Chris Gage - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Chris Gage

A firewall matches network packets to applicable policy rules based on packet dimensions (i.e., p... more A firewall matches network packets to applicable policy rules based on packet dimensions (i.e., packet fields such as source and destination IP addresses). The eciency with which firewalls match packets to rules plays a major role in determining a firewall's overall eciency and resistance to flooding-based denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. However, publicly available firewalls perform rule matching with an inecient, though simple, linear algorithm. The linear- search algorithm traverses through the firewall's rule base, one rule at a time, until finding an applicable rule for the given network packet or until exhausting the rule base. The linear-search algorithm is inecient for medium- and large-sized rule bases. This paper proposes a more ecient, but only slightly more complicated, firewall rule-search algorithm based on statically prepared tables and bit arrays. Each statically prepared table maps a number of packet bits (which do not necessarily correspond to a packet di...

A firewall matches network packets to applicable policy rules based on packet dimensions (i.e., p... more A firewall matches network packets to applicable policy rules based on packet dimensions (i.e., packet fields such as source and destination IP addresses). The efficiency with which firewalls match packets to rules plays a major role in determining a firewall’s overall efficiency and resistance to flooding-based denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. However, publicly available firewalls perform rule matching with an inefficient, though simple, linear algorithm. The linearsearch algorithm traverses through the firewall’s rule base, one rule at a time, until finding an applicable rule for the given network packet or until exhausting the rule base. The linear-search algorithm is inefficient for medium- and large-sized rule bases. This paper proposes a more efficient, but only slightly more complicated, firewall rule-search algorithm based on statically prepared tables and bit arrays. Each statically prepared table maps a number of packet bits (which do not necessarily correspond to a packet...

American Journal of Sociology, 2001

Fisioterapia e Pesquisa, 2015

Ankle sprain is a common injury in soccer athletes and has a high relapse rate. Motor imagery (MI... more Ankle sprain is a common injury in soccer athletes and has a high relapse rate. Motor imagery (MI) may be an alternative treatment to diminish the neuromuscular consequences after the injury. Thus, this study aimed to verify the preliminary results of the effectiveness of MI in the rehabilitation of soccer athletes with acute ankle sprain. Twenty young athletes of the male sex participated in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups: intervention (IG) and control (CG). Participants underwent conventional rehabilitation (cryotherapy, electrotherapy and kinesiotherapy) for ankle sprain, but only the IG performed imagery exercises to try to recognize the ankle-foot figures, projected by a computer, from various perspectives and angles. The ranges of motion (ROM) were measured for dorsiflexion and plantar postural control, edema and functional stability. After treatment, no difference between groups were observed regarding dorsiflexion ROM (p=0.23), plantar flexion ROM (p=0...

Clinical Rehabilitation, 2019

Journal of physiotherapy, 2016

Does Kinesio Taping reduce pain and swelling, and increase muscle strength, function and knee-rel... more Does Kinesio Taping reduce pain and swelling, and increase muscle strength, function and knee-related health status in older people with knee osteoarthritis? Randomised, controlled trial with concealed allocation, intention-to-treat analysis and blinded assessment. Seventy-six older people with knee osteoarthritis. The experimental group received three simultaneous Kinesio Taping techniques to treat pain, strength and swelling. The control group received sham taping. All participants kept the taping on for 4 days. The outcomes were: concentric muscle strength of knee extensors and flexors, measured by isokinetic dynamometry with an angular velocity of 60 deg/second normalised for body mass [(Nm/kg) x 100 (%)]; pressure pain threshold via digital pressure algometry (kgf/cm(2)); lower-limb swelling via volumetry (l) and perimetry (cm); physical function via the Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale (0 = worst to 100=best); and knee-related health status via the Western Ontario and McMaster (WOMA...

Journal of Physiotherapy, 2016

Research requires deep knowledge of the modality to be tested As associates of Dr Kenzo Kase, Fou... more Research requires deep knowledge of the modality to be tested As associates of Dr Kenzo Kase, Founder and Chairman of the Kinesio Taping Association International, we feel called upon to respond to published research and correspondence with regard to 'Kinesio Taping does not decrease swelling in acute, lateral ankle sprain of athletes: a randomised trial[ 5 _ T D $ D I F F ] ' by Nunes and colleagues. 1 [ 4 _ T D $ D I F F ] Nunes claims that the taping application used was drawn from Dr Kase's book, 2 but they only 'partially' followed the book's instructions. They tested two pieces of tape; they did not test the Kinesio Taping Method. As Kinesio Taping educators we found both the study itself and the follow-up communication puzzling. It is evident to anyone who is trained and experienced in the assessment and application protocols for lymphatic Kinesio Taping that the process used was simply wrong. The team does not appear to include anyone certified or extensively trained in the Kinesio Taping Method. Both the contents of the initial article 1 and the subsequent published correspondence 3,4 with Dr Lee indicate significant weaknesses. We share Lee's skepticism as to whether these researchers possess a solid understanding of the principles behind lymphatic Kinesio Taping. Their reply to him reinforces these doubts. The study is replete with troubling details. The subjects were varied in activity and condition. The applications were not blinded. Twenty minutes of icing and exercise with the Kinesio Taping treatment could have affected compliance and caused additional trauma. Many subjects did not complete the study. The technique used 1 suggests a formation of crisscross patterns around the lateral malleolus for lateral ankle sprain and around the medial malleolus for medial ankle sprain. However, with Kinesio Taping the pressure decreases due to lifting of the superficial skin, and blood and lymphatic circulation increase due to an increase in subcutaneous space. The 'control' taping was not inert but had 20% tension, and was applied on the anterior pathway of the lymphatics. As a control they had no no-treatment group. Multiple different investigators may have applied tape with no specifics on their training in Kinesio Taping. Voltmeter for the lower extremity is from foot to knee, so

Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 2011

Background: There was a clear grow, in the last 2 decades, of up to 6 fold in scientific articles... more Background: There was a clear grow, in the last 2 decades, of up to 6 fold in scientific articles that are directly relevant to physical therapy practice. However, along with this fast grow; little attention has been given to transparency when reporting research methods and results. More recently, groups of researchers around the world have made successful attempts to address this issue by creating guidelines that will help researchers not only on the preparation of manuscripts but also on making sure that important details related to design and methodology are controlled and reported. Objective: To present four specific reporting guidelines, which are best known as "statements". Discussion: A network named EQUATOR (Enhancing the Quality and Transparency of Health Research) was created with the main mission of providing basic principles for responsible and transparent reporting. The EQUATOR network encompasses, among others, the CONSORT statement which is related to randomized controlled trials; the PRISMA statement, which is related to systematic reviews and meta-analysis; the STROBE Statement, which is related to observational studies; and the STARD statement, which is related to reporting of accuracy of diagnostic tests. Some journals have recommended the use of these statements, while in others their use is mandatory. The goal of the use of these statements by journals is to guarantee fast decisions regarding publication and the best possible quality of reporting. Ultimately, it will help readers, including physical therapists, to make better decisions in clinical practice.

European Journal of Pain

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the effective... more BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the effectiveness of electrical stimulation (ES) for neck pain (NP). DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT The databases CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE (via OVID), PEDro and Web of Science were searched, with no date restrictions. Two independent reviewers selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting pain, range of motion or psychosocial factors in people with NP, in which ES was applied. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. Thirty studies met eligibility criteria. RESULTS Main results showed evidence of moderate quality that ES combined with other intervention significantly decreases the pain intensity compared to other intervention immediately post-treatment and at short-term follow-up; evidence of low quality showed significant effects of ES combined with other intervention in decreasing neck disability compared to other intervention immediately post-treatment; evidence of very-low quality that ES increased the pressure pain threshold compared to placebo immediately post-treatment and that ES + other intervention also increased the pressure pain threshold compared to other intervention at short-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS ES combined with other intervention seems to be useful to relieve pain and to improve disability in people with NP, however more studies are needed.

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2021

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the reliability and validity of clinical tests for measuring cervical muscl... more OBJECTIVE To evaluate the reliability and validity of clinical tests for measuring cervical muscle strength or endurance in subjects with and without neck pain. DATA SOURCE Systematic review and meta-analysis on reliability and validity. Literature search was conducted on January 28, 2020 using five databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Sportdiscus, Scopus. STUDY SELECTION We included studies that investigated the reliability or validity of clinical tests for measuring cervical muscle strength or endurance in subjects with non-specific chronic neck pain, with or without irradiation or healthy subjects. We only included that were viable for daily practice, and of low cost. DATA EXTRACTION data were extracted as follows: (1) author and year of publication; (2) demographic values and health condition; (3) reported clinical tests; (4) inclusion and exclusion criteria; (5) description of test; (6) interrater reliability; and (7) intrarater reliability. For validity studies we also extracted the reference method (8) and (9) validity estimates. DATA SYNTHESIS Methodological quality was assessed with the Quality Appraisal of Diagnostic Reliability and The Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies. Data on reliability and validity were extracted from included papers and then analyzed. RESULTS Thirty-one studies were included. Cervical flexor and extensor endurance test, craniocervical flexion test (CCFT), cervical muscle strength using a handheld dynamometer (HHD) showed moderate to good intra and interrater reliability (ICC ranging from 0.64 to 0.90). Concurrent validity was measured by only two studies, which do not provide adequate evidence for a recommendation. CONCLUSION The cervical flexor and extensor endurance tests, CCFT, and HHD for measuring cervical strength presented an acceptable interrater and intrarater reliability.

Trials, 2021

Background Regular exercise is an effective method for reducing pain and disability in patients w... more Background Regular exercise is an effective method for reducing pain and disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA), as well as improving body composition. Thus, a combination of both resistance and aerobic training (circuit training) has shown to be promising for this population. However, access to physical therapy is limited by physical distance, social isolation, and/or treatment costs. Remote rehabilitation seems to be an effective way to minimize these barriers, but the benefits are dependent on the participants’ adherence to the interventions provided at a distance. The objectives of this protocol are to compare the effects of a periodized circuit training applied via telerehabilitation with the same protocol applied in the face-to-face model for individuals with knee OA. Methods This study presents a single-blinded protocol for a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. One hundred participants diagnosed with knee OA (grades II and III Kellgren and Lawrence syst...

Fisioterapia e Pesquisa, 2015

Ankle sprain is a common injury in soccer athletes and has a high relapse rate. Motor imagery (MI... more Ankle sprain is a common injury in soccer athletes and has a high relapse rate. Motor imagery (MI) may be an alternative treatment to diminish the neuromuscular consequences after the injury. Thus, this study aimed to verify the preliminary results of the effectiveness of MI in the rehabilitation of soccer athletes with acute ankle sprain. Twenty young athletes of the male sex participated in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups: intervention (IG) and control (CG). Participants underwent conventional rehabilitation (cryotherapy, electrotherapy and kinesiotherapy) for ankle sprain, but only the IG performed imagery exercises to try to recognize the ankle-foot figures, projected by a computer, from various perspectives and angles. The ranges of motion (ROM) were measured for dorsiflexion and plantar postural control, edema and functional stability. After treatment, no difference between groups were observed regarding dorsiflexion ROM (p=0.23), plantar flexion ROM (p=0...

A firewall matches network packets to applicable policy rules based on packet dimensions (i.e., p... more A firewall matches network packets to applicable policy rules based on packet dimensions (i.e., packet fields such as source and destination IP addresses). The eciency with which firewalls match packets to rules plays a major role in determining a firewall's overall eciency and resistance to flooding-based denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. However, publicly available firewalls perform rule matching with an inecient, though simple, linear algorithm. The linear- search algorithm traverses through the firewall's rule base, one rule at a time, until finding an applicable rule for the given network packet or until exhausting the rule base. The linear-search algorithm is inecient for medium- and large-sized rule bases. This paper proposes a more ecient, but only slightly more complicated, firewall rule-search algorithm based on statically prepared tables and bit arrays. Each statically prepared table maps a number of packet bits (which do not necessarily correspond to a packet di...

A firewall matches network packets to applicable policy rules based on packet dimensions (i.e., p... more A firewall matches network packets to applicable policy rules based on packet dimensions (i.e., packet fields such as source and destination IP addresses). The efficiency with which firewalls match packets to rules plays a major role in determining a firewall’s overall efficiency and resistance to flooding-based denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. However, publicly available firewalls perform rule matching with an inefficient, though simple, linear algorithm. The linearsearch algorithm traverses through the firewall’s rule base, one rule at a time, until finding an applicable rule for the given network packet or until exhausting the rule base. The linear-search algorithm is inefficient for medium- and large-sized rule bases. This paper proposes a more efficient, but only slightly more complicated, firewall rule-search algorithm based on statically prepared tables and bit arrays. Each statically prepared table maps a number of packet bits (which do not necessarily correspond to a packet...

American Journal of Sociology, 2001

Fisioterapia e Pesquisa, 2015

Ankle sprain is a common injury in soccer athletes and has a high relapse rate. Motor imagery (MI... more Ankle sprain is a common injury in soccer athletes and has a high relapse rate. Motor imagery (MI) may be an alternative treatment to diminish the neuromuscular consequences after the injury. Thus, this study aimed to verify the preliminary results of the effectiveness of MI in the rehabilitation of soccer athletes with acute ankle sprain. Twenty young athletes of the male sex participated in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups: intervention (IG) and control (CG). Participants underwent conventional rehabilitation (cryotherapy, electrotherapy and kinesiotherapy) for ankle sprain, but only the IG performed imagery exercises to try to recognize the ankle-foot figures, projected by a computer, from various perspectives and angles. The ranges of motion (ROM) were measured for dorsiflexion and plantar postural control, edema and functional stability. After treatment, no difference between groups were observed regarding dorsiflexion ROM (p=0.23), plantar flexion ROM (p=0...

Clinical Rehabilitation, 2019

Journal of physiotherapy, 2016

Does Kinesio Taping reduce pain and swelling, and increase muscle strength, function and knee-rel... more Does Kinesio Taping reduce pain and swelling, and increase muscle strength, function and knee-related health status in older people with knee osteoarthritis? Randomised, controlled trial with concealed allocation, intention-to-treat analysis and blinded assessment. Seventy-six older people with knee osteoarthritis. The experimental group received three simultaneous Kinesio Taping techniques to treat pain, strength and swelling. The control group received sham taping. All participants kept the taping on for 4 days. The outcomes were: concentric muscle strength of knee extensors and flexors, measured by isokinetic dynamometry with an angular velocity of 60 deg/second normalised for body mass [(Nm/kg) x 100 (%)]; pressure pain threshold via digital pressure algometry (kgf/cm(2)); lower-limb swelling via volumetry (l) and perimetry (cm); physical function via the Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale (0 = worst to 100=best); and knee-related health status via the Western Ontario and McMaster (WOMA...

Journal of Physiotherapy, 2016

Research requires deep knowledge of the modality to be tested As associates of Dr Kenzo Kase, Fou... more Research requires deep knowledge of the modality to be tested As associates of Dr Kenzo Kase, Founder and Chairman of the Kinesio Taping Association International, we feel called upon to respond to published research and correspondence with regard to 'Kinesio Taping does not decrease swelling in acute, lateral ankle sprain of athletes: a randomised trial[ 5 _ T D $ D I F F ] ' by Nunes and colleagues. 1 [ 4 _ T D $ D I F F ] Nunes claims that the taping application used was drawn from Dr Kase's book, 2 but they only 'partially' followed the book's instructions. They tested two pieces of tape; they did not test the Kinesio Taping Method. As Kinesio Taping educators we found both the study itself and the follow-up communication puzzling. It is evident to anyone who is trained and experienced in the assessment and application protocols for lymphatic Kinesio Taping that the process used was simply wrong. The team does not appear to include anyone certified or extensively trained in the Kinesio Taping Method. Both the contents of the initial article 1 and the subsequent published correspondence 3,4 with Dr Lee indicate significant weaknesses. We share Lee's skepticism as to whether these researchers possess a solid understanding of the principles behind lymphatic Kinesio Taping. Their reply to him reinforces these doubts. The study is replete with troubling details. The subjects were varied in activity and condition. The applications were not blinded. Twenty minutes of icing and exercise with the Kinesio Taping treatment could have affected compliance and caused additional trauma. Many subjects did not complete the study. The technique used 1 suggests a formation of crisscross patterns around the lateral malleolus for lateral ankle sprain and around the medial malleolus for medial ankle sprain. However, with Kinesio Taping the pressure decreases due to lifting of the superficial skin, and blood and lymphatic circulation increase due to an increase in subcutaneous space. The 'control' taping was not inert but had 20% tension, and was applied on the anterior pathway of the lymphatics. As a control they had no no-treatment group. Multiple different investigators may have applied tape with no specifics on their training in Kinesio Taping. Voltmeter for the lower extremity is from foot to knee, so

Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 2011

Background: There was a clear grow, in the last 2 decades, of up to 6 fold in scientific articles... more Background: There was a clear grow, in the last 2 decades, of up to 6 fold in scientific articles that are directly relevant to physical therapy practice. However, along with this fast grow; little attention has been given to transparency when reporting research methods and results. More recently, groups of researchers around the world have made successful attempts to address this issue by creating guidelines that will help researchers not only on the preparation of manuscripts but also on making sure that important details related to design and methodology are controlled and reported. Objective: To present four specific reporting guidelines, which are best known as "statements". Discussion: A network named EQUATOR (Enhancing the Quality and Transparency of Health Research) was created with the main mission of providing basic principles for responsible and transparent reporting. The EQUATOR network encompasses, among others, the CONSORT statement which is related to randomized controlled trials; the PRISMA statement, which is related to systematic reviews and meta-analysis; the STROBE Statement, which is related to observational studies; and the STARD statement, which is related to reporting of accuracy of diagnostic tests. Some journals have recommended the use of these statements, while in others their use is mandatory. The goal of the use of these statements by journals is to guarantee fast decisions regarding publication and the best possible quality of reporting. Ultimately, it will help readers, including physical therapists, to make better decisions in clinical practice.

European Journal of Pain

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the effective... more BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the effectiveness of electrical stimulation (ES) for neck pain (NP). DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT The databases CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE (via OVID), PEDro and Web of Science were searched, with no date restrictions. Two independent reviewers selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting pain, range of motion or psychosocial factors in people with NP, in which ES was applied. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. Thirty studies met eligibility criteria. RESULTS Main results showed evidence of moderate quality that ES combined with other intervention significantly decreases the pain intensity compared to other intervention immediately post-treatment and at short-term follow-up; evidence of low quality showed significant effects of ES combined with other intervention in decreasing neck disability compared to other intervention immediately post-treatment; evidence of very-low quality that ES increased the pressure pain threshold compared to placebo immediately post-treatment and that ES + other intervention also increased the pressure pain threshold compared to other intervention at short-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS ES combined with other intervention seems to be useful to relieve pain and to improve disability in people with NP, however more studies are needed.

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2021

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the reliability and validity of clinical tests for measuring cervical muscl... more OBJECTIVE To evaluate the reliability and validity of clinical tests for measuring cervical muscle strength or endurance in subjects with and without neck pain. DATA SOURCE Systematic review and meta-analysis on reliability and validity. Literature search was conducted on January 28, 2020 using five databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Sportdiscus, Scopus. STUDY SELECTION We included studies that investigated the reliability or validity of clinical tests for measuring cervical muscle strength or endurance in subjects with non-specific chronic neck pain, with or without irradiation or healthy subjects. We only included that were viable for daily practice, and of low cost. DATA EXTRACTION data were extracted as follows: (1) author and year of publication; (2) demographic values and health condition; (3) reported clinical tests; (4) inclusion and exclusion criteria; (5) description of test; (6) interrater reliability; and (7) intrarater reliability. For validity studies we also extracted the reference method (8) and (9) validity estimates. DATA SYNTHESIS Methodological quality was assessed with the Quality Appraisal of Diagnostic Reliability and The Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies. Data on reliability and validity were extracted from included papers and then analyzed. RESULTS Thirty-one studies were included. Cervical flexor and extensor endurance test, craniocervical flexion test (CCFT), cervical muscle strength using a handheld dynamometer (HHD) showed moderate to good intra and interrater reliability (ICC ranging from 0.64 to 0.90). Concurrent validity was measured by only two studies, which do not provide adequate evidence for a recommendation. CONCLUSION The cervical flexor and extensor endurance tests, CCFT, and HHD for measuring cervical strength presented an acceptable interrater and intrarater reliability.

Trials, 2021

Background Regular exercise is an effective method for reducing pain and disability in patients w... more Background Regular exercise is an effective method for reducing pain and disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA), as well as improving body composition. Thus, a combination of both resistance and aerobic training (circuit training) has shown to be promising for this population. However, access to physical therapy is limited by physical distance, social isolation, and/or treatment costs. Remote rehabilitation seems to be an effective way to minimize these barriers, but the benefits are dependent on the participants’ adherence to the interventions provided at a distance. The objectives of this protocol are to compare the effects of a periodized circuit training applied via telerehabilitation with the same protocol applied in the face-to-face model for individuals with knee OA. Methods This study presents a single-blinded protocol for a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. One hundred participants diagnosed with knee OA (grades II and III Kellgren and Lawrence syst...

Fisioterapia e Pesquisa, 2015

Ankle sprain is a common injury in soccer athletes and has a high relapse rate. Motor imagery (MI... more Ankle sprain is a common injury in soccer athletes and has a high relapse rate. Motor imagery (MI) may be an alternative treatment to diminish the neuromuscular consequences after the injury. Thus, this study aimed to verify the preliminary results of the effectiveness of MI in the rehabilitation of soccer athletes with acute ankle sprain. Twenty young athletes of the male sex participated in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups: intervention (IG) and control (CG). Participants underwent conventional rehabilitation (cryotherapy, electrotherapy and kinesiotherapy) for ankle sprain, but only the IG performed imagery exercises to try to recognize the ankle-foot figures, projected by a computer, from various perspectives and angles. The ranges of motion (ROM) were measured for dorsiflexion and plantar postural control, edema and functional stability. After treatment, no difference between groups were observed regarding dorsiflexion ROM (p=0.23), plantar flexion ROM (p=0...