el país: desde la frontera con Nicaragua en el norte hasta la frontera con Panamá en el sur; y de costa a costa entre el Pacífico y el Atlántico. Hay aproximadamente 1,28 millones de cabezas de ganado en 37 171 fincas. Cuarenta y dos por ciento del hato ganadero es para la producción de carne, 26% para producción de leche y el 32% es de doble propósito. El ganado costarricense consume 1,04 millones de hectáreas de pastos, una superficie equivalente al 43% del terreno dedicado a la agricultura y 20% del área total. Más de 26 000 productores reportan la ganadería como actividad primaria generadora de ingresos y más de 37 000 productores tienen ganado en su finca.
Environmental Policy and Governance, 2017
Policy mix analysis has been applied in research on energy, climate, urban and transport policy, ... more Policy mix analysis has been applied in research on energy, climate, urban and transport policy, and more recently biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. However, policy mix analysis has thus far been employed at a high conceptual level, focusing on describing interactions between instrument types. Policy mix analysis rarely describes instrument ‘structure’ or functional characteristics in a way that would answer the question ‘what constitutes an instrument’? We describe how the rules‐in‐use taxonomy of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, developed for research on common pool resource management, can be used to characterize conservation policy instrument interactions. We demonstrate the approach on the well‐known payments for ecosystem services (PES) program in Costa Rica and cross‐compliance policies, arguing that PES is a policy mix rather than a single economic instrument. Our analysis shows how design features of PES described in the economics ...
Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 2012
The objective of this research is to identify and quantify the motivations for organic grain farm... more The objective of this research is to identify and quantify the motivations for organic grain farming in the United States. Survey data of US organic grain producers were used in regression models to find the statistical determinants of three motivations for organic grain production, including profit maximization, environmental stewardship, and an organic lifestyle. Results provide evidence that many organic grain producers had more than a single motivation and that younger farmers are more likely to be motivated by environmental and lifestyle goals than older farmers. Organic grain producers exhibited a diversity of motivations, including profit and stewardship.
The EU is one of the world’s biggest importers of bananas and, as such, import policies enforced ... more The EU is one of the world’s biggest importers of bananas and, as such, import policies enforced by this trade union are likely to have a great impact on major producers of bananas. Aiming to protect communitarian producers and exporters from selected ex-colonies of Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific and to honor previous agreements, the EU unified its import policy for bananas in 1993. This policy, known as the Common Market Organization for Bananas, generated one of the most controversial trade disputes in history. After several modifications of the original regime, in January 2006, the EU changed its import regime to satisfy a World Trade Organization mandate and to honor an agreement signed with the United States in 2000. This dissertation reviews the history of the trade disputes in the EU banana market and analyzes the effects that the new import regime will have on major suppliers. To do this, a theoretically-consistent demand system is estimated and then the calculated parame...
Los instrumentos económicos desempeñan un papel importante en la protección y conservación de los... more Los instrumentos económicos desempeñan un papel importante en la protección y conservación de los recursos naturales, tanto a nivel de biodiversidad como en otros servicios de los ecosistemas. En muchos casos, estos instrumentos ofrecen una alternativa más eficiente a las herramientas tradicionales de control y mando; tales como las prohibiciones o restricciones al uso de recursos naturales o la creación de áreas protegidas. En este trabajo se describen tres instrumentos económicos: Pagos por Servicios Ambientales, Certificación para la Conservación y Manejo Sostenible del Sector Forestal y otros instrumentos financieros para el manejo forestal sostenible.
Today’s Costa Rica’s Payment for Environmental Services Program is the result of an evolving poli... more Today’s Costa Rica’s Payment for Environmental Services Program is the result of an evolving policy process. Although it would be difficult to define an exact starting date, the promulgation of the first Forest Law in 1969 is a good reference point. Even though this law was not implemented, it set the basis for a future forest conservation culture that characterizes the country nowadays. The need for establishing a forest law comes as result of years of perverse incentives in favor of agricultural production and expansion at a high deforestation cost. Forest coverage went down from 75% in the 1950’s to a lowest 26% at the beginning of the 1980’s. As result of the accelerated deforestation rates, economic (market based) mechanisms started to be implemented since the 1980´s. They started as soft credits and tax exceptions to incentivize reforestation as well as the establishment of forest plantations. However, in the early 90’s the country had to eliminate its subsidy system in respon...
The paper conducts an evaluation of socio-economic impact of two of the most extensively used PES... more The paper conducts an evaluation of socio-economic impact of two of the most extensively used PES contract modalities in Nicoya Peninsula. To control for confounding factors and selection bias, propensity score matching techniques were used. A total of 30 conservation contracts and 30 reforestation contracts were evaluated using 150 farms as control group. Cadastre data was used, which added methodological value to the paper as it demonstrates the use of the recently completed Cadastre for Costa Rica in conducting policy evaluation at property level. Results show no socio-economic impact of the PES program on people, which goes in line with previous findings. We claim for a better social targeting based on farm wealth would perform better in terms of poverty reduction as it would increase the likelihood of less well-endowed farmers to enrol in the programme.
Costa Rica's commitment to carbon neutrality has prompted the development of a policy initiat... more Costa Rica's commitment to carbon neutrality has prompted the development of a policy initiative that prioritizes climate smart actions including mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHG) emission. This research characterized management strategies in 104 farms, their partial emission (enteric methane and nitrous oxide from synthetic fertilizers and cows' effluent deposited in pasture), and estimated their economic efficiency. Diet ingredient composition and cow performance data were collected with a survey, energy expenditure and dry matter intake were determined with NRC equations, and emissions were estimated with IPCC equations. A cluster analysis resulted in the identification of 4 distinct feeding strategies based on relative reliance of pasture, concentrate, by-products or cut-and-carry grasses. Compared with a pasture-based feeding strategies, using a higher proportion of concentrates in the diet resulted in higher feed costs but also higher income over feed cost (IOFC = m...