Chang S Hsu - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Chang S Hsu
Energy & Fuels, Mar 1, 1992
... Exxon Production Research Company, PO Box 2189, Houston, Texas 77252 H. Thomann, M. T. Melchi... more ... Exxon Production Research Company, PO Box 2189, Houston, Texas 77252 H. Thomann, M. T. Melchior, L. A. Gebhard, M. Bernardo, CF Pictroski, and C. S. Hsu ... Redwater Redwater Tomahawk Leduc Leduc Buck Creek Buck Creek Norbuck Norbuck ...
Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology, 2017
When people consider petroleum, they first think of energy. Petroleum and other fossil fuels now ... more When people consider petroleum, they first think of energy. Petroleum and other fossil fuels now provide more than 86% of the energy consumed by mankind. In addition, fossil resources, especially petroleum and natural gas, serve as the organic source of tens of thousands of consumer products, which enrich our daily lives.
Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
In modern times, a required prerequisite to looking for oil is obtaining the rights to do so. Lea... more In modern times, a required prerequisite to looking for oil is obtaining the rights to do so. Leases must be acquired from land- or mineral-rights owners, and licenses must be obtained, often from multiple legal jurisdictions—local, regional, state or provincial, and/or national governments.
Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Exploratory drilling provides the basis for refined estimates of the volume of reservoirs and the... more Exploratory drilling provides the basis for refined estimates of the volume of reservoirs and their potential economic value. If the refined estimates justify further investment, production wells are drilled into the underground reservoirs. With the advance in technology, directional drilling and offshore drilling in addition to traditional drilling are developed. The recovery of petroleum can be primary, secondary and tertiary. Tertiary recovery is also known as enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Three primary techniques for EOR are gas injection, chemical injection and thermal recovery that includes cyclic steam stimulation (Huff and Puff) and steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD).
Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Petroleum crude oils are broadly classified as paraffinic, asphaltic and mixed crude oils. Paraff... more Petroleum crude oils are broadly classified as paraffinic, asphaltic and mixed crude oils. Paraffinic crude oils are composed of aliphatic hydrocarbons (paraffins), wax (long-chain normal paraffin) and high-grade oils. Asphaltic crude oils contain large proportions of asphaltic materials with low or negligible concentrations of paraffins. Other classifications can be according to API gravity and sulfur content. For characterization, a conventional procedure is to separate petroleum into saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes fractions, known as a SARA (Saturates-Aromatics-Resin-Asphalt) analysis.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Current Practice of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 2001
Energy & Fuels, 2017
In-situ combustion (ISC) process has drawn more and more attention in the development of heavy oi... more In-situ combustion (ISC) process has drawn more and more attention in the development of heavy oil reservoir due to its high efficiency and oil recovery. Although numerous studies have been reported that oil properties exhibit significant changes during the combustion process, the reaction mechanisms and the evolution of oil components are still not well understood. In this work, the compounds of produced oils collected from a three dimensional simulated production model (container) at different duration times after combustion being initiated and the original oil were characterized at the molecular level using gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-field Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Both aromatic and acidic components were analyzed. The aromatic components showed relatively more stable characteristics than that of acidic components, no obvious changes in aromatic compounds distributions were observed by the positive ion atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) FT-ICR MS analysis. Small aliphatic acids were detected in the ISC oils which were responsible for the high total acid numbers (TAN). The acidic O x (x=1-3) compounds, which have major contributions to the increase in TAN, were generated in greater abundances compared to that of the original crude oil. The carbon number distributions of the O 1 and O 2 classes in the produced
Energy & Fuels, 2017
Supercritical CO 2 flooding has been considered as a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method... more Supercritical CO 2 flooding has been considered as a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method because it can effectively improve the oil recovery and promote greenhouse gas sequestration. However, the solubility of different petroleum components in supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2) has not been well investigated. This paper presents the molecular selectivity of SC-CO 2 extraction on crude oil under different pressures and temperatures. The crude oils were loaded on the surface of kieselguhr and extracted by SC-CO 2. The extracts and the residues from the SC-CO 2 extraction were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Our results showed that the operating pressure (20-30 MPa) affected the extraction yields more than the temperature (50-70 ºC). SC-CO 2 preferentially extracted small molecules with relatively low aromaticity and polarity. Compound classes containing multiple heteroatoms had lower extraction yields than hydrocarbons. The carbon number distribution ranges of various compound classes in the residues were largely different. Carboxylic acids and phenolic compounds were found to have poor solubility in SC-CO 2. The risk of asphaltenes precipitation in CO 2 EOR is also discussed.
Although present in trace amounts, biomarkers are extensively studied by geochemists to understan... more Although present in trace amounts, biomarkers are extensively studied by geochemists to understand paleotransformation processes that convert ancient living organisms into petroleum components and to assess age, maturity and source input of the petroleum. Most studied are saturated biomarkers that yield both molecular and characteristic fragment ions under high voltage (50-70 V) electron-impact ionization (HV/EI) conditions. Linking these molecular and fragment ions derived from saturated hydrocarbon compounds using GC/MS/MS resolves coeluting components and provides less ambiguous geochemical information than GC/MS. The same GC/MS/MS techniques cannot be applied to aromatized biomarkers because they yield trace or no molecular ions under HV/EI conditions. To overcome these difficulties, chemical ionization (CI) has been studied for producing ionic species more representative of molecules. Among the reagent gases evaluated, isobutane yields predominantly protonated molecular ions while methane and ammonia yield more than one type of pseudomolecular ions. Thus, isobutane is the gas of choice for the aromatic biomarkers using GC/MS/MS with CI. This analytical technique is particularly useful for resolving overlapping monoaromatic steranes (MAS). Characterization of aromatic biomarkers more accurately would help to explain better the maturation mechanism of petroleum molecules under thermal stress.
Relative cross sections for ionization by both techniques were determined for a number of aromati... more Relative cross sections for ionization by both techniques were determined for a number of aromatic and aromatic heteroatom-containing compounds. Analytical and sensitivity data are presented for a synthetic blend. Results are presented for analysis of both synthetic and coal liquids. (DLC)
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2000
MRS Proceedings, 1992
ABSTRACTAn efficient aqueous acid chemistry for the preparation of fullerols, consisting of 14-15... more ABSTRACTAn efficient aqueous acid chemistry for the preparation of fullerols, consisting of 14-15 hydroxyl moieties in an average structure, from C60 molecules is described.
Organic Mass Spectrometry, 1976
It is shown that charge exchange mass spectra using various reagent ions can be determined on a c... more It is shown that charge exchange mass spectra using various reagent ions can be determined on a commercial double focusing mass spectrometer. The experiment relies upon the presence of a collision region held at a potential above ground with the product ions being selected by their unique kinetic energies. Cyclohexene has been studied in detail and the results are in agreement with previous thermochemical and field ionization kinetics data. Agreement with reported charge exchange spectra of n-propanol, taken at lower energies, is good. The present results, including both the variation of spectra with reagent gas and the small range of kinetic energies present in the charge exchange beam, indicate that a resonant or near resonant process is involved. Thus, the internal energy of the nascent ion is defined within quite narrow limits, just as is the case for charge exchange at lower energy.
Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
As mentioned earlier, catalytic reforming is a major source of high-grade hydrogen for use elsewh... more As mentioned earlier, catalytic reforming is a major source of high-grade hydrogen for use elsewhere in the refinery. Major consumers of hydrogen include hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and isodewaxing. A relatively small amount of hydrogen is consumed by isomerization units, where it to prevent catalyst coking, and in hydrofinishing units, where it improves color and product stability. As discussed in previous chapters, hydrotreating accomplishes hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), and hydrodemetallation (HDM). Hydrocracking achieves conversion of heavy molecules into lighter molecules with higher value. Catalytic dewaxing and hydroisomerization convert waxy normal paraffins into isoparaffins, thereby increasing yields of high-quality lube base stock. When additional hydrogen is needed, the process of choice is steam hydrocarbon reforming. This process is the heart of refinery hydrogen plants. High-grade hydrogen and synthesis gas also are generated by partial oxidation of natural gas, coke, and residua. Low-grade hydrogen is generated by other processes, including coking, visbreaking, and catalytic cracking. Due to low purity and contamination by olefins, the main use for low-grade hydrogen is fuel gas.
Energy & Fuels, Mar 1, 1992
... Exxon Production Research Company, PO Box 2189, Houston, Texas 77252 H. Thomann, M. T. Melchi... more ... Exxon Production Research Company, PO Box 2189, Houston, Texas 77252 H. Thomann, M. T. Melchior, L. A. Gebhard, M. Bernardo, CF Pictroski, and C. S. Hsu ... Redwater Redwater Tomahawk Leduc Leduc Buck Creek Buck Creek Norbuck Norbuck ...
Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology, 2017
When people consider petroleum, they first think of energy. Petroleum and other fossil fuels now ... more When people consider petroleum, they first think of energy. Petroleum and other fossil fuels now provide more than 86% of the energy consumed by mankind. In addition, fossil resources, especially petroleum and natural gas, serve as the organic source of tens of thousands of consumer products, which enrich our daily lives.
Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
In modern times, a required prerequisite to looking for oil is obtaining the rights to do so. Lea... more In modern times, a required prerequisite to looking for oil is obtaining the rights to do so. Leases must be acquired from land- or mineral-rights owners, and licenses must be obtained, often from multiple legal jurisdictions—local, regional, state or provincial, and/or national governments.
Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Exploratory drilling provides the basis for refined estimates of the volume of reservoirs and the... more Exploratory drilling provides the basis for refined estimates of the volume of reservoirs and their potential economic value. If the refined estimates justify further investment, production wells are drilled into the underground reservoirs. With the advance in technology, directional drilling and offshore drilling in addition to traditional drilling are developed. The recovery of petroleum can be primary, secondary and tertiary. Tertiary recovery is also known as enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Three primary techniques for EOR are gas injection, chemical injection and thermal recovery that includes cyclic steam stimulation (Huff and Puff) and steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD).
Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Petroleum crude oils are broadly classified as paraffinic, asphaltic and mixed crude oils. Paraff... more Petroleum crude oils are broadly classified as paraffinic, asphaltic and mixed crude oils. Paraffinic crude oils are composed of aliphatic hydrocarbons (paraffins), wax (long-chain normal paraffin) and high-grade oils. Asphaltic crude oils contain large proportions of asphaltic materials with low or negligible concentrations of paraffins. Other classifications can be according to API gravity and sulfur content. For characterization, a conventional procedure is to separate petroleum into saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes fractions, known as a SARA (Saturates-Aromatics-Resin-Asphalt) analysis.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Current Practice of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 2001
Energy & Fuels, 2017
In-situ combustion (ISC) process has drawn more and more attention in the development of heavy oi... more In-situ combustion (ISC) process has drawn more and more attention in the development of heavy oil reservoir due to its high efficiency and oil recovery. Although numerous studies have been reported that oil properties exhibit significant changes during the combustion process, the reaction mechanisms and the evolution of oil components are still not well understood. In this work, the compounds of produced oils collected from a three dimensional simulated production model (container) at different duration times after combustion being initiated and the original oil were characterized at the molecular level using gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-field Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Both aromatic and acidic components were analyzed. The aromatic components showed relatively more stable characteristics than that of acidic components, no obvious changes in aromatic compounds distributions were observed by the positive ion atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) FT-ICR MS analysis. Small aliphatic acids were detected in the ISC oils which were responsible for the high total acid numbers (TAN). The acidic O x (x=1-3) compounds, which have major contributions to the increase in TAN, were generated in greater abundances compared to that of the original crude oil. The carbon number distributions of the O 1 and O 2 classes in the produced
Energy & Fuels, 2017
Supercritical CO 2 flooding has been considered as a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method... more Supercritical CO 2 flooding has been considered as a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method because it can effectively improve the oil recovery and promote greenhouse gas sequestration. However, the solubility of different petroleum components in supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2) has not been well investigated. This paper presents the molecular selectivity of SC-CO 2 extraction on crude oil under different pressures and temperatures. The crude oils were loaded on the surface of kieselguhr and extracted by SC-CO 2. The extracts and the residues from the SC-CO 2 extraction were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Our results showed that the operating pressure (20-30 MPa) affected the extraction yields more than the temperature (50-70 ºC). SC-CO 2 preferentially extracted small molecules with relatively low aromaticity and polarity. Compound classes containing multiple heteroatoms had lower extraction yields than hydrocarbons. The carbon number distribution ranges of various compound classes in the residues were largely different. Carboxylic acids and phenolic compounds were found to have poor solubility in SC-CO 2. The risk of asphaltenes precipitation in CO 2 EOR is also discussed.
Although present in trace amounts, biomarkers are extensively studied by geochemists to understan... more Although present in trace amounts, biomarkers are extensively studied by geochemists to understand paleotransformation processes that convert ancient living organisms into petroleum components and to assess age, maturity and source input of the petroleum. Most studied are saturated biomarkers that yield both molecular and characteristic fragment ions under high voltage (50-70 V) electron-impact ionization (HV/EI) conditions. Linking these molecular and fragment ions derived from saturated hydrocarbon compounds using GC/MS/MS resolves coeluting components and provides less ambiguous geochemical information than GC/MS. The same GC/MS/MS techniques cannot be applied to aromatized biomarkers because they yield trace or no molecular ions under HV/EI conditions. To overcome these difficulties, chemical ionization (CI) has been studied for producing ionic species more representative of molecules. Among the reagent gases evaluated, isobutane yields predominantly protonated molecular ions while methane and ammonia yield more than one type of pseudomolecular ions. Thus, isobutane is the gas of choice for the aromatic biomarkers using GC/MS/MS with CI. This analytical technique is particularly useful for resolving overlapping monoaromatic steranes (MAS). Characterization of aromatic biomarkers more accurately would help to explain better the maturation mechanism of petroleum molecules under thermal stress.
Relative cross sections for ionization by both techniques were determined for a number of aromati... more Relative cross sections for ionization by both techniques were determined for a number of aromatic and aromatic heteroatom-containing compounds. Analytical and sensitivity data are presented for a synthetic blend. Results are presented for analysis of both synthetic and coal liquids. (DLC)
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2000
MRS Proceedings, 1992
ABSTRACTAn efficient aqueous acid chemistry for the preparation of fullerols, consisting of 14-15... more ABSTRACTAn efficient aqueous acid chemistry for the preparation of fullerols, consisting of 14-15 hydroxyl moieties in an average structure, from C60 molecules is described.
Organic Mass Spectrometry, 1976
It is shown that charge exchange mass spectra using various reagent ions can be determined on a c... more It is shown that charge exchange mass spectra using various reagent ions can be determined on a commercial double focusing mass spectrometer. The experiment relies upon the presence of a collision region held at a potential above ground with the product ions being selected by their unique kinetic energies. Cyclohexene has been studied in detail and the results are in agreement with previous thermochemical and field ionization kinetics data. Agreement with reported charge exchange spectra of n-propanol, taken at lower energies, is good. The present results, including both the variation of spectra with reagent gas and the small range of kinetic energies present in the charge exchange beam, indicate that a resonant or near resonant process is involved. Thus, the internal energy of the nascent ion is defined within quite narrow limits, just as is the case for charge exchange at lower energy.
Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
As mentioned earlier, catalytic reforming is a major source of high-grade hydrogen for use elsewh... more As mentioned earlier, catalytic reforming is a major source of high-grade hydrogen for use elsewhere in the refinery. Major consumers of hydrogen include hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and isodewaxing. A relatively small amount of hydrogen is consumed by isomerization units, where it to prevent catalyst coking, and in hydrofinishing units, where it improves color and product stability. As discussed in previous chapters, hydrotreating accomplishes hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), and hydrodemetallation (HDM). Hydrocracking achieves conversion of heavy molecules into lighter molecules with higher value. Catalytic dewaxing and hydroisomerization convert waxy normal paraffins into isoparaffins, thereby increasing yields of high-quality lube base stock. When additional hydrogen is needed, the process of choice is steam hydrocarbon reforming. This process is the heart of refinery hydrogen plants. High-grade hydrogen and synthesis gas also are generated by partial oxidation of natural gas, coke, and residua. Low-grade hydrogen is generated by other processes, including coking, visbreaking, and catalytic cracking. Due to low purity and contamination by olefins, the main use for low-grade hydrogen is fuel gas.