Chris-Ellyn Johanson - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Chris-Ellyn Johanson

Research paper thumbnail of Marian W. Fischman: 1939–2001

Research paper thumbnail of A Human Laboratory Model of Risk-Taking Behaviour

Research paper thumbnail of Lack of effect of social context on the reinforcing effects of diazepam in humans

The reinforcing effects of diazepam (DZP) were compared under two conditions in human volunteers ... more The reinforcing effects of diazepam (DZP) were compared under two conditions in human volunteers using a cumulative dose procedure. Under the social (SOC) condition, groups of two to four subjects participated concurrently whereas in the solitary (SOL) condition subjects participated individually. During the first four sessions of each condition, subjects received 20 mg DZP in five divided doses (4 mg) in two of the sessions and placebo (PL) in the other two sessions. Each drug (DZP or PL) was administered in a distinctively colored capsule and labeled by letter code. During the last three choice sessions, subjects chose which capsule they wished to self-administer and were allowed to choose up to a maximum of seven capsules (28 mg DZP) during each session. Subjects also filled out questionnaires that assessed momentary mood. Overall, DZP was chosen on 33% of choice sessions and there were no differences across conditions. There was a tendency for choice to be correlated with levels of weekly alcohol consumption and liking scores, and as well the latter two measures were correlated. DZP produced sedative-like subjective effects that did not appear to be related to setting, choice of drug in the study, or alcohol drinking history. These results partially confirm previous reports of a relationship between DZP preference and alcohol consumption, but differ from previously reported studies in the overall lower level of DZP choice.

Research paper thumbnail of Cognitive function and nigrostriatal markers in abstinent methamphetamine abusers

Research paper thumbnail of The effects of fluoxetine on the subjective and physiological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in humans

Research paper thumbnail of Thermoregulatory effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in humans

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of buprenorphine sublingual tablet maintenance on opioid drug-seeking behavior by humans

Research paper thumbnail of Diazepam self-administration and resistance to extinction

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 1987

Research paper thumbnail of The nature of the scheduled reinforcer and adjunctive drinking in nondeprived rhesus monkeys

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 1988

Research paper thumbnail of Reducing cocaine choice in monkeys

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of Lack of effect of social context on the reinforcing effects of diazepam in humans

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 1992

The reinforcing effects of diazepam (DZP) were compared under two conditions in human volunteers ... more The reinforcing effects of diazepam (DZP) were compared under two conditions in human volunteers using a cumulative dose procedure. Under the social (SOC) condition, groups of two to four subjects participated concurrently whereas in the solitary (SOL) condition subjects participated individually. During the first four sessions of each condition, subjects received 20 mg DZP in five divided doses (4 mg) in two of the sessions and placebo (PL) in the other two sessions. Each drug (DZP or PL) was administered in a distinctively colored capsule and labeled by letter code. During the last three choice sessions, subjects chose which capsule they wished to self-administer and were allowed to choose up to a maximum of seven capsules (28 mg DZP) during each session. Subjects also filled out questionnaires that assessed momentary mood. Overall, DZP was chosen on 33% of choice sessions and there were no differences across conditions. There was a tendency for choice to be correlated with levels of weekly alcohol consumption and liking scores, and as well the latter two measures were correlated. DZP produced sedative-like subjective effects that did not appear to be related to setting, choice of drug in the study, or alcohol drinking history. These results partially confirm previous reports of a relationship between DZP preference and alcohol consumption, but differ from previously reported studies in the overall lower level of DZP choice.

Research paper thumbnail of Core outcome measures for opioid abuse liability laboratory assessment studies in humans: IMMPACT recommendations

PAIN, 2012

A critical component in development of opioid analgesics is assessment of their abuse liability (... more A critical component in development of opioid analgesics is assessment of their abuse liability (AL). Standardization of approaches and measures used in assessing AL have the potential to facilitate comparisons across studies, research laboratories, and drugs. The goal of this report is to provide consensus recommendations regarding core outcome measures for assessing the abuse potential of opioid medications in humans in a controlled laboratory setting. Although many of the recommended measures are appropriate for assessing the AL of medications from other drug classes, the focus here is on opioid medications because they present unique risks from both physiological (e.g., respiratory depression, physical dependence) and public health (e.g., individuals in pain) perspectives. A brief historical perspective on AL testing is provided, and those measures that can be considered primary and secondary outcomes and possible additional outcomes in AL assessment are then discussed. These outcome measures include the following: subjective effects (some of which comprise the primary outcome measures, including drug liking; physiological responses; drug self-administration behavior; and cognitive and psychomotor performance. Before presenting recommendations for standardized approaches and measures to be used in AL assessments, the appropriateness of using these measures in clinical trials with patients in pain is discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Buprenorphine-Induced Changes in Mu-Opioid Receptor Availability in Male Heroin-Dependent Volunteers A Preliminary Study

Neuropsychopharmacology, 2000

A principle of opioid pharmacotherapy is that high medication doses should occupy fractionally mo... more A principle of opioid pharmacotherapy is that high medication doses should occupy fractionally more opioid receptors that mediate heroin effects. In this preliminary study we examined in vivo mu opioid receptor (muOR) binding in three healthy opioid-dependent volunteers during maintenance on 2 and 16 mg sublingual buprenorphine (BUP) liquid, and after detoxification (0 mg) under double-blind, placebo-controlled conditions, and once in matched controls. Binding measures were obtained with the muOR-selective radioligand [11C]carfentanil (CFN) and PET 4 hrs after BUP administration. BUP induced dose-dependent reductions in muOR availability, 36-50% at 2 mg and 79-95% at 16 mg relative to placebo. Heroin abusers also had greater muOR binding potential in the inferofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate regions during placebo, compared to matched controls. Further studies are warranted to examine the relationship of muOR availability with BUP therapeutic actions, and the clinical implications of increased muOR binding during withdrawal.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Phentermine and Fenfluramine, Alone and in Combination, in Normal, Healthy Volunteers

Neuropsychopharmacology, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of Individual Differences in the Reinforcing Effects of d-Amphetamine

Neuropsychopharmacology, 1994

Research paper thumbnail of Expanding treatment capacity for opioid dependence with office-based treatment with buprenorphine: National surveys of physicians

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2010

Office-based treatment of opioid dependence with buprenorphine has the potential to expand treatm... more Office-based treatment of opioid dependence with buprenorphine has the potential to expand treatment capacity in the United States. However, nationally, little is known about the number, characteristics, and experiences of physicians certified to prescribe buprenorphine. Moreover, little is known about the impact of easing federal regulations on the number of patients a physician is allowed to treat concurrently. To address these questions, surveys of national samples of physicians certified to prescribe buprenorphine (2004-2008) were analyzed (N = 6,892). There has been a continual increase in the number of physicians certified to prescribe buprenorphine, increase in the mean number of patients treated by physicians, and decrease in patients turned away, coinciding temporally with easing of federal regulations. In addition, most physicians prescribed buprenorphine outside of traditional treatment settings. The U.S. experiment in expanding Schedule III-V medications for opioid dependence to physicians outside of formal substance abuse treatment facilities appears to have resulted in expanded capacity.

Research paper thumbnail of Personality and the acute subjective effects of d-amphetamine in humans

Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2013

There is evidence that subjective responses to psychoactive drugs are related to personality trai... more There is evidence that subjective responses to psychoactive drugs are related to personality traits. Here, we extend previous findings by examining personality measures in relation to acute responses to d-amphetamine (AMPH) in a large sample of healthy volunteers. Healthy adults (n=286) completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire Brief Form (MPQ-BF) and participated in four sessions during which they received oral AMPH (0, 5, 10, 20 mg), under double-blind conditions. Subjective responses to the drug were measured using the Profile of Mood States, Addiction Research Center Inventory, and Drug Effects Questionnaire. Drug responses were reduced via principal components analysis to three higher-order factors ('Euphoria', 'Arousal', 'Dysphoria'). Participants were rank ordered on selected MPQ-BF scales; the top and bottom third on each trait were compared on the drug response factors. High trait physical fearlessness was significantly associated with greater amphetamine-related Arousal, and high trait reward sensitivity was significantly associated with greater Euphoria. In addition, high trait impulsivity was significantly associated with greater Arousal and Euphoria. These results provide further evidence that individual differences in the subjective effects of AMPH are partially explained by differences in personality, and are consistent with the idea that both personality and responses to stimulants depend upon shared neurochemical systems.

Research paper thumbnail of Intravenous cocaine discrimination in humans

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2006

Ten cocaine-dependent participants were trained to discriminate between intravenous saline and 20... more Ten cocaine-dependent participants were trained to discriminate between intravenous saline and 20 mg/70 kg cocaine. During the first session, saline and cocaine injections were alternated twice, with each separated by 1 hr. The injections were identified by letter codes. During the next 3 sessions, 12 trials were conducted, with saline and cocaine administered 6 times each in pseudorandom order. Thirty minutes following each injection, participants were asked to identify the injection by letter code. Seven of the 10 learned the discrimination (at least 10 trials correct). To evaluate sensitivity, the investigators tested participants with different doses of cocaine in test sessions. In the next phase, methamphetamine (5 and 10 mg/70 kg) and pentobarbital (50 and 100 mg/70 kg) were given intravenously during test sessions to determine whether the discrimination exhibited pharmacological class selectivity. During the evaluation of sensitivity and selectivity, training sessions were interspersed. As dose of cocaine increased, the number of participants identifying the test dose as cocaine increased, demonstrating sensitivity. The higher doses of methamphetamine and pentobarbital substituted for cocaine. The physiological and subjective effects of cocaine and methamphetamine were stimulant-like and dose related. Pentobarbital produced no physiological changes but increased Visual Analog Scale ratings of Sedation, Good Drug Effect, and High. This failure to demonstrate pharmacological selectivity may be related to participants' learning a drug-vs.-no-drug discrimination, and thus it may be necessary to alter training procedures in future studies.

Research paper thumbnail of Discriminative stimulus effects of buspirone in humans

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1993

Human Ss (N = 22) were trained to discriminate 15 mg buspirone (BS) from placebo. On the first 4 ... more Human Ss (N = 22) were trained to discriminate 15 mg buspirone (BS) from placebo. On the first 4 sessions, drugs were identified by letter code. During the next 7 sessions, capsules were not identified. Six hours later, Ss reported their identification. If Ss were correct on at least 5 sessions, a third phase began with 8 additional training sessions.

Research paper thumbnail of Reinforcing effects of diazepam under anxiogenic conditions in individuals with social anxiety

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2005

Diazepam (DZ) reinforcement was tested under anxiogenic (public speaking) and neutral (computer t... more Diazepam (DZ) reinforcement was tested under anxiogenic (public speaking) and neutral (computer task) conditions. Individuals with social anxiety disorder (n = 11) and healthy controls (n = 11) participated in two 5-session phases. Each phase used a standard choice procedure (2 sample, 3 choice sessions) comparing 10-mg DZ and placebo. During the public speaking condition, DZ preference was greater among the participants with social anxiety compared with controls (81.8% vs. 36.4%; p < .05). Participants with social anxiety also gave DZ significantly higher crossover values on the multiple choice procedure under the speech condition compared with the computer condition. Subjective effects indicated that DZ reduced anxiety when levels were elevated during the speech in socially anxious participants. These results suggest that DZ reinforcement may occur under conditions of heightened anxiety by bestowing therapeutic efficacy.

Research paper thumbnail of Marian W. Fischman: 1939–2001

Research paper thumbnail of A Human Laboratory Model of Risk-Taking Behaviour

Research paper thumbnail of Lack of effect of social context on the reinforcing effects of diazepam in humans

The reinforcing effects of diazepam (DZP) were compared under two conditions in human volunteers ... more The reinforcing effects of diazepam (DZP) were compared under two conditions in human volunteers using a cumulative dose procedure. Under the social (SOC) condition, groups of two to four subjects participated concurrently whereas in the solitary (SOL) condition subjects participated individually. During the first four sessions of each condition, subjects received 20 mg DZP in five divided doses (4 mg) in two of the sessions and placebo (PL) in the other two sessions. Each drug (DZP or PL) was administered in a distinctively colored capsule and labeled by letter code. During the last three choice sessions, subjects chose which capsule they wished to self-administer and were allowed to choose up to a maximum of seven capsules (28 mg DZP) during each session. Subjects also filled out questionnaires that assessed momentary mood. Overall, DZP was chosen on 33% of choice sessions and there were no differences across conditions. There was a tendency for choice to be correlated with levels of weekly alcohol consumption and liking scores, and as well the latter two measures were correlated. DZP produced sedative-like subjective effects that did not appear to be related to setting, choice of drug in the study, or alcohol drinking history. These results partially confirm previous reports of a relationship between DZP preference and alcohol consumption, but differ from previously reported studies in the overall lower level of DZP choice.

Research paper thumbnail of Cognitive function and nigrostriatal markers in abstinent methamphetamine abusers

Research paper thumbnail of The effects of fluoxetine on the subjective and physiological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in humans

Research paper thumbnail of Thermoregulatory effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in humans

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of buprenorphine sublingual tablet maintenance on opioid drug-seeking behavior by humans

Research paper thumbnail of Diazepam self-administration and resistance to extinction

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 1987

Research paper thumbnail of The nature of the scheduled reinforcer and adjunctive drinking in nondeprived rhesus monkeys

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 1988

Research paper thumbnail of Reducing cocaine choice in monkeys

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of Lack of effect of social context on the reinforcing effects of diazepam in humans

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 1992

The reinforcing effects of diazepam (DZP) were compared under two conditions in human volunteers ... more The reinforcing effects of diazepam (DZP) were compared under two conditions in human volunteers using a cumulative dose procedure. Under the social (SOC) condition, groups of two to four subjects participated concurrently whereas in the solitary (SOL) condition subjects participated individually. During the first four sessions of each condition, subjects received 20 mg DZP in five divided doses (4 mg) in two of the sessions and placebo (PL) in the other two sessions. Each drug (DZP or PL) was administered in a distinctively colored capsule and labeled by letter code. During the last three choice sessions, subjects chose which capsule they wished to self-administer and were allowed to choose up to a maximum of seven capsules (28 mg DZP) during each session. Subjects also filled out questionnaires that assessed momentary mood. Overall, DZP was chosen on 33% of choice sessions and there were no differences across conditions. There was a tendency for choice to be correlated with levels of weekly alcohol consumption and liking scores, and as well the latter two measures were correlated. DZP produced sedative-like subjective effects that did not appear to be related to setting, choice of drug in the study, or alcohol drinking history. These results partially confirm previous reports of a relationship between DZP preference and alcohol consumption, but differ from previously reported studies in the overall lower level of DZP choice.

Research paper thumbnail of Core outcome measures for opioid abuse liability laboratory assessment studies in humans: IMMPACT recommendations

PAIN, 2012

A critical component in development of opioid analgesics is assessment of their abuse liability (... more A critical component in development of opioid analgesics is assessment of their abuse liability (AL). Standardization of approaches and measures used in assessing AL have the potential to facilitate comparisons across studies, research laboratories, and drugs. The goal of this report is to provide consensus recommendations regarding core outcome measures for assessing the abuse potential of opioid medications in humans in a controlled laboratory setting. Although many of the recommended measures are appropriate for assessing the AL of medications from other drug classes, the focus here is on opioid medications because they present unique risks from both physiological (e.g., respiratory depression, physical dependence) and public health (e.g., individuals in pain) perspectives. A brief historical perspective on AL testing is provided, and those measures that can be considered primary and secondary outcomes and possible additional outcomes in AL assessment are then discussed. These outcome measures include the following: subjective effects (some of which comprise the primary outcome measures, including drug liking; physiological responses; drug self-administration behavior; and cognitive and psychomotor performance. Before presenting recommendations for standardized approaches and measures to be used in AL assessments, the appropriateness of using these measures in clinical trials with patients in pain is discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Buprenorphine-Induced Changes in Mu-Opioid Receptor Availability in Male Heroin-Dependent Volunteers A Preliminary Study

Neuropsychopharmacology, 2000

A principle of opioid pharmacotherapy is that high medication doses should occupy fractionally mo... more A principle of opioid pharmacotherapy is that high medication doses should occupy fractionally more opioid receptors that mediate heroin effects. In this preliminary study we examined in vivo mu opioid receptor (muOR) binding in three healthy opioid-dependent volunteers during maintenance on 2 and 16 mg sublingual buprenorphine (BUP) liquid, and after detoxification (0 mg) under double-blind, placebo-controlled conditions, and once in matched controls. Binding measures were obtained with the muOR-selective radioligand [11C]carfentanil (CFN) and PET 4 hrs after BUP administration. BUP induced dose-dependent reductions in muOR availability, 36-50% at 2 mg and 79-95% at 16 mg relative to placebo. Heroin abusers also had greater muOR binding potential in the inferofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate regions during placebo, compared to matched controls. Further studies are warranted to examine the relationship of muOR availability with BUP therapeutic actions, and the clinical implications of increased muOR binding during withdrawal.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Phentermine and Fenfluramine, Alone and in Combination, in Normal, Healthy Volunteers

Neuropsychopharmacology, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of Individual Differences in the Reinforcing Effects of d-Amphetamine

Neuropsychopharmacology, 1994

Research paper thumbnail of Expanding treatment capacity for opioid dependence with office-based treatment with buprenorphine: National surveys of physicians

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2010

Office-based treatment of opioid dependence with buprenorphine has the potential to expand treatm... more Office-based treatment of opioid dependence with buprenorphine has the potential to expand treatment capacity in the United States. However, nationally, little is known about the number, characteristics, and experiences of physicians certified to prescribe buprenorphine. Moreover, little is known about the impact of easing federal regulations on the number of patients a physician is allowed to treat concurrently. To address these questions, surveys of national samples of physicians certified to prescribe buprenorphine (2004-2008) were analyzed (N = 6,892). There has been a continual increase in the number of physicians certified to prescribe buprenorphine, increase in the mean number of patients treated by physicians, and decrease in patients turned away, coinciding temporally with easing of federal regulations. In addition, most physicians prescribed buprenorphine outside of traditional treatment settings. The U.S. experiment in expanding Schedule III-V medications for opioid dependence to physicians outside of formal substance abuse treatment facilities appears to have resulted in expanded capacity.

Research paper thumbnail of Personality and the acute subjective effects of d-amphetamine in humans

Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2013

There is evidence that subjective responses to psychoactive drugs are related to personality trai... more There is evidence that subjective responses to psychoactive drugs are related to personality traits. Here, we extend previous findings by examining personality measures in relation to acute responses to d-amphetamine (AMPH) in a large sample of healthy volunteers. Healthy adults (n=286) completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire Brief Form (MPQ-BF) and participated in four sessions during which they received oral AMPH (0, 5, 10, 20 mg), under double-blind conditions. Subjective responses to the drug were measured using the Profile of Mood States, Addiction Research Center Inventory, and Drug Effects Questionnaire. Drug responses were reduced via principal components analysis to three higher-order factors ('Euphoria', 'Arousal', 'Dysphoria'). Participants were rank ordered on selected MPQ-BF scales; the top and bottom third on each trait were compared on the drug response factors. High trait physical fearlessness was significantly associated with greater amphetamine-related Arousal, and high trait reward sensitivity was significantly associated with greater Euphoria. In addition, high trait impulsivity was significantly associated with greater Arousal and Euphoria. These results provide further evidence that individual differences in the subjective effects of AMPH are partially explained by differences in personality, and are consistent with the idea that both personality and responses to stimulants depend upon shared neurochemical systems.

Research paper thumbnail of Intravenous cocaine discrimination in humans

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2006

Ten cocaine-dependent participants were trained to discriminate between intravenous saline and 20... more Ten cocaine-dependent participants were trained to discriminate between intravenous saline and 20 mg/70 kg cocaine. During the first session, saline and cocaine injections were alternated twice, with each separated by 1 hr. The injections were identified by letter codes. During the next 3 sessions, 12 trials were conducted, with saline and cocaine administered 6 times each in pseudorandom order. Thirty minutes following each injection, participants were asked to identify the injection by letter code. Seven of the 10 learned the discrimination (at least 10 trials correct). To evaluate sensitivity, the investigators tested participants with different doses of cocaine in test sessions. In the next phase, methamphetamine (5 and 10 mg/70 kg) and pentobarbital (50 and 100 mg/70 kg) were given intravenously during test sessions to determine whether the discrimination exhibited pharmacological class selectivity. During the evaluation of sensitivity and selectivity, training sessions were interspersed. As dose of cocaine increased, the number of participants identifying the test dose as cocaine increased, demonstrating sensitivity. The higher doses of methamphetamine and pentobarbital substituted for cocaine. The physiological and subjective effects of cocaine and methamphetamine were stimulant-like and dose related. Pentobarbital produced no physiological changes but increased Visual Analog Scale ratings of Sedation, Good Drug Effect, and High. This failure to demonstrate pharmacological selectivity may be related to participants' learning a drug-vs.-no-drug discrimination, and thus it may be necessary to alter training procedures in future studies.

Research paper thumbnail of Discriminative stimulus effects of buspirone in humans

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1993

Human Ss (N = 22) were trained to discriminate 15 mg buspirone (BS) from placebo. On the first 4 ... more Human Ss (N = 22) were trained to discriminate 15 mg buspirone (BS) from placebo. On the first 4 sessions, drugs were identified by letter code. During the next 7 sessions, capsules were not identified. Six hours later, Ss reported their identification. If Ss were correct on at least 5 sessions, a third phase began with 8 additional training sessions.

Research paper thumbnail of Reinforcing effects of diazepam under anxiogenic conditions in individuals with social anxiety

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2005

Diazepam (DZ) reinforcement was tested under anxiogenic (public speaking) and neutral (computer t... more Diazepam (DZ) reinforcement was tested under anxiogenic (public speaking) and neutral (computer task) conditions. Individuals with social anxiety disorder (n = 11) and healthy controls (n = 11) participated in two 5-session phases. Each phase used a standard choice procedure (2 sample, 3 choice sessions) comparing 10-mg DZ and placebo. During the public speaking condition, DZ preference was greater among the participants with social anxiety compared with controls (81.8% vs. 36.4%; p < .05). Participants with social anxiety also gave DZ significantly higher crossover values on the multiple choice procedure under the speech condition compared with the computer condition. Subjective effects indicated that DZ reduced anxiety when levels were elevated during the speech in socially anxious participants. These results suggest that DZ reinforcement may occur under conditions of heightened anxiety by bestowing therapeutic efficacy.