Claire Arnold - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Claire Arnold
A prospection to discover wild grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi, popu... more A prospection to discover wild grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi, populations has been carried out along the high course of the Ebro river (Spain). One site has been found in the Gorge of SobrOn (Alava province). The main ecological, ampelographyc and sanitary characteristics of this population are shown in this paper. On the other hand, the need for protectiOn of this threatened phytogenetic resource is also remarked.
In Austria and southern Europe, Salix alba, S. babylonica, S. fragilis, S. pentandra, S. purpurea... more In Austria and southern Europe, Salix alba, S. babylonica, S. fragilis, S. pentandra, S. purpurea, S. triandra, S. viminalis and S. vitellina, are found in the same floodplain environment and are known to hybridize. Till now these observations were based on morphological ...
Science
We elucidate grapevine evolution and domestication histories with 3525 cultivated and wild access... more We elucidate grapevine evolution and domestication histories with 3525 cultivated and wild accessions worldwide. In the Pleistocene, harsh climate drove the separation of wild grape ecotypes caused by continuous habitat fragmentation. Then, domestication occurred concurrently about 11,000 years ago in Western Asia and the Caucasus to yield table and wine grapevines. The Western Asia domesticates dispersed into Europe with early farmers, introgressed with ancient wild western ecotypes, and subsequently diversified along human migration trails into muscat and unique western wine grape ancestries by the late Neolithic. Analyses of domestication traits also reveal new insights into selection for berry palatability, hermaphroditism, muscat flavor, and berry skin color. These data demonstrate the role of the grapevines in the early inception of agriculture across Eurasia.
Wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris) is considered to be nearly extinct in its western ... more Wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris) is considered to be nearly extinct in its western range as a result of the expansion of American diseases combined with drastic hydraulic works in the region. In such a context, the discovery of a population of 120 individuals, offered an excellent opportunity to evaluate the status of the plant at the current edge of its western range. We focussed on the distribution patterns and the reconstruction of the history of the population through a combination of ecological and genetic data. Fifty-one individual plants present in a forest plot of 9.72 ha were studied. For each individual, geographical, morphological and growth strategy data were collected. Individuals were genotyped at 14 SSR loci. Most grapevines were clumped and their density varied between forest plots with different management over the past few centuries. Overall, the number of stems possessed by each plant ranged from one to nine. Heights varied from 14 to 24m, with diame...
Claire Arnold1,2 and Maurizio Rossetto1,3 (1Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cros... more Claire Arnold1,2 and Maurizio Rossetto1,3 (1Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480; 2 National Centre of Competence in Research Emile-Argand 11, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; 3 Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney NSW 2000) 2002. Comparative population studies in two Cissus species (Vitaceae) across fragmented and undisturbed rainforest habitats. Cunninghamia 7(4): 683–693).
La Moselle ensauvagee - De l’eau et des forets dans la vallee de la Moselle ou le retour d’une ... more La Moselle ensauvagee - De l’eau et des forets dans la vallee de la Moselle ou le retour d’une dynamique naturelle est une ressource pedagogique en ecologie proposee par Annik Schnitzler (Universite de Lorraine), Laurent Schmitt (Universite de Strasbourg), Gabrielle Thiebaut (Universite de Rennes 1), Jean-Michel Gobat (Universite de Neuchâtel) et Claire Arnold (Universite de Neuchâtel et de Lausanne). Cette ressource a recu le prix Medea Awards 2016 pour la meilleure utilisation des medias dans l'enseignement superieur. Sur une dizaine de kilometres, la vallee de la Moselle en amont de Nancy fait partie des quelques tres rares vallees alluviales francaises qui beneficie d’inondations. Pour cette raison, elle beneficie de plusieurs titres de protection (Natura 2000, Reserve Naturelle Regionale) Une foret alluviale se developpe spontanement le long de la riviere depuis quelques decennies. Sur la base d’interviews de chercheurs specialises, ce film developpe quelques aspects ...
Septieme partie de la ressource La Moselle ensauvagee - De l’eau et des forets dans la vallee de ... more Septieme partie de la ressource La Moselle ensauvagee - De l’eau et des forets dans la vallee de la Moselle ou le retour d’une dynamique naturelle. Les especes animales se distribuent en fonction des habitats crees par la riviere. Certains oiseaux se reproduisent le long de la riviere (en berge concave dans des nids creuses sur le talus abrupt, en berge convexe par depot des œufs sur les graviers
River Research and Applications, 2010
Wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris) is considered to be nearly extinct in its western ... more Wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris) is considered to be nearly extinct in its western range as a result of the expansion of American diseases combined with drastic hydraulic works in the region. In such a context, the discovery of a population of 120 individuals, offered an excellent opportunity to evaluate the status of the plant at the current edge of its western range. We focussed on the distribution patterns and the reconstruction of the history of the population through a combination of ecological and genetic data. Fifty-one individual plants present in a forest plot of 9.72 ha were studied. For each individual, geographical, morphological and growth strategy data were collected. Individuals were genotyped at 14 SSR loci. Most grapevines were clumped and their density varied between forest plots with different management over the past few centuries. Overall, the number of stems possessed by each plant ranged from one to nine. Heights varied from 14 to 24 m, with diameter ranging from 0.9 to 4.6 cm (mean ¼ 2.4 cm). The analysis of the genetic data showed that (i) no cultivar or rootstocks were present in the population; (ii) out of 57 individuals considered in this study, six were clones; and (iii) all 14 loci were polymorphic. Six groups were shown to be significantly related. In spite of a relatively high-genetic diversity, the population is currently at a critical state at the local scale because of the low chances of seedling survival for more than 1 year. The clones were also directly destroyed by human management. The ideal way to improve the status of the wild grapevine in the Bassée Forest would be to recreate zones of erosion as well as to create a strict conservation area or reserve encompassing the entire region.
Biodiversity and Conservation, 2005
American Journal of Botany, 2002
The use of microsatellite loci developed from a single plant species across a number of related t... more The use of microsatellite loci developed from a single plant species across a number of related taxa is becoming increasingly widespread. This approach can provide highly informative markers even for species for which microsatellites have not been characterized. As a number of expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived and enrichment-derived microsatellites are available for grape (Vitis vinifera), this study set out to assess transferability of nine such loci across 25 species from five different Vitaceae genera. Intergeneric transfer success in Vitaceae was high (51.1%) and EST-derived loci performed better than enrichment-derived loci. Six loci were further tested across two Australian native species, Cissus hypoglauca and C. sterculiifolia, in order to assess the conservation of microsatellite repeats and their flanking sequences. Polymorphism of these selected loci was successfully tested for each species across a small, isolated rain forest population from northern New South Wales (Australia). Results from this preliminary investigation suggest that it is possible to use grape-derived simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci for population studies on Vitaceae. As Vitaceae are an important component of rain forest flora, the availability of such highly informative loci will be beneficial to future studies aimed at determining the genetic consequences of rain forest fragmentation.
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2008
Film about a wild river in France Sur une dizaine de kilomètres, la vallée de la Moselle en amont... more Film about a wild river in France Sur une dizaine de kilomètres, la vallée de la Moselle en amont de Nancy fait partie des quelques très rares vallées alluviales françaises qui bénéficie d’inondations. Pour cette raison, elle bénéficie de plusieurs titres de protection (Natura 2000, Réserve Naturelle Régionale) Une forêt alluviale se développe spontanément le long de la rivière depuis quelques décennies à partir de pâturages abandonnés, et fournit à nouveau la rivière en bois mort, qu'on voit s'accumuler sur les berges ou au niveau des confluences. L'avancée forestière et l'accumulation conjointe de bois mort dans la rivière sont deux signaux aussi rares que précieux de la naturalité croissante de cette portion de rivière. . Sur la base d’interviews de chercheurs spécialisés, ce film développe quelques aspects de la fonctionnalité géomorphologique et écologique de la vallée, en insistant sur 3 points essentiels : 1. les liens entre rivière et biodiversité ; 2. les se...
Frontiers in Plant Science
Journal of Forestry Research
Due to severe anthropogenic impacts on lowland and submontane zones of the Hyrcanian forests of n... more Due to severe anthropogenic impacts on lowland and submontane zones of the Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran, wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris), a sporadically distributed woody liana, is currently considered an endangered species. Using data from the literature and 34 studied populations, herbarium assessments and nine palynological sites, we provide an overview of its taxonomy, distribution and ecology in the first part of the investigation. The separation of the two subspecies, namely V. sylvestris subsp. anebophylla and V. sylvestris subsp. trichophylla (sensu Flora Iranica), based on their leaf indumentums, could not be confirmed by our examination of herbarium materials and field observations. Indumentum of the leaves is a result of leaf polymorphism in different Vitis specimens and can be strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris grows in a wide range of habitats including wetlands, seasonal stream sides in closed forests, alluvial beds of large rivers, sand dune shrublands and forested wetlands (alder forests). Parrotia persica and Carpinus betulus were the most frequent host species in the studied populations. In the Hyrcanian region, no pollen record of Vitis older than the Mid-or Late-Holocene has yet been established. Despite the intrinsic problem in pollen identification by normal (i.e., light) microscopy of wild from cultivated grapevines, the significant values and persistent occurrence of Vitis pollen since the Mid-Holocene (before the Bronze Age) in the Hyrcanian pollen records may imply the onset of viticulture in low-to mid-elevation sites in the region. This represents an argument to consider the Hyrcanian region as a possible domestication center for V. vinifera. However, the question of wild versus cultivated origin of grapevines in the Hyrcanian pollen records and the possible date of its domestication and/or cultivation will remain open until further palynological studies are undertaken.
Ecology and Evolution
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A prospection to discover wild grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi, popu... more A prospection to discover wild grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi, populations has been carried out along the high course of the Ebro river (Spain). One site has been found in the Gorge of SobrOn (Alava province). The main ecological, ampelographyc and sanitary characteristics of this population are shown in this paper. On the other hand, the need for protectiOn of this threatened phytogenetic resource is also remarked.
In Austria and southern Europe, Salix alba, S. babylonica, S. fragilis, S. pentandra, S. purpurea... more In Austria and southern Europe, Salix alba, S. babylonica, S. fragilis, S. pentandra, S. purpurea, S. triandra, S. viminalis and S. vitellina, are found in the same floodplain environment and are known to hybridize. Till now these observations were based on morphological ...
Science
We elucidate grapevine evolution and domestication histories with 3525 cultivated and wild access... more We elucidate grapevine evolution and domestication histories with 3525 cultivated and wild accessions worldwide. In the Pleistocene, harsh climate drove the separation of wild grape ecotypes caused by continuous habitat fragmentation. Then, domestication occurred concurrently about 11,000 years ago in Western Asia and the Caucasus to yield table and wine grapevines. The Western Asia domesticates dispersed into Europe with early farmers, introgressed with ancient wild western ecotypes, and subsequently diversified along human migration trails into muscat and unique western wine grape ancestries by the late Neolithic. Analyses of domestication traits also reveal new insights into selection for berry palatability, hermaphroditism, muscat flavor, and berry skin color. These data demonstrate the role of the grapevines in the early inception of agriculture across Eurasia.
Wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris) is considered to be nearly extinct in its western ... more Wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris) is considered to be nearly extinct in its western range as a result of the expansion of American diseases combined with drastic hydraulic works in the region. In such a context, the discovery of a population of 120 individuals, offered an excellent opportunity to evaluate the status of the plant at the current edge of its western range. We focussed on the distribution patterns and the reconstruction of the history of the population through a combination of ecological and genetic data. Fifty-one individual plants present in a forest plot of 9.72 ha were studied. For each individual, geographical, morphological and growth strategy data were collected. Individuals were genotyped at 14 SSR loci. Most grapevines were clumped and their density varied between forest plots with different management over the past few centuries. Overall, the number of stems possessed by each plant ranged from one to nine. Heights varied from 14 to 24m, with diame...
Claire Arnold1,2 and Maurizio Rossetto1,3 (1Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cros... more Claire Arnold1,2 and Maurizio Rossetto1,3 (1Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480; 2 National Centre of Competence in Research Emile-Argand 11, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; 3 Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney NSW 2000) 2002. Comparative population studies in two Cissus species (Vitaceae) across fragmented and undisturbed rainforest habitats. Cunninghamia 7(4): 683–693).
La Moselle ensauvagee - De l’eau et des forets dans la vallee de la Moselle ou le retour d’une ... more La Moselle ensauvagee - De l’eau et des forets dans la vallee de la Moselle ou le retour d’une dynamique naturelle est une ressource pedagogique en ecologie proposee par Annik Schnitzler (Universite de Lorraine), Laurent Schmitt (Universite de Strasbourg), Gabrielle Thiebaut (Universite de Rennes 1), Jean-Michel Gobat (Universite de Neuchâtel) et Claire Arnold (Universite de Neuchâtel et de Lausanne). Cette ressource a recu le prix Medea Awards 2016 pour la meilleure utilisation des medias dans l'enseignement superieur. Sur une dizaine de kilometres, la vallee de la Moselle en amont de Nancy fait partie des quelques tres rares vallees alluviales francaises qui beneficie d’inondations. Pour cette raison, elle beneficie de plusieurs titres de protection (Natura 2000, Reserve Naturelle Regionale) Une foret alluviale se developpe spontanement le long de la riviere depuis quelques decennies. Sur la base d’interviews de chercheurs specialises, ce film developpe quelques aspects ...
Septieme partie de la ressource La Moselle ensauvagee - De l’eau et des forets dans la vallee de ... more Septieme partie de la ressource La Moselle ensauvagee - De l’eau et des forets dans la vallee de la Moselle ou le retour d’une dynamique naturelle. Les especes animales se distribuent en fonction des habitats crees par la riviere. Certains oiseaux se reproduisent le long de la riviere (en berge concave dans des nids creuses sur le talus abrupt, en berge convexe par depot des œufs sur les graviers
River Research and Applications, 2010
Wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris) is considered to be nearly extinct in its western ... more Wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris) is considered to be nearly extinct in its western range as a result of the expansion of American diseases combined with drastic hydraulic works in the region. In such a context, the discovery of a population of 120 individuals, offered an excellent opportunity to evaluate the status of the plant at the current edge of its western range. We focussed on the distribution patterns and the reconstruction of the history of the population through a combination of ecological and genetic data. Fifty-one individual plants present in a forest plot of 9.72 ha were studied. For each individual, geographical, morphological and growth strategy data were collected. Individuals were genotyped at 14 SSR loci. Most grapevines were clumped and their density varied between forest plots with different management over the past few centuries. Overall, the number of stems possessed by each plant ranged from one to nine. Heights varied from 14 to 24 m, with diameter ranging from 0.9 to 4.6 cm (mean ¼ 2.4 cm). The analysis of the genetic data showed that (i) no cultivar or rootstocks were present in the population; (ii) out of 57 individuals considered in this study, six were clones; and (iii) all 14 loci were polymorphic. Six groups were shown to be significantly related. In spite of a relatively high-genetic diversity, the population is currently at a critical state at the local scale because of the low chances of seedling survival for more than 1 year. The clones were also directly destroyed by human management. The ideal way to improve the status of the wild grapevine in the Bassée Forest would be to recreate zones of erosion as well as to create a strict conservation area or reserve encompassing the entire region.
Biodiversity and Conservation, 2005
American Journal of Botany, 2002
The use of microsatellite loci developed from a single plant species across a number of related t... more The use of microsatellite loci developed from a single plant species across a number of related taxa is becoming increasingly widespread. This approach can provide highly informative markers even for species for which microsatellites have not been characterized. As a number of expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived and enrichment-derived microsatellites are available for grape (Vitis vinifera), this study set out to assess transferability of nine such loci across 25 species from five different Vitaceae genera. Intergeneric transfer success in Vitaceae was high (51.1%) and EST-derived loci performed better than enrichment-derived loci. Six loci were further tested across two Australian native species, Cissus hypoglauca and C. sterculiifolia, in order to assess the conservation of microsatellite repeats and their flanking sequences. Polymorphism of these selected loci was successfully tested for each species across a small, isolated rain forest population from northern New South Wales (Australia). Results from this preliminary investigation suggest that it is possible to use grape-derived simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci for population studies on Vitaceae. As Vitaceae are an important component of rain forest flora, the availability of such highly informative loci will be beneficial to future studies aimed at determining the genetic consequences of rain forest fragmentation.
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2008
Film about a wild river in France Sur une dizaine de kilomètres, la vallée de la Moselle en amont... more Film about a wild river in France Sur une dizaine de kilomètres, la vallée de la Moselle en amont de Nancy fait partie des quelques très rares vallées alluviales françaises qui bénéficie d’inondations. Pour cette raison, elle bénéficie de plusieurs titres de protection (Natura 2000, Réserve Naturelle Régionale) Une forêt alluviale se développe spontanément le long de la rivière depuis quelques décennies à partir de pâturages abandonnés, et fournit à nouveau la rivière en bois mort, qu'on voit s'accumuler sur les berges ou au niveau des confluences. L'avancée forestière et l'accumulation conjointe de bois mort dans la rivière sont deux signaux aussi rares que précieux de la naturalité croissante de cette portion de rivière. . Sur la base d’interviews de chercheurs spécialisés, ce film développe quelques aspects de la fonctionnalité géomorphologique et écologique de la vallée, en insistant sur 3 points essentiels : 1. les liens entre rivière et biodiversité ; 2. les se...
Frontiers in Plant Science
Journal of Forestry Research
Due to severe anthropogenic impacts on lowland and submontane zones of the Hyrcanian forests of n... more Due to severe anthropogenic impacts on lowland and submontane zones of the Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran, wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris), a sporadically distributed woody liana, is currently considered an endangered species. Using data from the literature and 34 studied populations, herbarium assessments and nine palynological sites, we provide an overview of its taxonomy, distribution and ecology in the first part of the investigation. The separation of the two subspecies, namely V. sylvestris subsp. anebophylla and V. sylvestris subsp. trichophylla (sensu Flora Iranica), based on their leaf indumentums, could not be confirmed by our examination of herbarium materials and field observations. Indumentum of the leaves is a result of leaf polymorphism in different Vitis specimens and can be strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris grows in a wide range of habitats including wetlands, seasonal stream sides in closed forests, alluvial beds of large rivers, sand dune shrublands and forested wetlands (alder forests). Parrotia persica and Carpinus betulus were the most frequent host species in the studied populations. In the Hyrcanian region, no pollen record of Vitis older than the Mid-or Late-Holocene has yet been established. Despite the intrinsic problem in pollen identification by normal (i.e., light) microscopy of wild from cultivated grapevines, the significant values and persistent occurrence of Vitis pollen since the Mid-Holocene (before the Bronze Age) in the Hyrcanian pollen records may imply the onset of viticulture in low-to mid-elevation sites in the region. This represents an argument to consider the Hyrcanian region as a possible domestication center for V. vinifera. However, the question of wild versus cultivated origin of grapevines in the Hyrcanian pollen records and the possible date of its domestication and/or cultivation will remain open until further palynological studies are undertaken.
Ecology and Evolution
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.