Corneliu Toader - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Corneliu Toader

Research paper thumbnail of Frontiers of Cranial Base Surgery: Integrating Technique, Technology, and Teamwork for the Future of Neurosurgery

Brain Sciences

The landscape of cranial base surgery has undergone monumental transformations over the past seve... more The landscape of cranial base surgery has undergone monumental transformations over the past several decades. This article serves as a comprehensive survey, detailing both the historical and current techniques and technologies that have propelled this field into an era of unprecedented capabilities and sophistication. In the prologue, we traverse the historical evolution from rudimentary interventions to the state-of-the-art neurosurgical methodologies that define today’s practice. Subsequent sections delve into the anatomical complexities of the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossa, shedding light on the intricacies that dictate surgical approaches. In a section dedicated to advanced techniques and modalities, we explore cutting-edge evolutions in minimally invasive procedures, pituitary surgery, and cranial base reconstruction. Here, we highlight the seamless integration of endocrinology, biomaterial science, and engineering into neurosurgical craftsmanship. The article e...

Research paper thumbnail of Successful Surgical Treatment of a Giant Intraventricular Meningioma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Research paper thumbnail of Bilateral absence of the transverse sinuses with fenestrated superior sagittal sinus draining through enlarged occipital and marginal sinuses

Folia Morphologica, 2021

The endothelial-lined dural venous sinuses collect blood from the brain, meninges, and calvaria a... more The endothelial-lined dural venous sinuses collect blood from the brain, meninges, and calvaria and drain it to the internal jugular veins. The adult drainage pathway of the venous sinuses confluent is commonly via the transverse and sigmoid sinuses to the jugular bulb. The occipital (OS) and marginal (MS) sinuses are well-represented before birth, in most cases.

Research paper thumbnail of False Absence of the Anterior Communicating Artery and a Median Artery of Corpus Callosum

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

Research paper thumbnail of Particularităţi De Diagnostic Şi Tratament Ale Corpilor Străini Esofagieni (Monede) La Copil – Studiu Clinico-Statistic

Romanian Journal of Pediatrics, 2015

Scopul lucrării. Autorii realizează un studiu clinico-statistic asupra cazurilor de corpi străini... more Scopul lucrării. Autorii realizează un studiu clinico-statistic asupra cazurilor de corpi străini esofagieni la copil, cu referire particulară la cazurile de monede ingerate, internate şi rezolvate în secţia ORL a Spitalului Clinic de Urgenţă pentru Copii „Grigore Alexandrescu“, în perioada 01.01.2006 – 01.08.2007. Material şi metodă. Studiu retrospectiv, cu interpretarea şi coroborarea datelor clinice şi paraclinice obţinute în urma studiilor de caz. Rezultate. Din totalitatea cazurilor de corpi străini, monedele au deţinut cel mai mare procent; durata medie de spitalizare a fost de 2 zile; nu s-au înregistrat cazuri de complicaţii majore (perforaţii esofagiene, sângerare prin interceptarea unui vas mare, mediastinită); s-au consemnat şi situaţii particulare ce au necesitat o atenţie specială. Concluzii. Toate cazurile au fost abordate şi rezolvate prin endoscopie cu tub rigid; scurtarea intervalului de timp până la prezentarea la medicul ORL facilitează abordul terapeutic, scăzând...

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical Aspects in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ( NPH ) Over Human Brain Atrophy – is There a Genetical Determination ?

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the short and medium-term results of modern s... more The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the short and medium-term results of modern shunt therapy in patients surgically treated between January 2012 and May 2016 in our neurosurgical department. The most common shunt configurations used for NPH are ventriculoperitoneal (VP) and ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts. In this study, the short and medium-term results of modern shunt therapy were evaluated. We retrospectively studied outcome in NPH patients in whom VPSs were implanted. The clinical criterion for NPH included gait disturbance, incontinence, and dementia combined with ventriculomegaly demonstrated on computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging studies. At follow-up examinations, clinical symptoms were recorded according to the mRS. In our series 34 patients significantly improved in all symptoms after insertion of a VP shunt (81%). The main symptom which improved was gait disturbance (81%), followed by urinary incontinence (76%) and cognitive decline (62%). ...

Research paper thumbnail of George Gershwin (1898–1937) – genius composer, malignant brain tumor patient. Malignant glioma: an irritating/stimulating element in triggering geniality?

Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology

Research paper thumbnail of Motor demyelinating tibial neuropathy in COVID-19

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association

Research paper thumbnail of Foreign body with multiple location – trachea, nose, cavum nasi – in a child. Case presentation

Romanian Medical Journal

Pathology of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children is a major emergency, because by their u... more Pathology of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children is a major emergency, because by their unpredictable evolution following mobilization, can cause sudden asphyxia. The most frequent location for airway foreign bodies is in the right primary bronchus, followed by the left primary bronchus and most rarely in the trachea. Sometimes in children, we can fi nd multiple airway foreign bodies. Very rare in children, we can fi nd airway foreign bodies with multiple location. The authors present a very rare case, unique in all pathology resolved along their quite vast experience – multiple foreign body with multiple location in the trachea, nose and cavum nasi in a child aged 1 year and 5 months.

Research paper thumbnail of Nervous system therapies classification through the tridimensional vision of substance, information and energy

Romanian Medical Journal

During its millenary approximation of reality, of understanding and conquering nature, the human ... more During its millenary approximation of reality, of understanding and conquering nature, the human knowledge has operated successively with the notions and concepts of substance, energy and information as different properties of substance and objective reality. It is known that there are different qualitative levels of organization for information within which the nervous system represent the highest level of complexity. Information has various levels of organization and different structures in the same manner as substance has distinct levels of evolvement and progress. The authors present a literature review for the classification of the nervous system therapies through the tridimensional vision of substance, information and energy.

Research paper thumbnail of Pediatric case report: acute respiratory failure of initially unknown etiology

Romanian Medical Journal

Acute respiratory failure represents a syndrome with a persistent high rate of mortality and morb... more Acute respiratory failure represents a syndrome with a persistent high rate of mortality and morbidity among the pediatric population. Therefore, a rapid therapeutic intervention is of paramount importance. The frequent etiology in children is the occlusion of upper respiratory airways as a result of bronchospasm, foreign body or tumor. We present a case of a child with a sinusochoanal polyp of impressive dimensions which produced a symptomatology with acute onset. Sinusochoanal polyp are benign tumors which originate from paranasal sinuses with a frequency of 4-6% among nasal polyps, are solitary and occur especially in males. The case intrigues through its atypical debut and symptomatology, given the dimensions of the polyp.

Research paper thumbnail of Retrolabyrinthine syndromes of tumoral etiology – acoustic neuroma

Romanian Medical Journal

Among retrolabyrinthine syndromes of tumoral etiology, acoustic neuroma ranks the most important ... more Among retrolabyrinthine syndromes of tumoral etiology, acoustic neuroma ranks the most important place, being a benign tumor, but with malignant evolution. It is more common in women and occurs predominantly in the age range 20-60 years old. It is usually unilateral and only about 4% of cases are bilateral. Portmann et al, quoting Nager, say that certain peculiarities of the cranial nerve development explain the intracanalicular location of the neuroma at the beginning. Being a tumor with a very serious prognosis, acoustic neuroma needs to be diagnosed in very early stages, when it can be surgically removed.

Research paper thumbnail of Approach of the patient with headache

Romanian Medical Journal

Headache is part of an alarm system announcing that somewhere in the body of the person who has t... more Headache is part of an alarm system announcing that somewhere in the body of the person who has this accuse something peculiar happens in the pathological or physiological point of view. Patients have various forms of headache and, therefore, each case must be correctly diagnosed, being necessary a very thorough medical history, in order to characterize each type of headache. Although most patients with headache have a normal physical exam, it is extremely important to continue the investigation plan with functional testing, that will guide both the diagnosis and treatment. Approach to the patient with headache starts with the usual paraclinical tests. In this paper, the authors bring into question electrophysiological and neuroimaging paraclinical testing of patients with headache.

Research paper thumbnail of Difficulties in treating esophageal foreign bodies in children

Romanian Medical Journal

The ingress of foreign bodies in the esophagus is relatively easy and, at the same time, frequent... more The ingress of foreign bodies in the esophagus is relatively easy and, at the same time, frequently, especially during the childhood. Children usually carry to their mouth within easy reach, different objects: seeds, pits/kernels, coins, buttons, food pieces, toys’ pieces, tiny toys, pins, drawing pins, rings, earrings, etc. We present a case of a multiple esophageal foreign body, at which, only the attention and accuracy with which the esophagoscopy was proceeded, has allowed the extraction of the foreign body.

Research paper thumbnail of Cerebrospinal fluid fistula management – border pathology ENT-neurosurgery

Romanian Medical Journal

The authors of this article mention the diagnostic methods, the surgery techniques and the postop... more The authors of this article mention the diagnostic methods, the surgery techniques and the postoperative care for the patients diagnosed with fistula of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The surgery cure depends on many factors, including here the etiology of the rhino-basis defect, intracranial pressure, anatomical location of the rhino-basis defect and it is strictly individualized, which depends on the success of all surgery procedures. ENT physicians, together with the neurosurgeons, were able to have a dominant role in the diagnostic evaluation and in the treatment of skull base pathology can give us a CSF fistula. Nasal endoscopy has revolutionized the treatment of CSF fistula, with a high rate of success.

Research paper thumbnail of Pediatric obstructive sleep apneea – surgical treatment

Romanian Journal of Medical Practice

Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete obstruction... more Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete obstruction of upper respiratory airways which appear during sleep and lead to the decrease of oxygen saturation and numerous awakenings. The symptomatology in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is very different from the adult type in many aspects. The gold standard examination for diagnosis and evaluation of severity is polysomnography. The authors present their experience in the surgical tratament of children with obstructive sleep apnea. It is outlined a group of patient enrolled during a period of 5 years (2010-2014) who had their tonsils reduced through coblation and radiofrequency techniques.

Research paper thumbnail of Cephalalgia classification

Romanian Journal of Medical Practice

The oldest medical ailment – cephalalgia – has been attributed various etiologies throughout time... more The oldest medical ailment – cephalalgia – has been attributed various etiologies throughout time. The high incidence along with the fact that every person (disregarding age and sex) can experience a case of physiologic or pathologic cephalalgia have contributed to the elaboration of molecular, immunological, fundamental, clinical, paraclinical and radiological research studies. The data resulted created the possibility of identifying new etiologies for cephalalgia and establishing innovative evaluation techniques. The authors aim at presenting the international classification of cephalalgia used not only by clinicians but also by researchers. In addition we want to outline the fact that our colleagues should explain to their patients the fact that cephalalgi has numerous causes.

Research paper thumbnail of Rare case of esophageal foreign body with respiratory manifestations

Romanian Journal of Medical Practice

The authors present a clinical case of esophageal foreign body with exclusive respiratory symptom... more The authors present a clinical case of esophageal foreign body with exclusive respiratory symptomatology, which generated significant diagnostic difficulties. Careful and detailed anamnesis, coupled with a broad range of investigations enabled us to establish the correct diagnosis and proper treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of The concept of tonsillar outbreak infection

Romanian Journal of Medical Practice

Tonsillar outbreak infection is an non-discharging inflammatory disease of the connective tissue,... more Tonsillar outbreak infection is an non-discharging inflammatory disease of the connective tissue, with multiple organ manifestations, with a self-timing nature, being chronologically and etiopathogenically linked to the infection with beta-hemolytic streptococcus group A. An important role for the emergence and persistence of the outbreak infection is assigned to the poor local immunity, which is translated, among others, by low levels of serum and secretory IgA in upper respiratory mucosa. Tonsil immune pathology is at the origin of various diseases, mainly cardiac and renal. We present some data regarding the concept of tonsillar infection, hoping to help the physicians in making better decisions for the amigdalectomy indication.

Research paper thumbnail of Huge Fenestration of the Vertebral Artery and Fenestrated Basilar Artery

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

Research paper thumbnail of Frontiers of Cranial Base Surgery: Integrating Technique, Technology, and Teamwork for the Future of Neurosurgery

Brain Sciences

The landscape of cranial base surgery has undergone monumental transformations over the past seve... more The landscape of cranial base surgery has undergone monumental transformations over the past several decades. This article serves as a comprehensive survey, detailing both the historical and current techniques and technologies that have propelled this field into an era of unprecedented capabilities and sophistication. In the prologue, we traverse the historical evolution from rudimentary interventions to the state-of-the-art neurosurgical methodologies that define today’s practice. Subsequent sections delve into the anatomical complexities of the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossa, shedding light on the intricacies that dictate surgical approaches. In a section dedicated to advanced techniques and modalities, we explore cutting-edge evolutions in minimally invasive procedures, pituitary surgery, and cranial base reconstruction. Here, we highlight the seamless integration of endocrinology, biomaterial science, and engineering into neurosurgical craftsmanship. The article e...

Research paper thumbnail of Successful Surgical Treatment of a Giant Intraventricular Meningioma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Research paper thumbnail of Bilateral absence of the transverse sinuses with fenestrated superior sagittal sinus draining through enlarged occipital and marginal sinuses

Folia Morphologica, 2021

The endothelial-lined dural venous sinuses collect blood from the brain, meninges, and calvaria a... more The endothelial-lined dural venous sinuses collect blood from the brain, meninges, and calvaria and drain it to the internal jugular veins. The adult drainage pathway of the venous sinuses confluent is commonly via the transverse and sigmoid sinuses to the jugular bulb. The occipital (OS) and marginal (MS) sinuses are well-represented before birth, in most cases.

Research paper thumbnail of False Absence of the Anterior Communicating Artery and a Median Artery of Corpus Callosum

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

Research paper thumbnail of Particularităţi De Diagnostic Şi Tratament Ale Corpilor Străini Esofagieni (Monede) La Copil – Studiu Clinico-Statistic

Romanian Journal of Pediatrics, 2015

Scopul lucrării. Autorii realizează un studiu clinico-statistic asupra cazurilor de corpi străini... more Scopul lucrării. Autorii realizează un studiu clinico-statistic asupra cazurilor de corpi străini esofagieni la copil, cu referire particulară la cazurile de monede ingerate, internate şi rezolvate în secţia ORL a Spitalului Clinic de Urgenţă pentru Copii „Grigore Alexandrescu“, în perioada 01.01.2006 – 01.08.2007. Material şi metodă. Studiu retrospectiv, cu interpretarea şi coroborarea datelor clinice şi paraclinice obţinute în urma studiilor de caz. Rezultate. Din totalitatea cazurilor de corpi străini, monedele au deţinut cel mai mare procent; durata medie de spitalizare a fost de 2 zile; nu s-au înregistrat cazuri de complicaţii majore (perforaţii esofagiene, sângerare prin interceptarea unui vas mare, mediastinită); s-au consemnat şi situaţii particulare ce au necesitat o atenţie specială. Concluzii. Toate cazurile au fost abordate şi rezolvate prin endoscopie cu tub rigid; scurtarea intervalului de timp până la prezentarea la medicul ORL facilitează abordul terapeutic, scăzând...

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical Aspects in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ( NPH ) Over Human Brain Atrophy – is There a Genetical Determination ?

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the short and medium-term results of modern s... more The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the short and medium-term results of modern shunt therapy in patients surgically treated between January 2012 and May 2016 in our neurosurgical department. The most common shunt configurations used for NPH are ventriculoperitoneal (VP) and ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts. In this study, the short and medium-term results of modern shunt therapy were evaluated. We retrospectively studied outcome in NPH patients in whom VPSs were implanted. The clinical criterion for NPH included gait disturbance, incontinence, and dementia combined with ventriculomegaly demonstrated on computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging studies. At follow-up examinations, clinical symptoms were recorded according to the mRS. In our series 34 patients significantly improved in all symptoms after insertion of a VP shunt (81%). The main symptom which improved was gait disturbance (81%), followed by urinary incontinence (76%) and cognitive decline (62%). ...

Research paper thumbnail of George Gershwin (1898–1937) – genius composer, malignant brain tumor patient. Malignant glioma: an irritating/stimulating element in triggering geniality?

Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology

Research paper thumbnail of Motor demyelinating tibial neuropathy in COVID-19

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association

Research paper thumbnail of Foreign body with multiple location – trachea, nose, cavum nasi – in a child. Case presentation

Romanian Medical Journal

Pathology of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children is a major emergency, because by their u... more Pathology of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children is a major emergency, because by their unpredictable evolution following mobilization, can cause sudden asphyxia. The most frequent location for airway foreign bodies is in the right primary bronchus, followed by the left primary bronchus and most rarely in the trachea. Sometimes in children, we can fi nd multiple airway foreign bodies. Very rare in children, we can fi nd airway foreign bodies with multiple location. The authors present a very rare case, unique in all pathology resolved along their quite vast experience – multiple foreign body with multiple location in the trachea, nose and cavum nasi in a child aged 1 year and 5 months.

Research paper thumbnail of Nervous system therapies classification through the tridimensional vision of substance, information and energy

Romanian Medical Journal

During its millenary approximation of reality, of understanding and conquering nature, the human ... more During its millenary approximation of reality, of understanding and conquering nature, the human knowledge has operated successively with the notions and concepts of substance, energy and information as different properties of substance and objective reality. It is known that there are different qualitative levels of organization for information within which the nervous system represent the highest level of complexity. Information has various levels of organization and different structures in the same manner as substance has distinct levels of evolvement and progress. The authors present a literature review for the classification of the nervous system therapies through the tridimensional vision of substance, information and energy.

Research paper thumbnail of Pediatric case report: acute respiratory failure of initially unknown etiology

Romanian Medical Journal

Acute respiratory failure represents a syndrome with a persistent high rate of mortality and morb... more Acute respiratory failure represents a syndrome with a persistent high rate of mortality and morbidity among the pediatric population. Therefore, a rapid therapeutic intervention is of paramount importance. The frequent etiology in children is the occlusion of upper respiratory airways as a result of bronchospasm, foreign body or tumor. We present a case of a child with a sinusochoanal polyp of impressive dimensions which produced a symptomatology with acute onset. Sinusochoanal polyp are benign tumors which originate from paranasal sinuses with a frequency of 4-6% among nasal polyps, are solitary and occur especially in males. The case intrigues through its atypical debut and symptomatology, given the dimensions of the polyp.

Research paper thumbnail of Retrolabyrinthine syndromes of tumoral etiology – acoustic neuroma

Romanian Medical Journal

Among retrolabyrinthine syndromes of tumoral etiology, acoustic neuroma ranks the most important ... more Among retrolabyrinthine syndromes of tumoral etiology, acoustic neuroma ranks the most important place, being a benign tumor, but with malignant evolution. It is more common in women and occurs predominantly in the age range 20-60 years old. It is usually unilateral and only about 4% of cases are bilateral. Portmann et al, quoting Nager, say that certain peculiarities of the cranial nerve development explain the intracanalicular location of the neuroma at the beginning. Being a tumor with a very serious prognosis, acoustic neuroma needs to be diagnosed in very early stages, when it can be surgically removed.

Research paper thumbnail of Approach of the patient with headache

Romanian Medical Journal

Headache is part of an alarm system announcing that somewhere in the body of the person who has t... more Headache is part of an alarm system announcing that somewhere in the body of the person who has this accuse something peculiar happens in the pathological or physiological point of view. Patients have various forms of headache and, therefore, each case must be correctly diagnosed, being necessary a very thorough medical history, in order to characterize each type of headache. Although most patients with headache have a normal physical exam, it is extremely important to continue the investigation plan with functional testing, that will guide both the diagnosis and treatment. Approach to the patient with headache starts with the usual paraclinical tests. In this paper, the authors bring into question electrophysiological and neuroimaging paraclinical testing of patients with headache.

Research paper thumbnail of Difficulties in treating esophageal foreign bodies in children

Romanian Medical Journal

The ingress of foreign bodies in the esophagus is relatively easy and, at the same time, frequent... more The ingress of foreign bodies in the esophagus is relatively easy and, at the same time, frequently, especially during the childhood. Children usually carry to their mouth within easy reach, different objects: seeds, pits/kernels, coins, buttons, food pieces, toys’ pieces, tiny toys, pins, drawing pins, rings, earrings, etc. We present a case of a multiple esophageal foreign body, at which, only the attention and accuracy with which the esophagoscopy was proceeded, has allowed the extraction of the foreign body.

Research paper thumbnail of Cerebrospinal fluid fistula management – border pathology ENT-neurosurgery

Romanian Medical Journal

The authors of this article mention the diagnostic methods, the surgery techniques and the postop... more The authors of this article mention the diagnostic methods, the surgery techniques and the postoperative care for the patients diagnosed with fistula of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The surgery cure depends on many factors, including here the etiology of the rhino-basis defect, intracranial pressure, anatomical location of the rhino-basis defect and it is strictly individualized, which depends on the success of all surgery procedures. ENT physicians, together with the neurosurgeons, were able to have a dominant role in the diagnostic evaluation and in the treatment of skull base pathology can give us a CSF fistula. Nasal endoscopy has revolutionized the treatment of CSF fistula, with a high rate of success.

Research paper thumbnail of Pediatric obstructive sleep apneea – surgical treatment

Romanian Journal of Medical Practice

Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete obstruction... more Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete obstruction of upper respiratory airways which appear during sleep and lead to the decrease of oxygen saturation and numerous awakenings. The symptomatology in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is very different from the adult type in many aspects. The gold standard examination for diagnosis and evaluation of severity is polysomnography. The authors present their experience in the surgical tratament of children with obstructive sleep apnea. It is outlined a group of patient enrolled during a period of 5 years (2010-2014) who had their tonsils reduced through coblation and radiofrequency techniques.

Research paper thumbnail of Cephalalgia classification

Romanian Journal of Medical Practice

The oldest medical ailment – cephalalgia – has been attributed various etiologies throughout time... more The oldest medical ailment – cephalalgia – has been attributed various etiologies throughout time. The high incidence along with the fact that every person (disregarding age and sex) can experience a case of physiologic or pathologic cephalalgia have contributed to the elaboration of molecular, immunological, fundamental, clinical, paraclinical and radiological research studies. The data resulted created the possibility of identifying new etiologies for cephalalgia and establishing innovative evaluation techniques. The authors aim at presenting the international classification of cephalalgia used not only by clinicians but also by researchers. In addition we want to outline the fact that our colleagues should explain to their patients the fact that cephalalgi has numerous causes.

Research paper thumbnail of Rare case of esophageal foreign body with respiratory manifestations

Romanian Journal of Medical Practice

The authors present a clinical case of esophageal foreign body with exclusive respiratory symptom... more The authors present a clinical case of esophageal foreign body with exclusive respiratory symptomatology, which generated significant diagnostic difficulties. Careful and detailed anamnesis, coupled with a broad range of investigations enabled us to establish the correct diagnosis and proper treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of The concept of tonsillar outbreak infection

Romanian Journal of Medical Practice

Tonsillar outbreak infection is an non-discharging inflammatory disease of the connective tissue,... more Tonsillar outbreak infection is an non-discharging inflammatory disease of the connective tissue, with multiple organ manifestations, with a self-timing nature, being chronologically and etiopathogenically linked to the infection with beta-hemolytic streptococcus group A. An important role for the emergence and persistence of the outbreak infection is assigned to the poor local immunity, which is translated, among others, by low levels of serum and secretory IgA in upper respiratory mucosa. Tonsil immune pathology is at the origin of various diseases, mainly cardiac and renal. We present some data regarding the concept of tonsillar infection, hoping to help the physicians in making better decisions for the amigdalectomy indication.

Research paper thumbnail of Huge Fenestration of the Vertebral Artery and Fenestrated Basilar Artery

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery