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Papers by Claudio Leto

Advances in Horticultural Science

The use of bermudagrass in the Mediterranean area is increasing for its outstanding tolerance to ... more The use of bermudagrass in the Mediterranean area is increasing for its outstanding tolerance to heat and drought, and its aggressive growth and high recuperative potential make it particularly suited to heavily worn areas and appreciated for sports turfs. However, the overall performance of a given genetic type can be affected by the adaptation to a specific environment. The objective of this research was to determine the variability of a number of phenotypic traits that can affect bermudagrass turf performance on a wide range of bermudagrass accessions grown in two locations in Italy. In May 2010, 44 accessions of bermudagrasses, grouped in “wild”, “improved” “hybrid” and “dwarf” types were transplanted in the center of field plots in Pisa and Palermo. In 2011, when the turf was completely established, the following traits were determined: shoot density, horizontal stem density, node density, leaf width, colour, quality, spring green-up, and fall colour retention. Dwarf and hybrid...

The Greenhouse effect is considered to be one of th e most influential factors on climate change ... more The Greenhouse effect is considered to be one of th e most influential factors on climate change today, especially where t emperature and rainfall levels/distribution are concerned, making it of con siderable importance in the field of Agronomy. Crop growth and development simulation models are a valuable cognitive tool in understanding water and nutrient dynamics in soil/p lant systems. This paper looks at the direct and indirect effects of climatic changes on average barley yields. The complex nature of the study rendered t he use of mathematical simulation models essential, both for predicting future climat e conditions and for the simulation of crop growth and development. Of the different simulation models currently employ ed in the agricultural sector, the DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) model was used with the help of ENEA - Ente Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e l'Ambiente (National Centre for New Technologies, Energy and the ...

Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2015

To identify the best biotypes, an extensive survey of Sicilian wild rosemary was carried out by c... more To identify the best biotypes, an extensive survey of Sicilian wild rosemary was carried out by collecting 57 samples from various sites, followed by taxonomic characterization from an agronomic perspective. All the biotypes collected were classified as Rosmarinus officinalis L. A cluster analysis based on the morphological characteristics of the plants allowed the division of the biotypes into seven main groups, although the characteristics examined were found to be highly similar and not area-dependent. Moreover, all samples were analyzed for their phytochemical content, applying an extraction protocol to obtain the nonvolatile components and hydrodistillation to collect the essential oils for the volatile components. The extracts were characterized by LC-UV-DAD/ESI-MS, and the essential oils by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. In the nonvolatile fractions, 18 components were identified, namely, 13 flavones, two organic acids, and three diterpenes. In the volatile fractions, a total of 82 components were found, with as predominant components α-pinene and camphene among the monoterpene hydrocarbons and 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol, and verbenone among the oxygenated monoterpenes. Cluster analyses were carried out on both phytochemical profiles, allowing the separation of the rosemary samples into different chemical groups. Finally, the total phenol content and the antioxidant activity of the essential oils and extracts were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) colorimetric assay, the UV radiation-induced peroxidation in liposomal membranes (UV-IP test), and the scavenging activity of the superoxide radical (O$\rm{{_{2}^{{^\cdot} -}}}$). The present study confirmed that the essential oils and organic extracts of the Sicilian rosemary samples analyzed showed a considerable antioxidant/free radical-scavenging activity.

Webbia, 2015

ABSTRACT An up-to-date report on the distribution of Helianthemum lippii in Italy is provided als... more ABSTRACT An up-to-date report on the distribution of Helianthemum lippii in Italy is provided also on the basis of the findings by Lojacono-Pojero in 1889 who reported the existence of a relic population in Sicily (southern Italy), which is now thought to be extinct because of human disturbance. Field excursions permitted to confirm the locus classicus reported by Lojacono-Pojero as the other Sicilian localities that have been reported more recently. Based on a careful analysis of the literature the presence of H. lippii is currently excluded in Calabria and Apulia. The main causes that threaten the habitat of H. lippii in Sicily are pointed out according to IUCN Threats Classification Scheme.

Tests for evaluating the agronomical response of Origanum to four plant densities were carried ou... more Tests for evaluating the agronomical response of Origanum to four plant densities were carried out from 1998 to 2001, on a local biotype of Origanum collected at Monreale (Palermo), in an area having the typical soil and climatic conditions of the Sicilian environment. Data about plant biometric characteristics (height at different growth phases, number of branches per plant, fresh weight yield) and the proportions among inflorescences, leaves and stems were monitored. Moreover, essential oil analyses were carried out for each plant density. The results showed that the plant density influenced the yield but not the plant height. The best results were obtained in the second year, when the highest values of biometric characteristics were measured. In 2000/2001 tests of mechanical harvest were carried out for each plant density, using a reaper-binder made by BCS. In the second year the machine was modified, in order to improve its working productivity and quality.

Tests for evaluating the agronomical response of Rosmarinus to four plant densities were carried ... more Tests for evaluating the agronomical response of Rosmarinus to four plant densities were carried out from 1998 to 2001, on a local ecotype of Rosmarinus, in an area having the typical soil and climatic conditions of the Sicilian inland hilly environment. Data about biometric characteristics (plant height, number of stems per plant, fresh and dry yield), the ratio between leaf weight and dry weight and the ratio between stem weight and dry weight, both expressed as percent, were monitored. Moreover, essential oil analyses were carried out for each plant density. The results showed that the plant density positively influenced the fresh and dry yield, while it negatively affects the number of stems. For each plant density comparisons between manual and mechanical transplanting were carried out. The mechanical transplanting with a one row transplanter showed values of working capacity and productivity seven to ten times higher than those obtained with the manual transplanting. The highe...

Ecological Engineering, 2015

ABSTRACT In constructed wetland systems (CWs) for wastewater treatment, evapotranspiration (ET) i... more ABSTRACT In constructed wetland systems (CWs) for wastewater treatment, evapotranspiration (ET) is the most important water balance component in arid and semi-arid regions, where high performance levels are needed when treating contaminants and where it is also vital to preserve as much water as possible for reuse in irrigation. This study shows the results of a series of water balance measurements obtained between 2012 and 2013 from a pilot HSSF system in the West of Sicily (Italy). The system was made by two separate vegetated units: one with Arundo donax L. (giant reed) and the other with Cyperus alternifolius L. (umbrella sedge), and fed with urban wastewater following secondary treatment from an activated-sludge wastewater treatment plant. The aim of the study was to evaluate how two different macrophytes can affect the amount of water at the outflow of CWs under identical environmental, growth and hydraulic conditions. ET values were calculated by determining three components of a simplified water balance model without taking subsurface and surface water into consideration. Crop coefficients were estimated using the FAO 56 method analogous to herbaceous crops in open field cultivation. In the two years of tests, giant reed-unit was found to have higher cumulative evapotranspiration values than umbrella sedge-unit, with an average of 4273.6 mm. For both macrophytes, ET values were constantly found to be higher during the spring-summer season when the plants reached maximum vegetative growth. Crop coefficients were found to be higher than those of traditional crops grown in the Mediterranean area for all growth stages. Water use efficiency (WUE) was rather low on average, at 0.94 g/L for giant reed-unit and 0.66 g/L for umbrella sedge-unit. Results showed that greater or lesser amount of water at the outflow of the CWs is always dependent upon the ET rate of the species and it is essential to estimate the ET when designing a CWs in those regions where prolonged periods of drought can substantially reduce the amount of treated wastewater available for reuse in agriculture.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014

Ethnopharmacological relevance: This paper illustrates the results of a study carried out in the ... more Ethnopharmacological relevance: This paper illustrates the results of a study carried out in the Etna Regional Park (Eastern Sicily, Italy) concerning the traditional knowledge on medicinal use of wild plant species. It contains the results of a quantitative analysis carried out for the first time. A total of 71 wild species are used for medicinal purposes. Two species, Astracantha sicula (Biv.) Greuter and Trifolium phleoides Willd., are little known as medicinal in the Mediterranean area. The main aim of the study was to understand to what extent current knowledge on the medicinal use of plants is still an element of the culture within the elderly population of the Etna Regional Park. A further aim was to identify species not previously reported as medicinal in the Mediterranean area with a potential agricultural interest. Methodology: The information was obtained using a semi-structured interview format performed on a sample of 196 people over the age of 60 who were considered experts in rural traditions. The plant uses were compared with other medical-ethnobotanical studies carried out in other areas of Sicily, Italy and various other Mediterranean countries. A number of quantitative indices were also used in order to verify the incidence of the species cited in the study within the culture and traditional medicine. Results: Local communities currently use a total number of 71 wild species (34 families) as remedies for medicinal purposes. Most of the species were used as treatments against metabolic disorders and for general health. The leaves and the aerial parts of plants are the most-used parts of the plant and the most common preparation methods are decoction and direct application of plant parts. Astracantha sicula and Trifolium phleoides have never been documented as a species with medicinal properties in the Mediterranean literature. Conclusions: Only very few medicinal uses are widely known by all the informants and, on many occasions, a specific medicinal use is cited by only very few people. The quantitative analysis shows that the level of traditional knowledge on medicinal use of plants in the study area is poor, highlighting a considerably advanced state of cultural erosion.

Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2015

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize wild lavender, which was collected in three di... more ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize wild lavender, which was collected in three different areas of Sicily (Italy), according to agronomic and chemical evaluation. The collection sites were located in Pantelleria island, Partinico (a warm sub-area of Lauretum) and Castelbuono (a middle sub-area of Lauretum). All the populations were identified as Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). GC–FID and GC–MS analyses permitted the identification of 101 components from the essential oils. We analyzed only the flowers and leaves of L. stoechas and the samples were analyzed using the PCA (principal component analysis) methodology regarding the chemical composition of the essential oils. Comparisons were carried out between the chemical compositions of essential oils from Sicilian populations and other Mediterranean populations. The essential oils of Sicilian L. stoechas biotypes were fenchone chemotype with percentages ranging from 45.29% to 60.27%. The qualitative chemical composition of the essential oils varied according to the different areas of origin of the plant material. Sicilian biotypes of L. stoechas showed high differences in chemical composition compared with the populations coming from other Mediterranean areas.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014

The area of the Nebrodi Regional Park (North-Eastern Sicily, Italy) has been quantitatively inves... more The area of the Nebrodi Regional Park (North-Eastern Sicily, Italy) has been quantitatively investigated in an ethnobotanical study for the first time. A total of 90 wild species are used for medicinal purposes and the uses of 5 species have not previously been reported in ethnobotanical studies in Italy (e.g., the use of Arisarum vulgare O. Targ. Tozz. for the treatment of rheumatic pains, the use of Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke for the treatment of liver diseases). The aim of this paper was to understand to what extent current knowledge on the medicinal use of plants is still an element of the culture within the rural populations of the Nebrodi Park. Materials and methods Semi-structured interviews were carried out in the local communities within the Nebrodi Regional Park with local people retained experts in rural traditions. A total of 226 people over the age of 60 were interviewed. Local plant uses were evaluated using ethnobotanical indices (e.g., cultural importance index, index of ethnobotanical diversity, informant consensus factor) and then compared with uses in other localities in Sicily, Italy and the Mediterranean area. Results Local communities use a total number of 90 wild species belonging to 44 plant families as medicinal remedies. The majority of the species are used as treatments against gastrointestinal system. The cultural importance index showed that Malva sylvestris (1.31) and Clinopodium nepeta (0.86) are the most important species to the Nebrodi area in terms of medicinal use. The use of Brassica rupestris Raf. for therapeutic purposes is limited to Sicily and it is an innovative finding of this study. The research shows an ongoing process of cultural erosion in an advanced stage, but quantitative indices still highlight only for those species was a natural remedy deemed highly effective.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014

The area of the "Monte Sicani Regional Park" (Central Western Sicily, southern Italy) has been qu... more The area of the "Monte Sicani Regional Park" (Central Western Sicily, southern Italy) has been quantitatively and extensively investigated in an ethnobotanical study for the first time. A total of 108 wild species are used for medicinal purposes, while, according to our study, the uses of 9 species have not previously been reported in ethnobotanical studies in Italy. The aim of this paper is to analyze, through quantitative indicators, the extent of the current knowledge on medicinal uses of plants in the area, evaluating also the features of uniqueness and commonality of this knowledge in comparison with other Italian and Mediterranean areas. Semi-structured interviews were carried out in the local communities within the Monti Sicani Regional Park with local people retained experts in rural traditions. A total of 230 people were interviewed about their knowledge on medicinal plant uses. Local plant uses were evaluated using ethnobotanical indices (e.g., cultural importance index, ethnobotanicity index, informant consensus factor) and then compared with uses in other localities in Sicily, Italy and the Mediterranean basin. Local communities currently use a total number of 108 wild species (43 families) as remedies for human and livestock ailments. The majority of plants are used in the treatment of articular, skin and, gastrointestinal problems. The research shows an ongoing process of cultural erosion in an advanced stage, but results still highlight an interesting cultural identity as regards the local folk medicine. to be submitted as a new full length article to Journal of Ethnopharmacology. All co-authors have seen, read and agree with the contents of the manuscript and there is no financial interest to report. It has not been submitted for publication nor has it been published in whole or in part elsewhere. I attest to the validity and legitimacy of the data and its interpretation and I agree to its submission to the mentioned journal. I attest that the study was carried out following the ISE code of Ethics. Informants were made aware of the scope of the study and Prior Informed Consent was requested verbally.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2013

This paper illustrates the results of an ethnobotanical study carried out in the Madonie Regional... more This paper illustrates the results of an ethnobotanical study carried out in the Madonie Regional Park (Central Sicily, Italy). It specifies the medicinal uses of plants in the study area and contains the results of a quantitative analysis carried out for the first time in an area noted for its high degree of biodiversity. It also introduces 28 species not previously accounted for in the area of study for their medicinal uses, highlighting Silene flos-cuculi L. Greuter & Burdet, little known as medicinal in the Mediterranean area. To understand to what extent current knowledge on medicinal-use plants is still an element of the culture within the elderly population of the Madonie Regional Park. The information was obtained using a semi-structured interview format performed on 150 informants over the age of 60 who were considered experts in plants and rural traditions. The taxa were identified and the results were analysed also using a range of quantitative ethnobotanical indices. A census was made of 174 wild plant species, 100 of which with medicinal and veterinary uses, belonging to 49 botanical families. Of the 170 endemic species found in the Madonie Regional Park, only 2 species were cited in this study for medicinal purposes. Most of the species were used against dermatological diseases, general health and metabolic disorders. The leaves were the most-used parts of the plant and the most common preparation methods were decoction and infusion. The level of knowledge on medicinal uses of the plants was not found to be high within the elderly population, demonstrating an ongoing process of cultural erosion. Only very few medicinal uses are widely known by all the informants and, on many occasions, a specific medicinal use was cited by only very few people. Further study is required in order to find out to what extent knowledge on the medicinal use of plants is still present in the younger generations in this area of Sicily, and what methods might be adopted in order to halt this gradual loss in knowledge.

Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2014

ABSTRACT A study was carried out on the essential oil of Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Iets... more ABSTRACT A study was carried out on the essential oil of Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart taken from thirteen wild populations found in different parts of Sicily, Italy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship that exists between essentials oil extracted from Sicilian wild populations of O. vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart and various weather/climate and topographic factors in order to provide more information on aspects that influence the production potential of this species. The essential oils from the samples were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by a combination of gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS); seventy-one components were fully identified, however, three main components were characteristic of the examined samples accounting for a significant amount of all oils: thymol (24.0–54.4%), γ-terpinene (9.8–30.5%) and p-cymene (5.2–18.7%). Analyses highlighted a different qualitative and quantitative essential oil composition compared with other wild populations in the Mediterranean area and in relation to the different weather/climate and topographic characteristics of the collection sites. These differences are probably due to a mixture of genetic and environmental factors, which influence secondary metabolite biosynthesis: the basis of essential oils.

Ecological Engineering, 2013

ABSTRACT Plant species carry out a series of important biological, chemical and physical processe... more ABSTRACT Plant species carry out a series of important biological, chemical and physical processes within a constructed wetland wastewater treatment system and make a significant contribution to wastewater purification. This paper compares two emergent macrophytes - Cyperus alternifolius L. and Typha latifolia L. - planted separately in a pilot horizontal subsurface flow system for the phytoremediation of treated urban wastewater in the West of Sicily (Italy). The total surface area of the three units within the pilot system was 99 m(2). Six subunits were planted with two species and three subunits were left unplanted as the control. The main aim of the study was to demonstrate that, under identical hydraulic and design conditions, not only the use but also the choice of plant species significantly influences wastewater treatment processes with regard to all chemical, physical and microbiological parameters. The reedmace colonized a larger surface area and produced significantly higher yields of aboveground (3221 g m(2)/year) and belowground (4071 g m(2)/year) biomass than the umbrella sedge. Nitrogen content was also found on average to be higher in the reedmace-based treatments (40.6 g m(2)/year for aboveground and 62.7 g m(2)/year for belowground parts). A good level of BOD5 removal (72.4% for reedmace and 64.8% for umbrella sedge-based treatments) was obtained. Escherichia coli removal efficiency did not exceed 89.5%. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Desalination and Water Treatment, 2013

ABSTRACT Constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment represent an excellent opportunity ... more ABSTRACT Constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment represent an excellent opportunity for the recovery of water resources in those areas subject to prolonged periods of water shortage. This paper presents a study of the efficiency of a pilot horizontal subsurface flow system using pre-treated urban wastewater from a small town in the West of Sicily. The pilot system had a total surface area of 100 m2 with two units. Unit A was planted with Arundo donax L. and unit B with Cyperus alternifolius L. The HLR was 10 cm d−1. The main objectives of research were to evaluate the growth and biomass yield of two macrophytes and to determine the removal efficiency of physical–chemical and microbiological parameters. The results showed excellent organic pollutant removal (BOD5 70–72%, COD 61–67%), whilst macronutrient removal was found to be lower (TKN 47–50%, TP 43–45%). Pathogen load removal was found to be approximately 90%, but Escherichia coli concentrations at outflow were not within Italian legislative limits. Giant reed showed higher nitrogen content in the biomass (an average 28.9 ± 1.8 g m−2 year−1 and 63.8 ± 1.8 g m−2 year−1 for the aboveground and belowground parts, respectively) than umbrella sedge. The treated wastewater was used to irrigate parkland areas.

Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2013

An extensive survey of wild Sicilian oregano was made. A total of 57 samples were collected from ... more An extensive survey of wild Sicilian oregano was made. A total of 57 samples were collected from various sites, followed by taxonomic characterization from an agronomic perspective. Based on morphological and production characteristics obtained from the 57 samples, cluster analysis was used to divide the samples into homogeneous groups, to identify the best biotypes. All samples were analyzed for their phytochemical content, applying a cascade-extraction protocol and hydrodistillation, to obtain the non volatile components and the essential oils, respectively. The extracts contained thirteen polyphenol derivatives, i.e., four flavanones, seven flavones, and two organic acids. Their qualitative and quantitative characterization was carried out by LC/MS analyses. The essential oils were characterized using a combination of GC-FID and GC/MS analyses; a total of 81 components were identified. The major components of the oils were thymol, p-cymene, and g-terpinene. Cluster analysis was carried out on both phytochemical profiles and resulted in the division of the oregano samples into different chemical groups. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils and extracts was investigated by the FolinÀCiocalteau (FC) colorimetric assay, by UV radiation-induced peroxidation in liposomal membranes (UV-IP test), and by determining the O .À 2 -scavenging activity. a ) Abbreviations of the provinces of origin: AG ¼ Agrigento, CL ¼ Caltanissetta, ME ¼ Messina, PA ¼ Palermo, RG ¼ Ragusa, TP ¼ Trapani.

Natural Product Research, 2015

In this study the chemical characterisation of 10 Sicilian Rosmarinus officinalis L. biotypes ess... more In this study the chemical characterisation of 10 Sicilian Rosmarinus officinalis L. biotypes essential oils is reported. The main goal of this work was to analyse the relationship between the essential oils yield and the geographical distribution of the species plants. The essential oils were analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis statistical methods were used to cluster biotypes according to the essential oils chemical composition. The essential oil yield ranged from 0.8 to 2.3 (v/w). In total 82 compounds have been identified, these represent 96.7 -99.9% of the essential oil. The most represented compounds in the essential oils were 1.8-cineole, linalool, a-terpineol, verbenone, a-pinene, limonene, bornyl acetate and terpinolene. The results show that the essential oil yield of the 10 biotypes is affected by the environmental characteristics of the sampling sites while the chemical composition is linked to the genetic characteristics of different biotypes.

Advances in Horticultural Science

The use of bermudagrass in the Mediterranean area is increasing for its outstanding tolerance to ... more The use of bermudagrass in the Mediterranean area is increasing for its outstanding tolerance to heat and drought, and its aggressive growth and high recuperative potential make it particularly suited to heavily worn areas and appreciated for sports turfs. However, the overall performance of a given genetic type can be affected by the adaptation to a specific environment. The objective of this research was to determine the variability of a number of phenotypic traits that can affect bermudagrass turf performance on a wide range of bermudagrass accessions grown in two locations in Italy. In May 2010, 44 accessions of bermudagrasses, grouped in “wild”, “improved” “hybrid” and “dwarf” types were transplanted in the center of field plots in Pisa and Palermo. In 2011, when the turf was completely established, the following traits were determined: shoot density, horizontal stem density, node density, leaf width, colour, quality, spring green-up, and fall colour retention. Dwarf and hybrid...

The Greenhouse effect is considered to be one of th e most influential factors on climate change ... more The Greenhouse effect is considered to be one of th e most influential factors on climate change today, especially where t emperature and rainfall levels/distribution are concerned, making it of con siderable importance in the field of Agronomy. Crop growth and development simulation models are a valuable cognitive tool in understanding water and nutrient dynamics in soil/p lant systems. This paper looks at the direct and indirect effects of climatic changes on average barley yields. The complex nature of the study rendered t he use of mathematical simulation models essential, both for predicting future climat e conditions and for the simulation of crop growth and development. Of the different simulation models currently employ ed in the agricultural sector, the DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) model was used with the help of ENEA - Ente Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e l'Ambiente (National Centre for New Technologies, Energy and the ...

Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2015

To identify the best biotypes, an extensive survey of Sicilian wild rosemary was carried out by c... more To identify the best biotypes, an extensive survey of Sicilian wild rosemary was carried out by collecting 57 samples from various sites, followed by taxonomic characterization from an agronomic perspective. All the biotypes collected were classified as Rosmarinus officinalis L. A cluster analysis based on the morphological characteristics of the plants allowed the division of the biotypes into seven main groups, although the characteristics examined were found to be highly similar and not area-dependent. Moreover, all samples were analyzed for their phytochemical content, applying an extraction protocol to obtain the nonvolatile components and hydrodistillation to collect the essential oils for the volatile components. The extracts were characterized by LC-UV-DAD/ESI-MS, and the essential oils by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. In the nonvolatile fractions, 18 components were identified, namely, 13 flavones, two organic acids, and three diterpenes. In the volatile fractions, a total of 82 components were found, with as predominant components α-pinene and camphene among the monoterpene hydrocarbons and 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol, and verbenone among the oxygenated monoterpenes. Cluster analyses were carried out on both phytochemical profiles, allowing the separation of the rosemary samples into different chemical groups. Finally, the total phenol content and the antioxidant activity of the essential oils and extracts were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) colorimetric assay, the UV radiation-induced peroxidation in liposomal membranes (UV-IP test), and the scavenging activity of the superoxide radical (O$\rm{{_{2}^{{^\cdot} -}}}$). The present study confirmed that the essential oils and organic extracts of the Sicilian rosemary samples analyzed showed a considerable antioxidant/free radical-scavenging activity.

Webbia, 2015

ABSTRACT An up-to-date report on the distribution of Helianthemum lippii in Italy is provided als... more ABSTRACT An up-to-date report on the distribution of Helianthemum lippii in Italy is provided also on the basis of the findings by Lojacono-Pojero in 1889 who reported the existence of a relic population in Sicily (southern Italy), which is now thought to be extinct because of human disturbance. Field excursions permitted to confirm the locus classicus reported by Lojacono-Pojero as the other Sicilian localities that have been reported more recently. Based on a careful analysis of the literature the presence of H. lippii is currently excluded in Calabria and Apulia. The main causes that threaten the habitat of H. lippii in Sicily are pointed out according to IUCN Threats Classification Scheme.

Tests for evaluating the agronomical response of Origanum to four plant densities were carried ou... more Tests for evaluating the agronomical response of Origanum to four plant densities were carried out from 1998 to 2001, on a local biotype of Origanum collected at Monreale (Palermo), in an area having the typical soil and climatic conditions of the Sicilian environment. Data about plant biometric characteristics (height at different growth phases, number of branches per plant, fresh weight yield) and the proportions among inflorescences, leaves and stems were monitored. Moreover, essential oil analyses were carried out for each plant density. The results showed that the plant density influenced the yield but not the plant height. The best results were obtained in the second year, when the highest values of biometric characteristics were measured. In 2000/2001 tests of mechanical harvest were carried out for each plant density, using a reaper-binder made by BCS. In the second year the machine was modified, in order to improve its working productivity and quality.

Tests for evaluating the agronomical response of Rosmarinus to four plant densities were carried ... more Tests for evaluating the agronomical response of Rosmarinus to four plant densities were carried out from 1998 to 2001, on a local ecotype of Rosmarinus, in an area having the typical soil and climatic conditions of the Sicilian inland hilly environment. Data about biometric characteristics (plant height, number of stems per plant, fresh and dry yield), the ratio between leaf weight and dry weight and the ratio between stem weight and dry weight, both expressed as percent, were monitored. Moreover, essential oil analyses were carried out for each plant density. The results showed that the plant density positively influenced the fresh and dry yield, while it negatively affects the number of stems. For each plant density comparisons between manual and mechanical transplanting were carried out. The mechanical transplanting with a one row transplanter showed values of working capacity and productivity seven to ten times higher than those obtained with the manual transplanting. The highe...

Ecological Engineering, 2015

ABSTRACT In constructed wetland systems (CWs) for wastewater treatment, evapotranspiration (ET) i... more ABSTRACT In constructed wetland systems (CWs) for wastewater treatment, evapotranspiration (ET) is the most important water balance component in arid and semi-arid regions, where high performance levels are needed when treating contaminants and where it is also vital to preserve as much water as possible for reuse in irrigation. This study shows the results of a series of water balance measurements obtained between 2012 and 2013 from a pilot HSSF system in the West of Sicily (Italy). The system was made by two separate vegetated units: one with Arundo donax L. (giant reed) and the other with Cyperus alternifolius L. (umbrella sedge), and fed with urban wastewater following secondary treatment from an activated-sludge wastewater treatment plant. The aim of the study was to evaluate how two different macrophytes can affect the amount of water at the outflow of CWs under identical environmental, growth and hydraulic conditions. ET values were calculated by determining three components of a simplified water balance model without taking subsurface and surface water into consideration. Crop coefficients were estimated using the FAO 56 method analogous to herbaceous crops in open field cultivation. In the two years of tests, giant reed-unit was found to have higher cumulative evapotranspiration values than umbrella sedge-unit, with an average of 4273.6 mm. For both macrophytes, ET values were constantly found to be higher during the spring-summer season when the plants reached maximum vegetative growth. Crop coefficients were found to be higher than those of traditional crops grown in the Mediterranean area for all growth stages. Water use efficiency (WUE) was rather low on average, at 0.94 g/L for giant reed-unit and 0.66 g/L for umbrella sedge-unit. Results showed that greater or lesser amount of water at the outflow of the CWs is always dependent upon the ET rate of the species and it is essential to estimate the ET when designing a CWs in those regions where prolonged periods of drought can substantially reduce the amount of treated wastewater available for reuse in agriculture.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014

Ethnopharmacological relevance: This paper illustrates the results of a study carried out in the ... more Ethnopharmacological relevance: This paper illustrates the results of a study carried out in the Etna Regional Park (Eastern Sicily, Italy) concerning the traditional knowledge on medicinal use of wild plant species. It contains the results of a quantitative analysis carried out for the first time. A total of 71 wild species are used for medicinal purposes. Two species, Astracantha sicula (Biv.) Greuter and Trifolium phleoides Willd., are little known as medicinal in the Mediterranean area. The main aim of the study was to understand to what extent current knowledge on the medicinal use of plants is still an element of the culture within the elderly population of the Etna Regional Park. A further aim was to identify species not previously reported as medicinal in the Mediterranean area with a potential agricultural interest. Methodology: The information was obtained using a semi-structured interview format performed on a sample of 196 people over the age of 60 who were considered experts in rural traditions. The plant uses were compared with other medical-ethnobotanical studies carried out in other areas of Sicily, Italy and various other Mediterranean countries. A number of quantitative indices were also used in order to verify the incidence of the species cited in the study within the culture and traditional medicine. Results: Local communities currently use a total number of 71 wild species (34 families) as remedies for medicinal purposes. Most of the species were used as treatments against metabolic disorders and for general health. The leaves and the aerial parts of plants are the most-used parts of the plant and the most common preparation methods are decoction and direct application of plant parts. Astracantha sicula and Trifolium phleoides have never been documented as a species with medicinal properties in the Mediterranean literature. Conclusions: Only very few medicinal uses are widely known by all the informants and, on many occasions, a specific medicinal use is cited by only very few people. The quantitative analysis shows that the level of traditional knowledge on medicinal use of plants in the study area is poor, highlighting a considerably advanced state of cultural erosion.

Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2015

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize wild lavender, which was collected in three di... more ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize wild lavender, which was collected in three different areas of Sicily (Italy), according to agronomic and chemical evaluation. The collection sites were located in Pantelleria island, Partinico (a warm sub-area of Lauretum) and Castelbuono (a middle sub-area of Lauretum). All the populations were identified as Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). GC–FID and GC–MS analyses permitted the identification of 101 components from the essential oils. We analyzed only the flowers and leaves of L. stoechas and the samples were analyzed using the PCA (principal component analysis) methodology regarding the chemical composition of the essential oils. Comparisons were carried out between the chemical compositions of essential oils from Sicilian populations and other Mediterranean populations. The essential oils of Sicilian L. stoechas biotypes were fenchone chemotype with percentages ranging from 45.29% to 60.27%. The qualitative chemical composition of the essential oils varied according to the different areas of origin of the plant material. Sicilian biotypes of L. stoechas showed high differences in chemical composition compared with the populations coming from other Mediterranean areas.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014

The area of the Nebrodi Regional Park (North-Eastern Sicily, Italy) has been quantitatively inves... more The area of the Nebrodi Regional Park (North-Eastern Sicily, Italy) has been quantitatively investigated in an ethnobotanical study for the first time. A total of 90 wild species are used for medicinal purposes and the uses of 5 species have not previously been reported in ethnobotanical studies in Italy (e.g., the use of Arisarum vulgare O. Targ. Tozz. for the treatment of rheumatic pains, the use of Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke for the treatment of liver diseases). The aim of this paper was to understand to what extent current knowledge on the medicinal use of plants is still an element of the culture within the rural populations of the Nebrodi Park. Materials and methods Semi-structured interviews were carried out in the local communities within the Nebrodi Regional Park with local people retained experts in rural traditions. A total of 226 people over the age of 60 were interviewed. Local plant uses were evaluated using ethnobotanical indices (e.g., cultural importance index, index of ethnobotanical diversity, informant consensus factor) and then compared with uses in other localities in Sicily, Italy and the Mediterranean area. Results Local communities use a total number of 90 wild species belonging to 44 plant families as medicinal remedies. The majority of the species are used as treatments against gastrointestinal system. The cultural importance index showed that Malva sylvestris (1.31) and Clinopodium nepeta (0.86) are the most important species to the Nebrodi area in terms of medicinal use. The use of Brassica rupestris Raf. for therapeutic purposes is limited to Sicily and it is an innovative finding of this study. The research shows an ongoing process of cultural erosion in an advanced stage, but quantitative indices still highlight only for those species was a natural remedy deemed highly effective.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014

The area of the "Monte Sicani Regional Park" (Central Western Sicily, southern Italy) has been qu... more The area of the "Monte Sicani Regional Park" (Central Western Sicily, southern Italy) has been quantitatively and extensively investigated in an ethnobotanical study for the first time. A total of 108 wild species are used for medicinal purposes, while, according to our study, the uses of 9 species have not previously been reported in ethnobotanical studies in Italy. The aim of this paper is to analyze, through quantitative indicators, the extent of the current knowledge on medicinal uses of plants in the area, evaluating also the features of uniqueness and commonality of this knowledge in comparison with other Italian and Mediterranean areas. Semi-structured interviews were carried out in the local communities within the Monti Sicani Regional Park with local people retained experts in rural traditions. A total of 230 people were interviewed about their knowledge on medicinal plant uses. Local plant uses were evaluated using ethnobotanical indices (e.g., cultural importance index, ethnobotanicity index, informant consensus factor) and then compared with uses in other localities in Sicily, Italy and the Mediterranean basin. Local communities currently use a total number of 108 wild species (43 families) as remedies for human and livestock ailments. The majority of plants are used in the treatment of articular, skin and, gastrointestinal problems. The research shows an ongoing process of cultural erosion in an advanced stage, but results still highlight an interesting cultural identity as regards the local folk medicine. to be submitted as a new full length article to Journal of Ethnopharmacology. All co-authors have seen, read and agree with the contents of the manuscript and there is no financial interest to report. It has not been submitted for publication nor has it been published in whole or in part elsewhere. I attest to the validity and legitimacy of the data and its interpretation and I agree to its submission to the mentioned journal. I attest that the study was carried out following the ISE code of Ethics. Informants were made aware of the scope of the study and Prior Informed Consent was requested verbally.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2013

This paper illustrates the results of an ethnobotanical study carried out in the Madonie Regional... more This paper illustrates the results of an ethnobotanical study carried out in the Madonie Regional Park (Central Sicily, Italy). It specifies the medicinal uses of plants in the study area and contains the results of a quantitative analysis carried out for the first time in an area noted for its high degree of biodiversity. It also introduces 28 species not previously accounted for in the area of study for their medicinal uses, highlighting Silene flos-cuculi L. Greuter & Burdet, little known as medicinal in the Mediterranean area. To understand to what extent current knowledge on medicinal-use plants is still an element of the culture within the elderly population of the Madonie Regional Park. The information was obtained using a semi-structured interview format performed on 150 informants over the age of 60 who were considered experts in plants and rural traditions. The taxa were identified and the results were analysed also using a range of quantitative ethnobotanical indices. A census was made of 174 wild plant species, 100 of which with medicinal and veterinary uses, belonging to 49 botanical families. Of the 170 endemic species found in the Madonie Regional Park, only 2 species were cited in this study for medicinal purposes. Most of the species were used against dermatological diseases, general health and metabolic disorders. The leaves were the most-used parts of the plant and the most common preparation methods were decoction and infusion. The level of knowledge on medicinal uses of the plants was not found to be high within the elderly population, demonstrating an ongoing process of cultural erosion. Only very few medicinal uses are widely known by all the informants and, on many occasions, a specific medicinal use was cited by only very few people. Further study is required in order to find out to what extent knowledge on the medicinal use of plants is still present in the younger generations in this area of Sicily, and what methods might be adopted in order to halt this gradual loss in knowledge.

Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2014

ABSTRACT A study was carried out on the essential oil of Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Iets... more ABSTRACT A study was carried out on the essential oil of Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart taken from thirteen wild populations found in different parts of Sicily, Italy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship that exists between essentials oil extracted from Sicilian wild populations of O. vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart and various weather/climate and topographic factors in order to provide more information on aspects that influence the production potential of this species. The essential oils from the samples were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by a combination of gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS); seventy-one components were fully identified, however, three main components were characteristic of the examined samples accounting for a significant amount of all oils: thymol (24.0–54.4%), γ-terpinene (9.8–30.5%) and p-cymene (5.2–18.7%). Analyses highlighted a different qualitative and quantitative essential oil composition compared with other wild populations in the Mediterranean area and in relation to the different weather/climate and topographic characteristics of the collection sites. These differences are probably due to a mixture of genetic and environmental factors, which influence secondary metabolite biosynthesis: the basis of essential oils.

Ecological Engineering, 2013

ABSTRACT Plant species carry out a series of important biological, chemical and physical processe... more ABSTRACT Plant species carry out a series of important biological, chemical and physical processes within a constructed wetland wastewater treatment system and make a significant contribution to wastewater purification. This paper compares two emergent macrophytes - Cyperus alternifolius L. and Typha latifolia L. - planted separately in a pilot horizontal subsurface flow system for the phytoremediation of treated urban wastewater in the West of Sicily (Italy). The total surface area of the three units within the pilot system was 99 m(2). Six subunits were planted with two species and three subunits were left unplanted as the control. The main aim of the study was to demonstrate that, under identical hydraulic and design conditions, not only the use but also the choice of plant species significantly influences wastewater treatment processes with regard to all chemical, physical and microbiological parameters. The reedmace colonized a larger surface area and produced significantly higher yields of aboveground (3221 g m(2)/year) and belowground (4071 g m(2)/year) biomass than the umbrella sedge. Nitrogen content was also found on average to be higher in the reedmace-based treatments (40.6 g m(2)/year for aboveground and 62.7 g m(2)/year for belowground parts). A good level of BOD5 removal (72.4% for reedmace and 64.8% for umbrella sedge-based treatments) was obtained. Escherichia coli removal efficiency did not exceed 89.5%. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Desalination and Water Treatment, 2013

ABSTRACT Constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment represent an excellent opportunity ... more ABSTRACT Constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment represent an excellent opportunity for the recovery of water resources in those areas subject to prolonged periods of water shortage. This paper presents a study of the efficiency of a pilot horizontal subsurface flow system using pre-treated urban wastewater from a small town in the West of Sicily. The pilot system had a total surface area of 100 m2 with two units. Unit A was planted with Arundo donax L. and unit B with Cyperus alternifolius L. The HLR was 10 cm d−1. The main objectives of research were to evaluate the growth and biomass yield of two macrophytes and to determine the removal efficiency of physical–chemical and microbiological parameters. The results showed excellent organic pollutant removal (BOD5 70–72%, COD 61–67%), whilst macronutrient removal was found to be lower (TKN 47–50%, TP 43–45%). Pathogen load removal was found to be approximately 90%, but Escherichia coli concentrations at outflow were not within Italian legislative limits. Giant reed showed higher nitrogen content in the biomass (an average 28.9 ± 1.8 g m−2 year−1 and 63.8 ± 1.8 g m−2 year−1 for the aboveground and belowground parts, respectively) than umbrella sedge. The treated wastewater was used to irrigate parkland areas.

Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2013

An extensive survey of wild Sicilian oregano was made. A total of 57 samples were collected from ... more An extensive survey of wild Sicilian oregano was made. A total of 57 samples were collected from various sites, followed by taxonomic characterization from an agronomic perspective. Based on morphological and production characteristics obtained from the 57 samples, cluster analysis was used to divide the samples into homogeneous groups, to identify the best biotypes. All samples were analyzed for their phytochemical content, applying a cascade-extraction protocol and hydrodistillation, to obtain the non volatile components and the essential oils, respectively. The extracts contained thirteen polyphenol derivatives, i.e., four flavanones, seven flavones, and two organic acids. Their qualitative and quantitative characterization was carried out by LC/MS analyses. The essential oils were characterized using a combination of GC-FID and GC/MS analyses; a total of 81 components were identified. The major components of the oils were thymol, p-cymene, and g-terpinene. Cluster analysis was carried out on both phytochemical profiles and resulted in the division of the oregano samples into different chemical groups. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils and extracts was investigated by the FolinÀCiocalteau (FC) colorimetric assay, by UV radiation-induced peroxidation in liposomal membranes (UV-IP test), and by determining the O .À 2 -scavenging activity. a ) Abbreviations of the provinces of origin: AG ¼ Agrigento, CL ¼ Caltanissetta, ME ¼ Messina, PA ¼ Palermo, RG ¼ Ragusa, TP ¼ Trapani.

Natural Product Research, 2015

In this study the chemical characterisation of 10 Sicilian Rosmarinus officinalis L. biotypes ess... more In this study the chemical characterisation of 10 Sicilian Rosmarinus officinalis L. biotypes essential oils is reported. The main goal of this work was to analyse the relationship between the essential oils yield and the geographical distribution of the species plants. The essential oils were analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis statistical methods were used to cluster biotypes according to the essential oils chemical composition. The essential oil yield ranged from 0.8 to 2.3 (v/w). In total 82 compounds have been identified, these represent 96.7 -99.9% of the essential oil. The most represented compounds in the essential oils were 1.8-cineole, linalool, a-terpineol, verbenone, a-pinene, limonene, bornyl acetate and terpinolene. The results show that the essential oil yield of the 10 biotypes is affected by the environmental characteristics of the sampling sites while the chemical composition is linked to the genetic characteristics of different biotypes.