Christopher Alan Lewis - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Christopher Alan Lewis
European Psychiatry, Sep 4, 2020
European Psychiatry, Sep 4, 2020
Mental Health, Religion & Culture, Sep 13, 2016
Introduction Recently, Mental Health, Religion & Culture has commenced a Special Issue series ent... more Introduction Recently, Mental Health, Religion & Culture has commenced a Special Issue series entitled Assessment of mental health, religion and culture: The development and examination of psychometric measures … (Lewis, 2016a, 2016b). The aim of this series is to provide a forum for researchers to publish data on newly developed measures or indeed established measures that are of practical value for researchers interested in examining the relationship between the constructs of mental health, religion, and culture. In doing so, it is expected that over time these editions will provide a rich resource for researchers interested in the development and evaluation of such measures. The series was conceived originally as being published annually. However, in response to the publication of Part I of the series earlier in 2016, it soon became apparent that by specifically highlighting this area of research within the journal, it had encouraged the submission of a number of psychometric focused manuscripts. Given the influx of this type of manuscript, it was decided to publish Part II also in 2016. The first Special Issue (Lewis, 2016a, 2016b) in this series contained articles representing three particular areas of development and evaluation. First, some articles focused on reporting the psychometric properties of recently developed new scales. Second, some articles focused on the evaluation of the psychometric properties of published scales translated into another language. Third, some articles focused on the evaluation of the psychometric properties of scales employed in various cultural contexts and religious samples. In addition to this Editorial, this Special Issue comprises of 13 empirical articles and one brief research note. These 13 articles have been divided into three areas of development in line with those established in Part I (Lewis, 2016a, 2016b). First, three articles are presented that have focused on the development of new scales. Deng and Li (2016) report among samples of 180 and 550 university students in China, the development of the Buddhist Patience Questionnaire. Garey, Siregar, Hood, Agustiani, and Setiono (2016) report among samples of 170 and 770 adolescent students in Indonesia, primarily Muslim, the development of the Religious Attribution Scale. Sears and Hood (2016) report among a sample of 192 Nepali Christians, and 311 Hindus in Nepal, the development of the Dreaming Mysticism Scale. Second, seven articles are presented that have focused on the evaluation of the psychometric properties of previously published scales that have been translated into another language. Alakhdhair, Sheets, Geib, Alkhuwaildi, and Koenig (2016) report among a sample of 211 Arabic-speaking Muslims, largely in Saudi Arabia, the satisfactory psychometric properties of the Arabic language version of the Belief into Action Scale (Koenig et al., 2015). Crea (2016) reports among a sample of 585 adults in Italy, the satisfactory psychometric properties of the Italian language version of the Purpose in Life Scale (Robbins & Francis, 2000). Gómez, Jimenez-Leal, and Finck (2016) report among samples of 350 general population and 84
In comparison to other countries, Russia has a comparatively high rate of heavy drinking and alco... more In comparison to other countries, Russia has a comparatively high rate of heavy drinking and alcoholism, which are both leading causes of illnesses, disability, and death. There is increasing attention paid to understanding psychological and medical explanations of illnesses, and how the relationships between explicit and implicit theories are linked. Lay beliefs about alcoholism are an important factor associated with treatment-seeking behaviour. Furnham and Lowick (1984) examined the responses of 265 adults (154 males and 111 females), recruited from hospital waiting rooms, places of work, adult education courses and department subject panels in the UK. Participants completed a survey in which 30 explanations for alcoholism were ranked on seven-point Likert scales, with higher mean scores indicating less important causal explanation for alcoholism. The 30 explanations were based on implicit theories of why people become alcoholics, derived from literature and interviews with lay people and two psychologists. This can be contrasted with the numerous amounts of explicit theories, based around pharmacological, psychological and sociocultural models, which can be contradictory. Comparatively less research had been undertaken on implicit theories, which differ in nature to explicit theories. The most important causal explanations reported by Furnham and Lowick (1984) were "They have found that alcohol helps them reduce their anxiety" (Q. 12) and "They find to drink is the only way to cope with frequent depression" (Q. 23). Mental health literacy among an online convenience sample of Russian adults: Examining lay people's implicit theories of the causes of alcoholism .
Mental Health, Religion & Culture, Apr 21, 2017
, it was felt by the authors that the papers in their entirety deserved wider dissemination and p... more , it was felt by the authors that the papers in their entirety deserved wider dissemination and publication, and so the idea for this Special Issue of Mental Health, Religion & Culture on religious experience was proposed. Following the symposium, each of the authors was given time to reflect on the comments they had received about their paper. As a result of this process, some of the papers were slightly reshaped (e.g., Kay, 2015), while others were removed from the collection (e.g., Francis & Robbins, 2015; Lewis, 2015) and replaced by papers that were thought to provide a broader overview of the type of work undertaken by the Alister Hardy Religious Experience Research Centre at Glyndŵr University (e.g., Astley, 2017a; Crea & Francis, 2017). This revised collection of papers was then subjected to the peer-review process of Mental Health, Religion and Culture, the results of which are the papers presented in this Special Issue on religious experience. In addition to this Editorial, this Special Issue comprises of two theoretical articles and eight empirical articles. These 10 articles have been divided into four areas. First, two articles are presented that have focused on theoretical and historical issues related to the work of two pioneers in the examination of religious experience. Kay (2017) provides a brief theoretical overview and critique of William James' Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (James, 1902/2002). Astley (2017a) provides a brief theoretical overview and critique of John Hick's contribution to the area of religious experience. Second, three articles are presented that have focused on the translation and refining of two measures of religious experience, the "Hardy question" (Hardy, 1979) and the "Greer question" (Greer, 1981, 1982) and the analysis of data with them. Lewis, Galyautdinova, Filimonova, and Safina (2017) report from among a sample of 400 online Russians, 15 examples of responses provided to a Russian language version of the Hardy question (Hardy, 1979), to examine the face validity of the measure. Moreover, they also provide a Bashkirian language version of the Hardy question, however, with no supporting data. Ap Siôn (2017) extends her own work (ap Siôn, 2006) among a sample of Northern Irish sixth-form students aged 16-18
Journal of Empirical Theology, Apr 25, 2022
Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a pu... more Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a published version is known of, the repository item page linked to above, will contain details on accessing it.
European Psychiatry, Sep 4, 2020
Mental Health, Religion & Culture, May 27, 2016
The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wi... more The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP URL' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.
Studia Psychologica, 2013
The "contact hypothesis" su ggests that desegregation is good for minority group members, but thi... more The "contact hypothesis" su ggests that desegregation is good for minority group members, but this view has been challenged by studies describing a so-called "ethnic density effect". This stu dy examined the possibility of an "ethnic density effect" in the context of historical ethno-religious segregation in Northern Ireland. It was hypothesised that the "ethnic density effect" is not simply the result of structural variables, such as ethnic population mix at local community level, but also on individual perceptions of area based ethno-religious group density, perceptions of their local group status and their levels of in-group identification or solidarity. Data from 1000 randomly selected participants were tested for ethno-religious group invariance in the prediction of psychological adjustment, as measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results indicated a small direct "ethnic density effect" based on perceptions of religious mix at local level (p < .05). Ethno-religious differences were observed in the relationships between perceived ethnic density and perceived discrimination (p < .05). The "ethnic density effect" reported in some cultural contexts was evident in Northern Ireland and this has implications for policy makers concerned with community relations.
Mental Health, Religion & Culture, Feb 22, 2021
Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a pu... more Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a published version is known of, the repository item page linked to above, will contain details on accessing it.
Frontiers in Psychology
The primary aim was to assess the role of mental and physical health of COVID-19 and its psycholo... more The primary aim was to assess the role of mental and physical health of COVID-19 and its psychological impact in the general population of Pakistan during the first wave of COVID-19. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant predictive association among socio-demographic variables, psychological impact and mental health status resulting from COVID-19, and poor self-reported physical health would be significantly associated with adverse psychological impact and poor mental health status because of COVID-19. A cross-sectional survey research design was used in which 1,361 respondents were sampled online during lockdown imposed in the country. The Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) was used to assess the psychological impact of COVID-19, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) was used to assess participants’ mental health status. 18% of the respondents reported moderate to severe event-specific distress, 22.6% reported moderate to severely extreme depression...
BACKGROUND • Patchin and Hinduja (2006) highlighted that bullying is 'moving beyond the schoolyar... more BACKGROUND • Patchin and Hinduja (2006) highlighted that bullying is 'moving beyond the schoolyard' thus highlighting that victims of cyberbullying are also targets of traditional bullying, which has been echoed by Juvonen and Gross (2008) (85% of cyber victims also traditional victims).
Previous research has evidenced the psychological effects of victimisation for cyber and traditio... more Previous research has evidenced the psychological effects of victimisation for cyber and traditional forms of bullying, with depression considered one of the most prominent outcomes of peer victimisation (Dejardins & Leadbeater, 2011; Pouwelse, Bolman, Lodewiijkx & Spaa, 2011) and cyber-victimisation (Perren, Dooley, Shaw, & Cross, 2010; Wang, Nansel & Iannotti, 2011). Furthermore, school victimisation has been linked to later life depression (Ttofi, Farrington, Lösel, & Loeber, 2011). Victimisation can also be viewed as a chronic stressor and the associated psychological consequences are responses to a traumatic event (Newman, Holden, & Delville, 2005). More specifically students who exhibit higher rates of anxious or withdrawn behaviour associated with higher risk of victimisation (Paul & Cillessen, 2003). When it comes to coping, the negative effects of cyber bullying on physical and mental health can be alleviated by the use of beneficial coping strategies (Machmutow, Perren, St...
of primary school pupils and 3 per cent of post-primary school pupils reported that they had been... more of primary school pupils and 3 per cent of post-primary school pupils reported that they had been involved in bullying others 'sometimes or more often'. This Research Update adds to this important knowledge on bullying in primary schools by presenting data collected as part of the first two Kids' Life and Times (KLT) surveys (2008 and 2009). All of the children were in the final year of primary school (Primary 7) and completed the survey online in school. The questions about bullying allowed for comparison with previous research from Northern Ireland as well as international research in the area. The children taking part in KLT also completed the 27-item KIDSCREEN (The KIDSCREEN Group Europe, 2006), which is a health-related quality of life measure exploring physical well-being, psychological well-being, feelings about autonomy and parents, peers and social support, and school environment. Extent and type of bullying As Table 1 shows, approximately half of the children taking part in the KLT surveys w w w. a r k. a c. u k Research Update Number 71
Journal of religious education, Apr 1, 2020
Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a pu... more Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a published version is known of, the repository item page linked to above, will contain details on accessing it.
Objective/Purpose The present aim was first to describe the medium of the “'Methodical Recomm... more Objective/Purpose The present aim was first to describe the medium of the “'Methodical Recommendations” or “Methodlets” commonly used in Russian psychology and second to describe three recent “Methodlets” in positive psychology. Design/Background Within contemporary Russian psychology, there is growing interest in the examination of human character strengths and virtues within the context of positive psychology. Such interest has led to a growing number of scales being translated from the original English version into the Russian language for clinical and research purposes. However, such translated materials are often difficult to gain access to for clinicians and researchers, and this is especially the case for students. To address this matter, one initiative involves the development and publication of “'Methodical Recommendations” or “Methodlets”, brief books focused on providing methodological guidance and resources to researchers and students. Methods Pertinent searches ...
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2018
Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a pu... more Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a published version is known of, the repository item page linked to above, will contain details on accessing it.
Coping with on and offline bullying: The psychological effects Anti-bullying policies All schoo... more Coping with on and offline bullying: The psychological effects Anti-bullying policies All schools in ROI required to have a new antibullying policy in place by April 11 th to account for the new forms of bullying Anti-Bullying procedures for primary and post-primary schools-Circular 0045/2013 Defines bullying as "Unwanted negative behaviour, verbal, psychological or physical, conducted by an individual or group against another person (or persons) and which is repeated over time" (p.8, 2013) 2 Rates of Victimisation: ROI EU Kids Online 2013 (O'Neill & Dinh) 23% bullied online or offline over the past 12 months Online or mobile is less common at 4% Overall higher than European average of 19% but lower for cyberbullying (6%)
European Psychiatry, Sep 4, 2020
European Psychiatry, Sep 4, 2020
Mental Health, Religion & Culture, Sep 13, 2016
Introduction Recently, Mental Health, Religion & Culture has commenced a Special Issue series ent... more Introduction Recently, Mental Health, Religion & Culture has commenced a Special Issue series entitled Assessment of mental health, religion and culture: The development and examination of psychometric measures … (Lewis, 2016a, 2016b). The aim of this series is to provide a forum for researchers to publish data on newly developed measures or indeed established measures that are of practical value for researchers interested in examining the relationship between the constructs of mental health, religion, and culture. In doing so, it is expected that over time these editions will provide a rich resource for researchers interested in the development and evaluation of such measures. The series was conceived originally as being published annually. However, in response to the publication of Part I of the series earlier in 2016, it soon became apparent that by specifically highlighting this area of research within the journal, it had encouraged the submission of a number of psychometric focused manuscripts. Given the influx of this type of manuscript, it was decided to publish Part II also in 2016. The first Special Issue (Lewis, 2016a, 2016b) in this series contained articles representing three particular areas of development and evaluation. First, some articles focused on reporting the psychometric properties of recently developed new scales. Second, some articles focused on the evaluation of the psychometric properties of published scales translated into another language. Third, some articles focused on the evaluation of the psychometric properties of scales employed in various cultural contexts and religious samples. In addition to this Editorial, this Special Issue comprises of 13 empirical articles and one brief research note. These 13 articles have been divided into three areas of development in line with those established in Part I (Lewis, 2016a, 2016b). First, three articles are presented that have focused on the development of new scales. Deng and Li (2016) report among samples of 180 and 550 university students in China, the development of the Buddhist Patience Questionnaire. Garey, Siregar, Hood, Agustiani, and Setiono (2016) report among samples of 170 and 770 adolescent students in Indonesia, primarily Muslim, the development of the Religious Attribution Scale. Sears and Hood (2016) report among a sample of 192 Nepali Christians, and 311 Hindus in Nepal, the development of the Dreaming Mysticism Scale. Second, seven articles are presented that have focused on the evaluation of the psychometric properties of previously published scales that have been translated into another language. Alakhdhair, Sheets, Geib, Alkhuwaildi, and Koenig (2016) report among a sample of 211 Arabic-speaking Muslims, largely in Saudi Arabia, the satisfactory psychometric properties of the Arabic language version of the Belief into Action Scale (Koenig et al., 2015). Crea (2016) reports among a sample of 585 adults in Italy, the satisfactory psychometric properties of the Italian language version of the Purpose in Life Scale (Robbins & Francis, 2000). Gómez, Jimenez-Leal, and Finck (2016) report among samples of 350 general population and 84
In comparison to other countries, Russia has a comparatively high rate of heavy drinking and alco... more In comparison to other countries, Russia has a comparatively high rate of heavy drinking and alcoholism, which are both leading causes of illnesses, disability, and death. There is increasing attention paid to understanding psychological and medical explanations of illnesses, and how the relationships between explicit and implicit theories are linked. Lay beliefs about alcoholism are an important factor associated with treatment-seeking behaviour. Furnham and Lowick (1984) examined the responses of 265 adults (154 males and 111 females), recruited from hospital waiting rooms, places of work, adult education courses and department subject panels in the UK. Participants completed a survey in which 30 explanations for alcoholism were ranked on seven-point Likert scales, with higher mean scores indicating less important causal explanation for alcoholism. The 30 explanations were based on implicit theories of why people become alcoholics, derived from literature and interviews with lay people and two psychologists. This can be contrasted with the numerous amounts of explicit theories, based around pharmacological, psychological and sociocultural models, which can be contradictory. Comparatively less research had been undertaken on implicit theories, which differ in nature to explicit theories. The most important causal explanations reported by Furnham and Lowick (1984) were "They have found that alcohol helps them reduce their anxiety" (Q. 12) and "They find to drink is the only way to cope with frequent depression" (Q. 23). Mental health literacy among an online convenience sample of Russian adults: Examining lay people's implicit theories of the causes of alcoholism .
Mental Health, Religion & Culture, Apr 21, 2017
, it was felt by the authors that the papers in their entirety deserved wider dissemination and p... more , it was felt by the authors that the papers in their entirety deserved wider dissemination and publication, and so the idea for this Special Issue of Mental Health, Religion & Culture on religious experience was proposed. Following the symposium, each of the authors was given time to reflect on the comments they had received about their paper. As a result of this process, some of the papers were slightly reshaped (e.g., Kay, 2015), while others were removed from the collection (e.g., Francis & Robbins, 2015; Lewis, 2015) and replaced by papers that were thought to provide a broader overview of the type of work undertaken by the Alister Hardy Religious Experience Research Centre at Glyndŵr University (e.g., Astley, 2017a; Crea & Francis, 2017). This revised collection of papers was then subjected to the peer-review process of Mental Health, Religion and Culture, the results of which are the papers presented in this Special Issue on religious experience. In addition to this Editorial, this Special Issue comprises of two theoretical articles and eight empirical articles. These 10 articles have been divided into four areas. First, two articles are presented that have focused on theoretical and historical issues related to the work of two pioneers in the examination of religious experience. Kay (2017) provides a brief theoretical overview and critique of William James' Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (James, 1902/2002). Astley (2017a) provides a brief theoretical overview and critique of John Hick's contribution to the area of religious experience. Second, three articles are presented that have focused on the translation and refining of two measures of religious experience, the "Hardy question" (Hardy, 1979) and the "Greer question" (Greer, 1981, 1982) and the analysis of data with them. Lewis, Galyautdinova, Filimonova, and Safina (2017) report from among a sample of 400 online Russians, 15 examples of responses provided to a Russian language version of the Hardy question (Hardy, 1979), to examine the face validity of the measure. Moreover, they also provide a Bashkirian language version of the Hardy question, however, with no supporting data. Ap Siôn (2017) extends her own work (ap Siôn, 2006) among a sample of Northern Irish sixth-form students aged 16-18
Journal of Empirical Theology, Apr 25, 2022
Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a pu... more Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a published version is known of, the repository item page linked to above, will contain details on accessing it.
European Psychiatry, Sep 4, 2020
Mental Health, Religion & Culture, May 27, 2016
The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wi... more The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP URL' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.
Studia Psychologica, 2013
The "contact hypothesis" su ggests that desegregation is good for minority group members, but thi... more The "contact hypothesis" su ggests that desegregation is good for minority group members, but this view has been challenged by studies describing a so-called "ethnic density effect". This stu dy examined the possibility of an "ethnic density effect" in the context of historical ethno-religious segregation in Northern Ireland. It was hypothesised that the "ethnic density effect" is not simply the result of structural variables, such as ethnic population mix at local community level, but also on individual perceptions of area based ethno-religious group density, perceptions of their local group status and their levels of in-group identification or solidarity. Data from 1000 randomly selected participants were tested for ethno-religious group invariance in the prediction of psychological adjustment, as measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results indicated a small direct "ethnic density effect" based on perceptions of religious mix at local level (p < .05). Ethno-religious differences were observed in the relationships between perceived ethnic density and perceived discrimination (p < .05). The "ethnic density effect" reported in some cultural contexts was evident in Northern Ireland and this has implications for policy makers concerned with community relations.
Mental Health, Religion & Culture, Feb 22, 2021
Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a pu... more Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a published version is known of, the repository item page linked to above, will contain details on accessing it.
Frontiers in Psychology
The primary aim was to assess the role of mental and physical health of COVID-19 and its psycholo... more The primary aim was to assess the role of mental and physical health of COVID-19 and its psychological impact in the general population of Pakistan during the first wave of COVID-19. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant predictive association among socio-demographic variables, psychological impact and mental health status resulting from COVID-19, and poor self-reported physical health would be significantly associated with adverse psychological impact and poor mental health status because of COVID-19. A cross-sectional survey research design was used in which 1,361 respondents were sampled online during lockdown imposed in the country. The Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) was used to assess the psychological impact of COVID-19, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) was used to assess participants’ mental health status. 18% of the respondents reported moderate to severe event-specific distress, 22.6% reported moderate to severely extreme depression...
BACKGROUND • Patchin and Hinduja (2006) highlighted that bullying is 'moving beyond the schoolyar... more BACKGROUND • Patchin and Hinduja (2006) highlighted that bullying is 'moving beyond the schoolyard' thus highlighting that victims of cyberbullying are also targets of traditional bullying, which has been echoed by Juvonen and Gross (2008) (85% of cyber victims also traditional victims).
Previous research has evidenced the psychological effects of victimisation for cyber and traditio... more Previous research has evidenced the psychological effects of victimisation for cyber and traditional forms of bullying, with depression considered one of the most prominent outcomes of peer victimisation (Dejardins & Leadbeater, 2011; Pouwelse, Bolman, Lodewiijkx & Spaa, 2011) and cyber-victimisation (Perren, Dooley, Shaw, & Cross, 2010; Wang, Nansel & Iannotti, 2011). Furthermore, school victimisation has been linked to later life depression (Ttofi, Farrington, Lösel, & Loeber, 2011). Victimisation can also be viewed as a chronic stressor and the associated psychological consequences are responses to a traumatic event (Newman, Holden, & Delville, 2005). More specifically students who exhibit higher rates of anxious or withdrawn behaviour associated with higher risk of victimisation (Paul & Cillessen, 2003). When it comes to coping, the negative effects of cyber bullying on physical and mental health can be alleviated by the use of beneficial coping strategies (Machmutow, Perren, St...
of primary school pupils and 3 per cent of post-primary school pupils reported that they had been... more of primary school pupils and 3 per cent of post-primary school pupils reported that they had been involved in bullying others 'sometimes or more often'. This Research Update adds to this important knowledge on bullying in primary schools by presenting data collected as part of the first two Kids' Life and Times (KLT) surveys (2008 and 2009). All of the children were in the final year of primary school (Primary 7) and completed the survey online in school. The questions about bullying allowed for comparison with previous research from Northern Ireland as well as international research in the area. The children taking part in KLT also completed the 27-item KIDSCREEN (The KIDSCREEN Group Europe, 2006), which is a health-related quality of life measure exploring physical well-being, psychological well-being, feelings about autonomy and parents, peers and social support, and school environment. Extent and type of bullying As Table 1 shows, approximately half of the children taking part in the KLT surveys w w w. a r k. a c. u k Research Update Number 71
Journal of religious education, Apr 1, 2020
Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a pu... more Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a published version is known of, the repository item page linked to above, will contain details on accessing it.
Objective/Purpose The present aim was first to describe the medium of the “'Methodical Recomm... more Objective/Purpose The present aim was first to describe the medium of the “'Methodical Recommendations” or “Methodlets” commonly used in Russian psychology and second to describe three recent “Methodlets” in positive psychology. Design/Background Within contemporary Russian psychology, there is growing interest in the examination of human character strengths and virtues within the context of positive psychology. Such interest has led to a growing number of scales being translated from the original English version into the Russian language for clinical and research purposes. However, such translated materials are often difficult to gain access to for clinicians and researchers, and this is especially the case for students. To address this matter, one initiative involves the development and publication of “'Methodical Recommendations” or “Methodlets”, brief books focused on providing methodological guidance and resources to researchers and students. Methods Pertinent searches ...
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2018
Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a pu... more Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a published version is known of, the repository item page linked to above, will contain details on accessing it.
Coping with on and offline bullying: The psychological effects Anti-bullying policies All schoo... more Coping with on and offline bullying: The psychological effects Anti-bullying policies All schools in ROI required to have a new antibullying policy in place by April 11 th to account for the new forms of bullying Anti-Bullying procedures for primary and post-primary schools-Circular 0045/2013 Defines bullying as "Unwanted negative behaviour, verbal, psychological or physical, conducted by an individual or group against another person (or persons) and which is repeated over time" (p.8, 2013) 2 Rates of Victimisation: ROI EU Kids Online 2013 (O'Neill & Dinh) 23% bullied online or offline over the past 12 months Online or mobile is less common at 4% Overall higher than European average of 19% but lower for cyberbullying (6%)