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Papers by Chris Turnbow

Words and Sherds: Papers in Honor of Meliha S. Duran & David T. Kirkpatrick, 2011

The Price site (LA 728) is a small outlying portion of the Pueblo de Santiago (LA 326, also calle... more The Price site (LA 728) is a small outlying portion of the Pueblo de Santiago (LA 326, also called Bandelier's Puaray) located in the Province of Tiguex. It is now situated on a high terrace on the west side of the Rio Grande and opposite Bernalillo, Sandoval County, New Mexico. Although in use throughout much of the pueblo's occupation, the Price site exhibits characteristics that set it apart. Excavations of the site in 1968 and 1998 have left archaeologists debating its function and role in Southern Tiwa culture. This paper explores some of those controversial issues, the burial population, and whether that population was impacted by Spanish intrusion and colonization.

Current Archaeological Research in Kentucky Volume One, 1987

Archaeological investigations at the Muir Site, an early Fort Ancient settlement in Jessamine Cou... more Archaeological investigations at the Muir Site, an early Fort Ancient settlement in Jessamine County, Kentucky, resulted in the recovery of a large sample of Fort Ancient ceramics, lithics, and subsistence remains. This research also documented the presence of domestic activity areas consisting of structures and associated features. Based upon the results of the Muir Site investigations and other archaeological research in the Inner Bluegrass region, a new phase, Osborne (A.D. 950-1200) is proposed. During this phase, new technologies were introduced, new tools and items of personal use and adornment were incorporated into the regional material culture assemblage, and the local population appears to have become increasingly depenant on agriculture.

Late …, 1984

Historic Indian groups of the Ohio Valley are known to have practiced a seasonal settlement syste... more Historic Indian groups of the Ohio Valley are known to have practiced a seasonal settlement system in which small groups would leave the village for winter encampments in good hunting territories; however, archaeological evidence of such a pattern in the late Fort Ancient has not been well documented. Excavations at the Goolman site (15CK146) in Clark County, Kentucky, exposed a small late Fort Ancient Madisonville phase settlement dated between AD 1400 and 1645. Investigations at the site produced evidence of at least three structures, an artifact assemblage dominated by hunting and butchering implements, and seasonality data indicating winter occupation. Based on these results, supplemented by ethnohistoric documentation, the Goolman Site is interpreted as a winter camp inhabited by a small group such as an extended family or lineage. Identification of this site as a winter camp suggests that during the late Fort Ancient period, people were involved in a seasonal settlement pattern similar to that noted for Hisotric Indian groups in the region.

Late Prehistoric Research in Kentucky , 1984

Historic Indian groups of the Ohio Valley are known to have practiced a seasonal settlement syste... more Historic Indian groups of the Ohio Valley are known to have practiced a seasonal settlement system in which small groups would leave the village for winter encampments in good hunting territories; however, archaeological evidence of such a pattern in the late Fort Ancient has not been well documented. Excavations at the Goolman site (15CK146) in Clark County, Kentucky, exposed a small late Fort Ancient Madisonville phase settlement dated between AD 1400 and 1645. Investigations at the site produced evidence of at least three structures, an artifact assemblage dominated by hunting and butchering implements, and seasonality data indicating winter occupation. Based on these results, supplemented by ethnohistoric documentation, the Goolman Site is interpreted as a winter camp inhabited by a small group such as an extended family or lineage. Identification of this site as a winter camp suggests that during the late Fort Ancient period, people were involved in a seasonal settlement pattern similar to that noted for Hisotric Indian groups in the region.

Pithouse 2 (1981), Bob Forrester in trench Indented Corrugated Smudged Mimbres Bw Style I A Quest... more Pithouse 2 (1981), Bob Forrester in trench Indented Corrugated Smudged Mimbres Bw Style I A Quest for Post Classic The Upper Forks of the Gila River in Grant and Catron counties, New Mexico, have often been considered a Mimbres frontier that was abandoned between the Classic period and the late AD 1200s Tularosa phase occupation of the Gila Cliff Dwellings. However, in a synthesis of Post Classic occupations in the Mimbres region, Hegmon and her colleagues (1999) suggested the Gila Forks were occupied by Reserve/Tularosa phase populations from AD 1130 and 1200. Recent re-analyses of site collections and new field research in the Gila Forks now argue that while the Gila Forks Mimbres shared many cultural traits with their Reserve phase neighbors, they maintained their own cultural identity as they transitioned from the Classic to the Post Classic periods (Leitermann 2017; Turnbow 2014, 2016). The forgotten manuscripts of the XSX Ranch excavations provides important new information on this period. XSX Ranch Site (LA 50702) The XSX Ranch site is a multicomponent occupation located near the mouth of the East Fork. Between 1980 and 1992, Robert E. Forrester (deceased), a chemist and passionate avocational archaeologist, excavated 10 pithouses, 32 pueblo rooms in five roomblocks, and 91 burials. His nine excavation reports identify the site as a Classic Mimbres pueblo reoccupied by a Reserve/Tularosa population; however, reviewing his data, it may best be interpreted as a medium-sized transitional Classic Mimbres to Early Post Classic pueblo. San Francisco to Three Circle Phase Occupations XSX Ranch contains a large late San Francisco to early Three Circle phase village. Their pithouses were round or oval rather than the sub-square or rectangular forms typical of the phase. Ceramics included Mogollon Red-on-brown, Three Circle Red-on-white, and San Francisco Red, best revealed in a sealed pit in Pithouse 3. One burial produced a Three Circle Red-on-white bowl. Mimbres Black-on-white Style II Later Three Circle Phase Occupations A later Three Circle phase occupation is represented by three pithouses (4, 6, and perhaps 10) and Mimbres Black-on-white Styles I and II. Pithouse 6 was rectangular with a ventilator shaft, deflector slab, slab-lined hearth, and plaster over partial cobble masonry walls. Ventilators appear after AD 900 in the Three Circle phase (Shafer 2003) which correlates with Transitional Boldface (Style II) on the floor of Pithouse 6. Forrester believed the structure was deliberately destroyed (decommissioned ?). Circular Pithouse 2 is a likely late San Francisco phase communal structure with an estimated floor size of 40.6 sq m. An unkilled Mimbres Black-on-white Style II bowl found 10 cm above the floor may have been a later offering (see below).

KIVA, 2017

Many decades of archaeological research in the Mimbres region have resulted in hundreds of chrono... more Many decades of archaeological research in the Mimbres region have resulted in hundreds of chronometric dates obtained from contexts dating prior to A.D. 1450, but until now these data have not been compiled into a single database. Using dendrochronological, radiocarbon, and archaeomagnetic dates, we analyze each of the chronometric data sets to identify patterns and biases that help us better understand the tempo and duration of fundamental transitions in the Mimbres archaeological record. We also identify critical gaps in our knowledge of the chronometric record that provide new research opportunities.

Many decades of archaeological research in the Mimbres region have resulted in hundreds of chrono... more Many decades of archaeological research in the Mimbres region have resulted in hundreds of chronometric dates obtained from contexts dating prior to A.D. 1450, but until now these data have not been compiled into a single database. Using dendrochronological, radiocarbon, and archaeomagnetic dates, we analyze each of the chronometric data sets to identify patterns and biases that help us better understand the tempo and duration of fundamental transitions in the Mimbres archaeological record. We also identify critical gaps in our knowledge of the chronometric record that provide new research opportunities. Muchas décadas de investigación arqueológica en la región Mimbres han resultado en cientos de fechas cronométricas que han sido obtenidas de contextos datando desde antes de 1450 d.C. Sin embargo, hasta ahora estos datos no han sido compilados en una sola base comprensiva. Utilizando fechas dendrocronológicas, radiocarbónicas, y arqueomagnéticas, nosotros analizamos cada conjunto de datos cronométricos para identificar atributos y prejuicios. Como resultado, podemos comprender mejor el ritmo y la duración de transiciones fundamentales en el registro arqueológico de Mimbres. También identificamos las brechas críticas en nuestro conocimiento del registro cronométrico que proporcionan nuevas oportunidades de investigación.

Conference Presentations by Chris Turnbow

Collected Papers from the 18th Biennial Mogollon Archaeology Conference, 2015

Our story of the seventh parrot began in 2000 when looters damaged five Classic Mimbres sites on ... more Our story of the seventh parrot began in 2000 when looters damaged five Classic Mimbres sites on Gila National Forest property in the Upper Forks of the Gila River. Following their arrest and conviction, site stabilization and research on the damaged areas were undertaken through a joint agreement between the Gila National Forest and the Museum of New Mexico's Laboratory of Anthropology. This paper presents the highlights of the ARPA case, research investigations in this little known portion of the Mimbres homeland, and whether we ever found that bird.

Collected Papers from the 20th Biennial Mogollon Archaeology Conference, 2019

The XSX Ranch site (LA 50702) is a multicomponent occupation located on the East Fork of the Gila... more The XSX Ranch site (LA 50702) is a multicomponent occupation located on the East Fork of the Gila River in Grant County, New Mexico. Between 1980 and 1992, Robert E. Forrester, a chemist from Texas, excavated 10 pithouses, 32 pueblo rooms in five room blocks, and 91 burials at the site. In his little-known excavation reports, Forrester suggested the site was a Classic Mimbres occupation reoccupied by a Reserve/Tularosa population; however, in a review of his data, the later component may be best interpreted as a medium-sized transitional late Classic Mimbres to Early Postclassic pueblo. Our paper examines the site's architectural remains, mortuary patterns, and related funerary ceramics in comparison to other excavated Classic Mimbres occupations in the Forks region and using those data, suggests other sites that may have been occupied in the Gila Forks between circa A.D. 1130 and 1200.

Collected Papers from the 17th Biennial Mogollon Archaeology Conference, 2013

The Forks of the Gila River, located deep within the Gila National Forest of southwest New Mexico... more The Forks of the Gila River, located deep within the Gila National Forest of southwest New Mexico, have received very little archaeological research. In 1966, excavations at the West Fork Ruin (LA 8675) revealed a complex series of pit structures and roomblocks dating to the Early and Late Pithouse, Classic Mimbres, and Early Post Classic periods. This article presents the first detailed description of the site's built environment, examines the spatial context of the structures through time, and compares the changes in Gila Forks architecture with those from other Mimbres areas.

Between 1980 and 1992, Robert E. Forrester, a chemist from Texas, undertook excavations on the XS... more Between 1980 and 1992, Robert E. Forrester, a chemist from Texas, undertook excavations on the XSX Ranch Site (LA 50702), located in the Upper Forks of the Gila River, Catron County, New Mexico. Although most archaeologists know little of his research, his nine reports document the excavation of 10 pit structures, 32 pueblo rooms in five roomblocks, and 91 burials. This poster highlights his major contributions to Upper Gila archaeology through the recognition of important San Francisco and early Three Circle phase components and a significant transitional Classic Mimbres to Early Post Classic village. Recent re-analyses of his findings now argue that while the Gila Forks Mimbres shared many cultural traits with their Reserve phase neighbors, they maintained their own cultural identity as they transitioned from the Classic to the Early Post Classic periods (Leitermann 2017; Turnbow 2014, 2016).

Past excavations of Mimbres Georgetown phase occupations at the Diablo Village Complex (LA 6537 a... more Past excavations of Mimbres Georgetown phase occupations at the Diablo Village Complex (LA 6537 and LA 6538) and Cuchillo (LA 50548) sites produced assemblages critical to the refinement of the Mimbres projectile point chronology. Derived from structures and tightly dated contexts ranging between the late AD 500s and the 600s, these assemblages reveal evidence of diachronic technological and morphological changes to the arrow point sequence that predate Shafer and Dockall's typology. Of particular importance, the assemblages indicate corner notched and stemmed arrow points were the predominate forms and revealed a previously undefined arrow type called the Diablo Corner Notched that is considered diagnostic of the phase.

, 2012

The Forks of the Gila River, located deep within the Gila National Forest of southwest New Mexico... more The Forks of the Gila River, located deep within the Gila National Forest of southwest New Mexico, has received little archaeological research. In 1966, excavations at the West Fork Ruin (LA 8675) revealed various pit structure forms and roomblocks dating to the Pithouse periods, Classic Mimbres, and early Post Classic period. This poster presents the first detailed description of the site’s built environment, examines the spatial context of the structures through time, and compares the changes in architecture in the Gila Forks region with those from other Mimbres areas.

Thesis Chapters by Chris Turnbow

A Fort Ancient Ceramic Chronology for Northeastern Kentucky, 1991

Recent excavations conducted at the Fox Farm (15MS1), Snag Creek (15BK2), and Augusta (15BK200) s... more Recent excavations conducted at the Fox Farm (15MS1), Snag Creek (15BK2), and Augusta (15BK200) sites in northeastern Kentucky have produced tightly provenienced ceramic assemblages that are associated with stratified and chronometrically dated Fort Ancient midden deposits spanning the period from around A.D. 1200 to the early 1600s. These data allow the establishment of a more sensitive Fort Ancient ceramic sequence than had been previously proposed for the area. The results of the study suggest that Fox Farm Cordmarked and Fox Farm Net Impressed, long thought to date after A.D. 1400, were dominant types in the A.D. 1200s and 1300s. The study also suggests that Madisonville Cordmarked and Madisonville Plain, which first appear in the A.D. 1300s, may have developed from earlier types in the region and become the predominant types by the early A.D. 1400s. Finally, three type-varieties, Madisonville Grooved Paddled, Madisonville Net Impressed, and Todd Plain variety Augusta, may be sensitive time markers of the early protohistoric period of the area.

Words and Sherds: Papers in Honor of Meliha S. Duran & David T. Kirkpatrick, 2011

The Price site (LA 728) is a small outlying portion of the Pueblo de Santiago (LA 326, also calle... more The Price site (LA 728) is a small outlying portion of the Pueblo de Santiago (LA 326, also called Bandelier's Puaray) located in the Province of Tiguex. It is now situated on a high terrace on the west side of the Rio Grande and opposite Bernalillo, Sandoval County, New Mexico. Although in use throughout much of the pueblo's occupation, the Price site exhibits characteristics that set it apart. Excavations of the site in 1968 and 1998 have left archaeologists debating its function and role in Southern Tiwa culture. This paper explores some of those controversial issues, the burial population, and whether that population was impacted by Spanish intrusion and colonization.

Current Archaeological Research in Kentucky Volume One, 1987

Archaeological investigations at the Muir Site, an early Fort Ancient settlement in Jessamine Cou... more Archaeological investigations at the Muir Site, an early Fort Ancient settlement in Jessamine County, Kentucky, resulted in the recovery of a large sample of Fort Ancient ceramics, lithics, and subsistence remains. This research also documented the presence of domestic activity areas consisting of structures and associated features. Based upon the results of the Muir Site investigations and other archaeological research in the Inner Bluegrass region, a new phase, Osborne (A.D. 950-1200) is proposed. During this phase, new technologies were introduced, new tools and items of personal use and adornment were incorporated into the regional material culture assemblage, and the local population appears to have become increasingly depenant on agriculture.

Late …, 1984

Historic Indian groups of the Ohio Valley are known to have practiced a seasonal settlement syste... more Historic Indian groups of the Ohio Valley are known to have practiced a seasonal settlement system in which small groups would leave the village for winter encampments in good hunting territories; however, archaeological evidence of such a pattern in the late Fort Ancient has not been well documented. Excavations at the Goolman site (15CK146) in Clark County, Kentucky, exposed a small late Fort Ancient Madisonville phase settlement dated between AD 1400 and 1645. Investigations at the site produced evidence of at least three structures, an artifact assemblage dominated by hunting and butchering implements, and seasonality data indicating winter occupation. Based on these results, supplemented by ethnohistoric documentation, the Goolman Site is interpreted as a winter camp inhabited by a small group such as an extended family or lineage. Identification of this site as a winter camp suggests that during the late Fort Ancient period, people were involved in a seasonal settlement pattern similar to that noted for Hisotric Indian groups in the region.

Late Prehistoric Research in Kentucky , 1984

Historic Indian groups of the Ohio Valley are known to have practiced a seasonal settlement syste... more Historic Indian groups of the Ohio Valley are known to have practiced a seasonal settlement system in which small groups would leave the village for winter encampments in good hunting territories; however, archaeological evidence of such a pattern in the late Fort Ancient has not been well documented. Excavations at the Goolman site (15CK146) in Clark County, Kentucky, exposed a small late Fort Ancient Madisonville phase settlement dated between AD 1400 and 1645. Investigations at the site produced evidence of at least three structures, an artifact assemblage dominated by hunting and butchering implements, and seasonality data indicating winter occupation. Based on these results, supplemented by ethnohistoric documentation, the Goolman Site is interpreted as a winter camp inhabited by a small group such as an extended family or lineage. Identification of this site as a winter camp suggests that during the late Fort Ancient period, people were involved in a seasonal settlement pattern similar to that noted for Hisotric Indian groups in the region.

Pithouse 2 (1981), Bob Forrester in trench Indented Corrugated Smudged Mimbres Bw Style I A Quest... more Pithouse 2 (1981), Bob Forrester in trench Indented Corrugated Smudged Mimbres Bw Style I A Quest for Post Classic The Upper Forks of the Gila River in Grant and Catron counties, New Mexico, have often been considered a Mimbres frontier that was abandoned between the Classic period and the late AD 1200s Tularosa phase occupation of the Gila Cliff Dwellings. However, in a synthesis of Post Classic occupations in the Mimbres region, Hegmon and her colleagues (1999) suggested the Gila Forks were occupied by Reserve/Tularosa phase populations from AD 1130 and 1200. Recent re-analyses of site collections and new field research in the Gila Forks now argue that while the Gila Forks Mimbres shared many cultural traits with their Reserve phase neighbors, they maintained their own cultural identity as they transitioned from the Classic to the Post Classic periods (Leitermann 2017; Turnbow 2014, 2016). The forgotten manuscripts of the XSX Ranch excavations provides important new information on this period. XSX Ranch Site (LA 50702) The XSX Ranch site is a multicomponent occupation located near the mouth of the East Fork. Between 1980 and 1992, Robert E. Forrester (deceased), a chemist and passionate avocational archaeologist, excavated 10 pithouses, 32 pueblo rooms in five roomblocks, and 91 burials. His nine excavation reports identify the site as a Classic Mimbres pueblo reoccupied by a Reserve/Tularosa population; however, reviewing his data, it may best be interpreted as a medium-sized transitional Classic Mimbres to Early Post Classic pueblo. San Francisco to Three Circle Phase Occupations XSX Ranch contains a large late San Francisco to early Three Circle phase village. Their pithouses were round or oval rather than the sub-square or rectangular forms typical of the phase. Ceramics included Mogollon Red-on-brown, Three Circle Red-on-white, and San Francisco Red, best revealed in a sealed pit in Pithouse 3. One burial produced a Three Circle Red-on-white bowl. Mimbres Black-on-white Style II Later Three Circle Phase Occupations A later Three Circle phase occupation is represented by three pithouses (4, 6, and perhaps 10) and Mimbres Black-on-white Styles I and II. Pithouse 6 was rectangular with a ventilator shaft, deflector slab, slab-lined hearth, and plaster over partial cobble masonry walls. Ventilators appear after AD 900 in the Three Circle phase (Shafer 2003) which correlates with Transitional Boldface (Style II) on the floor of Pithouse 6. Forrester believed the structure was deliberately destroyed (decommissioned ?). Circular Pithouse 2 is a likely late San Francisco phase communal structure with an estimated floor size of 40.6 sq m. An unkilled Mimbres Black-on-white Style II bowl found 10 cm above the floor may have been a later offering (see below).

KIVA, 2017

Many decades of archaeological research in the Mimbres region have resulted in hundreds of chrono... more Many decades of archaeological research in the Mimbres region have resulted in hundreds of chronometric dates obtained from contexts dating prior to A.D. 1450, but until now these data have not been compiled into a single database. Using dendrochronological, radiocarbon, and archaeomagnetic dates, we analyze each of the chronometric data sets to identify patterns and biases that help us better understand the tempo and duration of fundamental transitions in the Mimbres archaeological record. We also identify critical gaps in our knowledge of the chronometric record that provide new research opportunities.

Many decades of archaeological research in the Mimbres region have resulted in hundreds of chrono... more Many decades of archaeological research in the Mimbres region have resulted in hundreds of chronometric dates obtained from contexts dating prior to A.D. 1450, but until now these data have not been compiled into a single database. Using dendrochronological, radiocarbon, and archaeomagnetic dates, we analyze each of the chronometric data sets to identify patterns and biases that help us better understand the tempo and duration of fundamental transitions in the Mimbres archaeological record. We also identify critical gaps in our knowledge of the chronometric record that provide new research opportunities. Muchas décadas de investigación arqueológica en la región Mimbres han resultado en cientos de fechas cronométricas que han sido obtenidas de contextos datando desde antes de 1450 d.C. Sin embargo, hasta ahora estos datos no han sido compilados en una sola base comprensiva. Utilizando fechas dendrocronológicas, radiocarbónicas, y arqueomagnéticas, nosotros analizamos cada conjunto de datos cronométricos para identificar atributos y prejuicios. Como resultado, podemos comprender mejor el ritmo y la duración de transiciones fundamentales en el registro arqueológico de Mimbres. También identificamos las brechas críticas en nuestro conocimiento del registro cronométrico que proporcionan nuevas oportunidades de investigación.

Collected Papers from the 18th Biennial Mogollon Archaeology Conference, 2015

Our story of the seventh parrot began in 2000 when looters damaged five Classic Mimbres sites on ... more Our story of the seventh parrot began in 2000 when looters damaged five Classic Mimbres sites on Gila National Forest property in the Upper Forks of the Gila River. Following their arrest and conviction, site stabilization and research on the damaged areas were undertaken through a joint agreement between the Gila National Forest and the Museum of New Mexico's Laboratory of Anthropology. This paper presents the highlights of the ARPA case, research investigations in this little known portion of the Mimbres homeland, and whether we ever found that bird.

Collected Papers from the 20th Biennial Mogollon Archaeology Conference, 2019

The XSX Ranch site (LA 50702) is a multicomponent occupation located on the East Fork of the Gila... more The XSX Ranch site (LA 50702) is a multicomponent occupation located on the East Fork of the Gila River in Grant County, New Mexico. Between 1980 and 1992, Robert E. Forrester, a chemist from Texas, excavated 10 pithouses, 32 pueblo rooms in five room blocks, and 91 burials at the site. In his little-known excavation reports, Forrester suggested the site was a Classic Mimbres occupation reoccupied by a Reserve/Tularosa population; however, in a review of his data, the later component may be best interpreted as a medium-sized transitional late Classic Mimbres to Early Postclassic pueblo. Our paper examines the site's architectural remains, mortuary patterns, and related funerary ceramics in comparison to other excavated Classic Mimbres occupations in the Forks region and using those data, suggests other sites that may have been occupied in the Gila Forks between circa A.D. 1130 and 1200.

Collected Papers from the 17th Biennial Mogollon Archaeology Conference, 2013

The Forks of the Gila River, located deep within the Gila National Forest of southwest New Mexico... more The Forks of the Gila River, located deep within the Gila National Forest of southwest New Mexico, have received very little archaeological research. In 1966, excavations at the West Fork Ruin (LA 8675) revealed a complex series of pit structures and roomblocks dating to the Early and Late Pithouse, Classic Mimbres, and Early Post Classic periods. This article presents the first detailed description of the site's built environment, examines the spatial context of the structures through time, and compares the changes in Gila Forks architecture with those from other Mimbres areas.

Between 1980 and 1992, Robert E. Forrester, a chemist from Texas, undertook excavations on the XS... more Between 1980 and 1992, Robert E. Forrester, a chemist from Texas, undertook excavations on the XSX Ranch Site (LA 50702), located in the Upper Forks of the Gila River, Catron County, New Mexico. Although most archaeologists know little of his research, his nine reports document the excavation of 10 pit structures, 32 pueblo rooms in five roomblocks, and 91 burials. This poster highlights his major contributions to Upper Gila archaeology through the recognition of important San Francisco and early Three Circle phase components and a significant transitional Classic Mimbres to Early Post Classic village. Recent re-analyses of his findings now argue that while the Gila Forks Mimbres shared many cultural traits with their Reserve phase neighbors, they maintained their own cultural identity as they transitioned from the Classic to the Early Post Classic periods (Leitermann 2017; Turnbow 2014, 2016).

Past excavations of Mimbres Georgetown phase occupations at the Diablo Village Complex (LA 6537 a... more Past excavations of Mimbres Georgetown phase occupations at the Diablo Village Complex (LA 6537 and LA 6538) and Cuchillo (LA 50548) sites produced assemblages critical to the refinement of the Mimbres projectile point chronology. Derived from structures and tightly dated contexts ranging between the late AD 500s and the 600s, these assemblages reveal evidence of diachronic technological and morphological changes to the arrow point sequence that predate Shafer and Dockall's typology. Of particular importance, the assemblages indicate corner notched and stemmed arrow points were the predominate forms and revealed a previously undefined arrow type called the Diablo Corner Notched that is considered diagnostic of the phase.

, 2012

The Forks of the Gila River, located deep within the Gila National Forest of southwest New Mexico... more The Forks of the Gila River, located deep within the Gila National Forest of southwest New Mexico, has received little archaeological research. In 1966, excavations at the West Fork Ruin (LA 8675) revealed various pit structure forms and roomblocks dating to the Pithouse periods, Classic Mimbres, and early Post Classic period. This poster presents the first detailed description of the site’s built environment, examines the spatial context of the structures through time, and compares the changes in architecture in the Gila Forks region with those from other Mimbres areas.

A Fort Ancient Ceramic Chronology for Northeastern Kentucky, 1991

Recent excavations conducted at the Fox Farm (15MS1), Snag Creek (15BK2), and Augusta (15BK200) s... more Recent excavations conducted at the Fox Farm (15MS1), Snag Creek (15BK2), and Augusta (15BK200) sites in northeastern Kentucky have produced tightly provenienced ceramic assemblages that are associated with stratified and chronometrically dated Fort Ancient midden deposits spanning the period from around A.D. 1200 to the early 1600s. These data allow the establishment of a more sensitive Fort Ancient ceramic sequence than had been previously proposed for the area. The results of the study suggest that Fox Farm Cordmarked and Fox Farm Net Impressed, long thought to date after A.D. 1400, were dominant types in the A.D. 1200s and 1300s. The study also suggests that Madisonville Cordmarked and Madisonville Plain, which first appear in the A.D. 1300s, may have developed from earlier types in the region and become the predominant types by the early A.D. 1400s. Finally, three type-varieties, Madisonville Grooved Paddled, Madisonville Net Impressed, and Todd Plain variety Augusta, may be sensitive time markers of the early protohistoric period of the area.