Chad Kruger - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Chad Kruger

Frontiers in sustainable food systems, Jun 29, 2023

The advent of "natural climate solutions" and "climate smart agriculture" has increased interest ... more The advent of "natural climate solutions" and "climate smart agriculture" has increased interest in managing agricultural lands to sequester soil carbon and mitigate climate change. This has led to enormous opportunities for soil scientists and growers alike, as new soil carbon initiatives are created by public, private, and philanthropic entities. It has also led to confusion over what is possible or practical to achieve through agricultural management, as soil carbon formation and storage is complex, and its response to management is context-dependent. This can pose challenges to decision makers tasked with creating defensible, scienceinformed policies and programs for building and protecting soil carbon. Here we summarize the science concerning the potential for agricultural soils to serve as a natural climate solution, in order to frame a discussion of current approaches in United States (US) policy and practice. We examine existing strategies such as soil health initiatives and direct incentive payments, as well as emerging schemes such as carbon markets and crop insurance reform. We suggest future directions for each strategy, and make recommendations for synthesizing approaches into a cohesive US policy portfolio. Guiding principles for this discussion include the notions that (i) climate change adaptation must be prioritized alongside climate change mitigation; (ii) soil carbon sequestration must be paired with greenhouse gas emission reductions; (iii) structural issues and barriers to adoption must be addressed as part of all policies and programs; (iv) practice-and place-specific programs must be administered in lieu of one-size-fits-all prescriptions; and (v) soil carbon science is not yet sufficiently advanced for the accounting and contractual frameworks proposed in cap-and-trade or regulatory approaches.

Journal of Economic Entomology, Jan 28, 2022

Organic yard waste from western Washington, U.S. that may contain puparia of apple maggot fly, Rh... more Organic yard waste from western Washington, U.S. that may contain puparia of apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), had been moved to central Washington for composting, threatening the $3 billion apple industry concentrated in that region. Heating waste to kill fly puparia before it is transported could be a solution to this problem. Here, we report results of studies in 2016-2021 that sought to identify a minimum heat treatment simulating that obtained using a low-pressure steam generator for maximizing kill of R. pomonella puparia. In two experiments, puparia were exposed to temperatures ramped linearly over 6 h from 21°C to 47.8, 51.1, 55.0, or 60.0°C in an oven. The 47.8, 51.1, and 55°C treatments did not achieve 100% mortality, although only one adult fly from 4,000 puparia was found in the 55°C treatment, while no puparia survived the 60°C treatment. In a third, similar experiment, no puparia out of 2,400 exposed to 55°C survived. In a fourth and final experiment conducted over 3 years, no puparia out of 61,223 exposed to a 6-h ramp from 21°C to 55°C followed by a 1-h hold time at 55°C produced flies. In addition, all puparia in this treatment died. Based on 42.3 to 69.8% control survival, 31,217 puparia were killed by this treatment with no survivors, for a probit 8.7190 level of security. Results suggest that the 55°C and 1-h hold time treatment here is close to the minimum heat regime needed for disinfesting organic waste of R. pomonella puparia.

Frontiers in Environmental Science, Nov 6, 2017

In the carbon market, greenhouse gas (GHG) offset protocols need to ensure that emission reductio... more In the carbon market, greenhouse gas (GHG) offset protocols need to ensure that emission reductions are of high quality, quantifiable, and real. Lack of consistency across protocols for quantifying emission reductions compromise the credibility of offsets generated. Thus, protocol quantification methodologies need to be periodically reviewed to ensure emission offsets are credited accurately and updated to support practical climate policy solutions. Current GHG emission offset credits generated by agricultural nitrogen (N) management activities are based on reducing the annual N fertilizer application rate for a given crop without reducing yield. We performed a "road test" of agricultural N management protocols to evaluate differences among protocol components and quantify nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission reductions under sample projects relevant to N management in dryland, wheat-based cropping systems of the inland Pacific Northwest (iPNW). We evaluated five agricultural N management offset protocols applicable to North America: two methodologies of American Carbon Registry (ACR1 and ACR2), Verified Carbon Standard (VCS), Climate Action Reserve (CAR), and Alberta Offset Credit System (Alberta). We found that only two protocols, ACR2 and VCS, were suitable for this study, in which four sample projects were developed representing feasible N fertilizer rate reduction activities. The ACR2 and VCS protocols had identical baseline and project emission quantification methodologies resulting in identical emission reduction values. Reducing N fertilizer application rate by switching to variable rate N (sample projects 1-3) or split N application (sample project 4) management resulted in a N 2 O emission reduction ranging from 0.07 to 0.16, and 0.26 Mg CO 2 e ha −1 , respectively.

Agronomy Journal, Sep 1, 2016

core ideas • Phosphorus recovered from anaerobic digesters can eff ectively substitute for commer... more core ideas • Phosphorus recovered from anaerobic digesters can eff ectively substitute for commercial mined P fertilizers. • Potato yields among recovered P fertilizers and rates of P application were not signifi cantly diff erent. • Recovered P fertilizer performed similarly when equal rates were applied and method of application was comparable. soil Fertility & crop nutrition

Soil Science Society of America Journal, Nov 1, 2010

All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or b... more All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Carbon Sequestration under Irrigated Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Production Soil Biology & Biochemistry I nnovative strategies to mitigate global climate change warrant evaluation of crops capable of producing high levels of biomass for both energy generation and the promotion of soil organic matter through C sequestration. Bioenergy crops have the potential to reduce the rate of atmospheric CO 2 enrichment as well as to supply a portion of U.S. energy needs (Lemus and Lal, 2005). Cannell (2003) reported that the C sequestration associated with bioenergy-based cropping systems could potentially off set 1 to 2 Pg C yr −1 globally. Proposed biomass energy crops are herbaceous perennials that comprise grasses, such as elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), miscanthus (Miscanthus spp.), and switchgrass, as well as crop residues (Madakadze et al., 1999; Wilhelm et al., 2004). Reduced levels of SOC in agricultural soils have been attributed to erosion and decomposition caused by intensive cultivation, resulting in a loss of up to 60% of soil C reserves (Paustian et al., 1997). Th e amount of SOC is a function of the rates of C gains and losses from the soil under a specifi c land use as well as the quantity and quality of organic matter inputs (Paustian et al., 1997; Paul et al., 2001; Johnson et al., 2006). With the likelihood of signifi cant increases in the biobased energy industry and removal of biomass such as crop residues, soil C levels could be adversely aff ected. Th e use of perennial cropping has the potential to offset some of these losses. Perennial bioenergy crops have been shown to improve soil quality, enhance nutrient cycling, improve wildlife habitat, and sequester C

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2017

Scientific Reports, Jun 8, 2023

Communication theory suggests that interactive dialog rather than information transmission is nec... more Communication theory suggests that interactive dialog rather than information transmission is necessary for climate change action, especially for complex systems like agriculture. Climate analogs-locations whose current climate is similar to a target location's future climate-have garnered recent interest as transmitting more relatable information; however, they have unexplored potential in facilitating meaningful dialogs, and whether the way the analogs are developed could make a difference. We developed climate context-specific analogs based on agriculturally-relevant climate metrics for US specialty crop production, and explored their potential for facilitating dialogs on climate adaptation options. Over 80% of US specialty crop counties had acceptable US analogs for the mid-twenty-first century, especially in the West and Northeast which had greater similarities in the crops produced across target-analog pairs. Western counties generally had analogs to the south, and those in other regions had them to the west. A pilot dialog of target-analog pairs showed promise in eliciting actionable adaptation insights, indicating potential value in incorporating analog-driven dialogs more broadly in climate change communication.

Island Press/Center for Resource Economics eBooks, 2013

Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, May 1, 2017

One of the consequences of the increase of large dairy concentrated feeding operations (CAFOs) is... more One of the consequences of the increase of large dairy concentrated feeding operations (CAFOs) is the abundance of dairy manure that needs to be disposed of or used in some way. CAFOs can become bio-refineries, harnessing the manure for heat, power, fuel, chemicals, fertilizers, fiber, wood composites, and biochar for production of multiple value-added co-products. The objective of this paper is to review options for using dairy manure fiber and its corresponding anaerobically digested (AD) fiber. Bedding for cows remains a common choice for employing the separated AD fiber. However, research has shown that AD fiber has potential for using it as a component of growth substrates used in container plant production systems, for producing composite materials, or as a feedstock for both chemical and thermochemical operations. Potential uses of AD fiber such as composite materials and liquid fuels are proposed based on experiences employing the manure and its fiber (both without a previous AD step and after AD). Thermochemical processing (e.g., liquefaction and pyrolysis) of AD fiber for fuels and chemicals has been conducted at laboratory level and still needs further study at larger scale. Gasification of AD fiber is a promising option since there is potential for integration of current methane production with methane produced from thermal gasification.

This WSU publication provides an abbreviated review of the information found in the longer public... more This WSU publication provides an abbreviated review of the information found in the longer publication, Renewable Natural Gas and Nutrient Recovery Feasibility for DeRuyter Dairy. It introduces readers to key concerns regarding the profitability of anaerobic digestion systems and includes a discussion of general project costs and potential revenue sources. Additionally, it examines the potential profitability of three alternative anaerobic digester systems: (a) com¬bined heat and power, which is the baseline system; (b) boiler as a substitute for combined heat and power; and (c) renewable natural gas infrastructure

Innovative Solutions in Fluid-Particle Systems and Renewable Energy Management

The objective of this chapter is to review and discuss sustainability and techno-economic criteri... more The objective of this chapter is to review and discuss sustainability and techno-economic criteria to integrate pyrolysis, biochar activation, and bio-oil refining into sustainable business models. Several business models such as the production of biochar with heat recovery and bio-oil refining are discussed. Cost data needed by engineering practitioners to conduct enterprise-level financial analyses of different biomass pyrolysis economy models are presented. This chapter also reviews life cycle assessments of pyrolysis business models. If the feedstock used is produced sustainably and if the pyrolysis vapors are used for bio-oil or heat production, both, the production of biochar through slow pyrolysis and its use as a soil amendment to sequester carbon, and the production and refining of fast pyrolysis oils to produce transportation fuels could have a positive environmental impact.

Climate change impacts on pests and pest management have important implications for food security... more Climate change impacts on pests and pest management have important implications for food security. Existing literature has noted that pest voltinism (number of annual generations) is expected to increase with accelerated heat-unit accumulation, implying the need for increased pest control. However, accelerated heat-unit accumulation can also impact the efficacy of behavioral (pheromone-based mating disruption) and chemical pest control strategies and this aspect is unexplored. Using codling moth in the apple-growing Pacific Northwest United States as a case study, we quantified the impacts of climate change on both pest populations and pest control efficacy. Consistent with studies in other regions, we report an increase in voltinism. However, we also found new opportunities for effective pest management that can lead to reduced pesticide use and associated environmental and worker health benefits, though they come with additional costs and risks. Our simulations indicate that tempe...

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2016

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2017

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2018

Poster presented at the 2012 Washington State University Academic Showcase.Every five years, the ... more Poster presented at the 2012 Washington State University Academic Showcase.Every five years, the Department of Ecology’s Office of Columbia River (OCR) is required to submit a long-term water supply and demand forecast to the Legislature.A significant portion of the 2011 Forecast was carried out in partnership by an interdisciplinary WSU team (see poster #617, “Assessing the impact of climate change on Columbia River Basin agriculture through integrated crop systems, hydrologic, and water management modeling,”for a more detailed description of the Forecast). To gather feedback, the WSU team organized a series of educational workshops and an online survey coinciding with the release of the draft Forecast results. The computer modeling that was central to the 2011 Forecast was assumed to be challenging material for a public outreach process. Research suggests that public knowledge about the nature and purpose of scientific models is low (Schwarz and White 2005). Based on this, workshops provided a non-technical overview of the methodologies used, followed by guided discussion to elicit participant questions and stakeholder responses. In similar contexts, the Department of Ecology normally solicits and responds to written and oral comments submitted by individuals or organizations. To supplement this feedback, we surveyed workshop participants using a wireless response system. The survey was also open during the public comment period through a web portal. Results from the workshops provide insight into the perceived usefulness of various portions of the Forecast, and will help prioritize work on the 2016 ForecastFunding Agency: Washington Department of Ecology, Washington State University, Pullman, WAYorgey, Georgine et al. Enhancing stateholder feedback on the 2011 long-term forecast of water supply and demand for the Columbia River basin. Poster presented at the Washington State University Academic Showcase, Pullman, WA

The Anaerobic Digestion Systems Series provides research-based information to improve decision-ma... more The Anaerobic Digestion Systems Series provides research-based information to improve decision-making for incorporating, augmenting, and maintaining anaerobic digestion systems for manure and food by-products. Anaerobic digestion is a waste treatment process that occurs in an oxygen-free environment. In this process, microorganisms convert organic materials to biogas, a source of renewable energy. Besides producing energy, anaerobic digestion helps solve many environmental concerns associated with wastes, including odors, pathogens, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and air and water quality issues. At dairies and other livestock operations, the manure can be purposely mixed with other organic material such as pre-consumer food wastes to improve biogas yield, economics, and the AD process. This publication defines the co-digestion process and discusses major advantages and disadvantages. Table of

Frontiers in sustainable food systems, Jun 29, 2023

The advent of "natural climate solutions" and "climate smart agriculture" has increased interest ... more The advent of "natural climate solutions" and "climate smart agriculture" has increased interest in managing agricultural lands to sequester soil carbon and mitigate climate change. This has led to enormous opportunities for soil scientists and growers alike, as new soil carbon initiatives are created by public, private, and philanthropic entities. It has also led to confusion over what is possible or practical to achieve through agricultural management, as soil carbon formation and storage is complex, and its response to management is context-dependent. This can pose challenges to decision makers tasked with creating defensible, scienceinformed policies and programs for building and protecting soil carbon. Here we summarize the science concerning the potential for agricultural soils to serve as a natural climate solution, in order to frame a discussion of current approaches in United States (US) policy and practice. We examine existing strategies such as soil health initiatives and direct incentive payments, as well as emerging schemes such as carbon markets and crop insurance reform. We suggest future directions for each strategy, and make recommendations for synthesizing approaches into a cohesive US policy portfolio. Guiding principles for this discussion include the notions that (i) climate change adaptation must be prioritized alongside climate change mitigation; (ii) soil carbon sequestration must be paired with greenhouse gas emission reductions; (iii) structural issues and barriers to adoption must be addressed as part of all policies and programs; (iv) practice-and place-specific programs must be administered in lieu of one-size-fits-all prescriptions; and (v) soil carbon science is not yet sufficiently advanced for the accounting and contractual frameworks proposed in cap-and-trade or regulatory approaches.

Journal of Economic Entomology, Jan 28, 2022

Organic yard waste from western Washington, U.S. that may contain puparia of apple maggot fly, Rh... more Organic yard waste from western Washington, U.S. that may contain puparia of apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), had been moved to central Washington for composting, threatening the $3 billion apple industry concentrated in that region. Heating waste to kill fly puparia before it is transported could be a solution to this problem. Here, we report results of studies in 2016-2021 that sought to identify a minimum heat treatment simulating that obtained using a low-pressure steam generator for maximizing kill of R. pomonella puparia. In two experiments, puparia were exposed to temperatures ramped linearly over 6 h from 21°C to 47.8, 51.1, 55.0, or 60.0°C in an oven. The 47.8, 51.1, and 55°C treatments did not achieve 100% mortality, although only one adult fly from 4,000 puparia was found in the 55°C treatment, while no puparia survived the 60°C treatment. In a third, similar experiment, no puparia out of 2,400 exposed to 55°C survived. In a fourth and final experiment conducted over 3 years, no puparia out of 61,223 exposed to a 6-h ramp from 21°C to 55°C followed by a 1-h hold time at 55°C produced flies. In addition, all puparia in this treatment died. Based on 42.3 to 69.8% control survival, 31,217 puparia were killed by this treatment with no survivors, for a probit 8.7190 level of security. Results suggest that the 55°C and 1-h hold time treatment here is close to the minimum heat regime needed for disinfesting organic waste of R. pomonella puparia.

Frontiers in Environmental Science, Nov 6, 2017

In the carbon market, greenhouse gas (GHG) offset protocols need to ensure that emission reductio... more In the carbon market, greenhouse gas (GHG) offset protocols need to ensure that emission reductions are of high quality, quantifiable, and real. Lack of consistency across protocols for quantifying emission reductions compromise the credibility of offsets generated. Thus, protocol quantification methodologies need to be periodically reviewed to ensure emission offsets are credited accurately and updated to support practical climate policy solutions. Current GHG emission offset credits generated by agricultural nitrogen (N) management activities are based on reducing the annual N fertilizer application rate for a given crop without reducing yield. We performed a "road test" of agricultural N management protocols to evaluate differences among protocol components and quantify nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission reductions under sample projects relevant to N management in dryland, wheat-based cropping systems of the inland Pacific Northwest (iPNW). We evaluated five agricultural N management offset protocols applicable to North America: two methodologies of American Carbon Registry (ACR1 and ACR2), Verified Carbon Standard (VCS), Climate Action Reserve (CAR), and Alberta Offset Credit System (Alberta). We found that only two protocols, ACR2 and VCS, were suitable for this study, in which four sample projects were developed representing feasible N fertilizer rate reduction activities. The ACR2 and VCS protocols had identical baseline and project emission quantification methodologies resulting in identical emission reduction values. Reducing N fertilizer application rate by switching to variable rate N (sample projects 1-3) or split N application (sample project 4) management resulted in a N 2 O emission reduction ranging from 0.07 to 0.16, and 0.26 Mg CO 2 e ha −1 , respectively.

Agronomy Journal, Sep 1, 2016

core ideas • Phosphorus recovered from anaerobic digesters can eff ectively substitute for commer... more core ideas • Phosphorus recovered from anaerobic digesters can eff ectively substitute for commercial mined P fertilizers. • Potato yields among recovered P fertilizers and rates of P application were not signifi cantly diff erent. • Recovered P fertilizer performed similarly when equal rates were applied and method of application was comparable. soil Fertility & crop nutrition

Soil Science Society of America Journal, Nov 1, 2010

All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or b... more All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Carbon Sequestration under Irrigated Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Production Soil Biology & Biochemistry I nnovative strategies to mitigate global climate change warrant evaluation of crops capable of producing high levels of biomass for both energy generation and the promotion of soil organic matter through C sequestration. Bioenergy crops have the potential to reduce the rate of atmospheric CO 2 enrichment as well as to supply a portion of U.S. energy needs (Lemus and Lal, 2005). Cannell (2003) reported that the C sequestration associated with bioenergy-based cropping systems could potentially off set 1 to 2 Pg C yr −1 globally. Proposed biomass energy crops are herbaceous perennials that comprise grasses, such as elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), miscanthus (Miscanthus spp.), and switchgrass, as well as crop residues (Madakadze et al., 1999; Wilhelm et al., 2004). Reduced levels of SOC in agricultural soils have been attributed to erosion and decomposition caused by intensive cultivation, resulting in a loss of up to 60% of soil C reserves (Paustian et al., 1997). Th e amount of SOC is a function of the rates of C gains and losses from the soil under a specifi c land use as well as the quantity and quality of organic matter inputs (Paustian et al., 1997; Paul et al., 2001; Johnson et al., 2006). With the likelihood of signifi cant increases in the biobased energy industry and removal of biomass such as crop residues, soil C levels could be adversely aff ected. Th e use of perennial cropping has the potential to offset some of these losses. Perennial bioenergy crops have been shown to improve soil quality, enhance nutrient cycling, improve wildlife habitat, and sequester C

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2017

Scientific Reports, Jun 8, 2023

Communication theory suggests that interactive dialog rather than information transmission is nec... more Communication theory suggests that interactive dialog rather than information transmission is necessary for climate change action, especially for complex systems like agriculture. Climate analogs-locations whose current climate is similar to a target location's future climate-have garnered recent interest as transmitting more relatable information; however, they have unexplored potential in facilitating meaningful dialogs, and whether the way the analogs are developed could make a difference. We developed climate context-specific analogs based on agriculturally-relevant climate metrics for US specialty crop production, and explored their potential for facilitating dialogs on climate adaptation options. Over 80% of US specialty crop counties had acceptable US analogs for the mid-twenty-first century, especially in the West and Northeast which had greater similarities in the crops produced across target-analog pairs. Western counties generally had analogs to the south, and those in other regions had them to the west. A pilot dialog of target-analog pairs showed promise in eliciting actionable adaptation insights, indicating potential value in incorporating analog-driven dialogs more broadly in climate change communication.

Island Press/Center for Resource Economics eBooks, 2013

Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, May 1, 2017

One of the consequences of the increase of large dairy concentrated feeding operations (CAFOs) is... more One of the consequences of the increase of large dairy concentrated feeding operations (CAFOs) is the abundance of dairy manure that needs to be disposed of or used in some way. CAFOs can become bio-refineries, harnessing the manure for heat, power, fuel, chemicals, fertilizers, fiber, wood composites, and biochar for production of multiple value-added co-products. The objective of this paper is to review options for using dairy manure fiber and its corresponding anaerobically digested (AD) fiber. Bedding for cows remains a common choice for employing the separated AD fiber. However, research has shown that AD fiber has potential for using it as a component of growth substrates used in container plant production systems, for producing composite materials, or as a feedstock for both chemical and thermochemical operations. Potential uses of AD fiber such as composite materials and liquid fuels are proposed based on experiences employing the manure and its fiber (both without a previous AD step and after AD). Thermochemical processing (e.g., liquefaction and pyrolysis) of AD fiber for fuels and chemicals has been conducted at laboratory level and still needs further study at larger scale. Gasification of AD fiber is a promising option since there is potential for integration of current methane production with methane produced from thermal gasification.

This WSU publication provides an abbreviated review of the information found in the longer public... more This WSU publication provides an abbreviated review of the information found in the longer publication, Renewable Natural Gas and Nutrient Recovery Feasibility for DeRuyter Dairy. It introduces readers to key concerns regarding the profitability of anaerobic digestion systems and includes a discussion of general project costs and potential revenue sources. Additionally, it examines the potential profitability of three alternative anaerobic digester systems: (a) com¬bined heat and power, which is the baseline system; (b) boiler as a substitute for combined heat and power; and (c) renewable natural gas infrastructure

Innovative Solutions in Fluid-Particle Systems and Renewable Energy Management

The objective of this chapter is to review and discuss sustainability and techno-economic criteri... more The objective of this chapter is to review and discuss sustainability and techno-economic criteria to integrate pyrolysis, biochar activation, and bio-oil refining into sustainable business models. Several business models such as the production of biochar with heat recovery and bio-oil refining are discussed. Cost data needed by engineering practitioners to conduct enterprise-level financial analyses of different biomass pyrolysis economy models are presented. This chapter also reviews life cycle assessments of pyrolysis business models. If the feedstock used is produced sustainably and if the pyrolysis vapors are used for bio-oil or heat production, both, the production of biochar through slow pyrolysis and its use as a soil amendment to sequester carbon, and the production and refining of fast pyrolysis oils to produce transportation fuels could have a positive environmental impact.

Climate change impacts on pests and pest management have important implications for food security... more Climate change impacts on pests and pest management have important implications for food security. Existing literature has noted that pest voltinism (number of annual generations) is expected to increase with accelerated heat-unit accumulation, implying the need for increased pest control. However, accelerated heat-unit accumulation can also impact the efficacy of behavioral (pheromone-based mating disruption) and chemical pest control strategies and this aspect is unexplored. Using codling moth in the apple-growing Pacific Northwest United States as a case study, we quantified the impacts of climate change on both pest populations and pest control efficacy. Consistent with studies in other regions, we report an increase in voltinism. However, we also found new opportunities for effective pest management that can lead to reduced pesticide use and associated environmental and worker health benefits, though they come with additional costs and risks. Our simulations indicate that tempe...

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2016

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2017

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2018

Poster presented at the 2012 Washington State University Academic Showcase.Every five years, the ... more Poster presented at the 2012 Washington State University Academic Showcase.Every five years, the Department of Ecology’s Office of Columbia River (OCR) is required to submit a long-term water supply and demand forecast to the Legislature.A significant portion of the 2011 Forecast was carried out in partnership by an interdisciplinary WSU team (see poster #617, “Assessing the impact of climate change on Columbia River Basin agriculture through integrated crop systems, hydrologic, and water management modeling,”for a more detailed description of the Forecast). To gather feedback, the WSU team organized a series of educational workshops and an online survey coinciding with the release of the draft Forecast results. The computer modeling that was central to the 2011 Forecast was assumed to be challenging material for a public outreach process. Research suggests that public knowledge about the nature and purpose of scientific models is low (Schwarz and White 2005). Based on this, workshops provided a non-technical overview of the methodologies used, followed by guided discussion to elicit participant questions and stakeholder responses. In similar contexts, the Department of Ecology normally solicits and responds to written and oral comments submitted by individuals or organizations. To supplement this feedback, we surveyed workshop participants using a wireless response system. The survey was also open during the public comment period through a web portal. Results from the workshops provide insight into the perceived usefulness of various portions of the Forecast, and will help prioritize work on the 2016 ForecastFunding Agency: Washington Department of Ecology, Washington State University, Pullman, WAYorgey, Georgine et al. Enhancing stateholder feedback on the 2011 long-term forecast of water supply and demand for the Columbia River basin. Poster presented at the Washington State University Academic Showcase, Pullman, WA

The Anaerobic Digestion Systems Series provides research-based information to improve decision-ma... more The Anaerobic Digestion Systems Series provides research-based information to improve decision-making for incorporating, augmenting, and maintaining anaerobic digestion systems for manure and food by-products. Anaerobic digestion is a waste treatment process that occurs in an oxygen-free environment. In this process, microorganisms convert organic materials to biogas, a source of renewable energy. Besides producing energy, anaerobic digestion helps solve many environmental concerns associated with wastes, including odors, pathogens, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and air and water quality issues. At dairies and other livestock operations, the manure can be purposely mixed with other organic material such as pre-consumer food wastes to improve biogas yield, economics, and the AD process. This publication defines the co-digestion process and discusses major advantages and disadvantages. Table of