Daniel Cotlear - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Daniel Cotlear
Economia
INDICE ARTICULOS R.ESEfiAS VOLUMEN VII/No. 13 J7JNlO Ec@N@MlA MAXIMO VEGA-CENTENO B. Pobreza, niv... more INDICE ARTICULOS R.ESEfiAS VOLUMEN VII/No. 13 J7JNlO Ec@N@MlA MAXIMO VEGA-CENTENO B. Pobreza, niveles y patrones de consumo: un anáIisis a través de los países latinoamericanos 9 ADOLFO FIGUEROA. Educación y productividdd en la economía campesina de América Latina DANIEL COTLEAR W. Empleo urbano y migraciones internas en el Per4 OSCAR DANCOURT. Devaluación y saiario real AI,BERTO ESPEJO 0. El empleo en el Perú: un nuevo enfoque de Francisco Verdera; LUCIA ROMERO B. Politica económica y agricultura en el Perú 1969-1979 de Elena Alvarez 131 -EMPLEOURBANOY MICRACIONESINTE~INAS ENELPERU* I. Infroduccidn DANIEL COTLEAR W.** Parece haber un consensp seflalando que uno de los problemas principales del Perú contempordneo es el "problema del empleo", y en este consenso participan tanto acadbmicos como periodistas y funcionarios del Gobierno. El consenso se extiende afiiando que la agudeza del problema del empleo en la actualidad estit asociado con la crisis económica. Asf por ejemplo, Schydlowsky y Wicht al comentar sobre los efectos de la crisis actual seftalan que "El resultado mtls dramático (. . .) es el desempleo masivo y creciente de la fuena laboral, abn en el sector industrial . . .l Sin embargo, como muestran los datos de Schydlowsky y Wicht el impacto de la crisis económica consistió en elevar en 7 por ciento el subempleo y desempleo de 1978 con respecto al de 1975. Si el impacto de la crisis fue incrementar el problema del empleo en 7 por ciento, la solución de la crisis reducirá el desempieo a una magnitud similar a la de 1975. iPero en 1975 el 47 por ciento de la fuerza laboral estaba snbempleada o desemplea-* Este trabajo es "subproducto" de una revisión de la Bibliograffa sobre migraciones realizada dentro del marco de una investfgacíón ffnancinda por la Asodacf6n Multfdfsdplbrarfa para la Investfgadón y Docenba en Población (ÁMIDEP) y quiero agradecer allf tanto a la institucfón como a Carlos Jirdacochea sulen brindó eitfmulo Y buen humor.
Cambridge University Press eBooks, Dec 22, 2022
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, Económicas, Políticas y Antropológicas - CISEPA, Dec 1, 2020
Journal of Global Health, 2021
Faced with illness, disability and death, people throughout history, at all income levelsrich or ... more Faced with illness, disability and death, people throughout history, at all income levelsrich or poor -and from all cultural backgrounds have in the past and continue today to aspire to overcome their ailments and restore good health. Systems-wide changes, that allow affordable access to needed health care at the time of illness, has been a major theme for health care reform throughout the 20 th century. Most countries that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), with the exception of Background In this paper, we review lessons learned about Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in middle-income countries, with specific reference to achievements and challenges observed during recent years in four middle-income to upper-middle-income countries -Mexico, Turkey, The Republic of Korea and Ukraine. Three of these countries -Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Turkey are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Ukraine has aspired to join Western institutions like the OECD since its independence in 1991 Methods The research included a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal reviews of both statistical and contextual data, available from both published sources and available "grey literature" reports. Based on the research, we conclude the following. First, reaching UHC is achievable in middle-income and upper-middle-income countries. It is not an unattainable goal reserved for upper income countries. Second, successes and failures are evident both in the case of countries that pursue a contributory health insurance path to UHC and those that pursue a core government funding path. Third, the devil is often in the detail. De jure constitutional guarantees and national health legislation are often a necessary but do not constitute a guaranteed path to success without accompanying institutional measure to secure sustainability (political and economic) and supply and demand constraints in service provision and consumer/patient behavior. De facto, in most countries expansion in health insurance coverage does not happen "with the stroke of a pen" but require years of commitment and efforts to change the supply and demand after critical legislation has been enacted. Fourth, two major approaches dominate: incremental and "big bang" health system reforms. We caution against the pitfalls of over-attribution from drawing too strong conclusion from individual longitudinal country experiences ("over-determinism") and over-generalization from broad sweeping cross-sectional statistical analysis ("reductionism"). Every country is different and needs to find its own path towards UHC considering their contextual specificities, learning from the achievements and failures of others, but not try to copy their experiences.
Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 2016
Efforts to mitigate health inequity are at the heart of health policy in Israel and in many devel... more Efforts to mitigate health inequity are at the heart of health policy in Israel and in many developing countries seeking to advance toward universal health coverage. This commentary uses the conceptual framework and the description of health policy interventions presented in a recent IJHPR article to compare policies implemented by Israel's Ministry of Health during 2011-2014 with policies under implementation in 24 developing countries, and identifies key differences and similarities. It also identifies three areas of policy where Israel seems to have strong capacities that are in high demand in developing countries. Identifying these areas of policy could help design a menu for Israeli technical assistance in health policy.
The Lancet Global Health, 2016
This study was lead by Daniel Cotlear (LCRHD) and Inés Kudo (consultant), with the participation ... more This study was lead by Daniel Cotlear (LCRHD) and Inés Kudo (consultant), with the participation of Cristian Aedo (LCRHD), Carmen Osorio (LCRHD), Marcela Echegaray, Enrique Prochazka, José Velásquez and Eduardo Ballón (consultants). vi What can a Regional Government do to improve education? The Case of Junin viii What can a Regional Government do to improve education? The Case of Junin • Call on qualified amautas (teachers of teachers, in Quechua). Give schools resources so that they can hire specialists -amautas-that can provide support to reach reading and comprehension goals in second grade. A diverse supply of specialists should be sought to determine what work best (institutes, NGOs, universities, others). • Design and distribute support materials to achieve learning and comprehension goals. The politicians and technical specialists responsible for education in Junin and the authors of this report share the conviction that it is possible to improve the quality of education. Thus, we suggest that Junin adopts instruments to help measure progress in all the aforementioned areas and facilitates the implementation of accountability systems based on active participation from stakeholders in a context of transparency, consensus and cooperation propitiated by the Regional Government. Such accountability system should contemplate delivering school-level information on goal achievement as well as information on the financial resources given to each school. We also suggest creating and adopting periodic reports on the education and financial results obtained by district, UGEL and the Regional Education Office for Junin to evaluate the degree of compliance with the Regional Government's priorities for education in the region. .5-c. Expenditure executed on education and culture per item (current soles)
Policy Research Working Papers, 2015
The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encoura... more The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.
This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank's... more This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank's Human Development Network. The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and debate. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Citation and the use of material presented in this series should take into account this provisional character. For free copies of papers in this series please contact the individual author(s) whose name appears on the paper. Enquiries about the series and submissions should be made directly to the Editor, Homira Nassery (HNassery@worldbank.org). Submissions should have been previously reviewed and cleared by the sponsoring department, which will bear the cost of publication. No additional reviews will be undertaken after submission. The sponsoring department and author(s) bear full responsibility for the quality of the technical contents and presentation of material in the series.
Going Universal: How 24 Developing Countries are Implementing Universal Health Coverage from the Bottom Up, 2015
Going Universal: How 24 Developing Countries are Implementing Universal Health Coverage from the Bottom Up, 2015
Going Universal: How 24 Developing Countries are Implementing Universal Health Coverage from the Bottom Up, 2015
Going Universal: How 24 Developing Countries are Implementing Universal Health Coverage from the Bottom Up, 2015
MEDICC review
A fi nes de la década de 1980, muchos países de América Latina comenzaron reformas en el sector s... more A fi nes de la década de 1980, muchos países de América Latina comenzaron reformas en el sector social para aliviar la pobreza, reducir las desigualdades socioeconómicas, mejorar los resultados de salud, y proporcionar protección ante el riesgo fi nanciero. Particularmente, a partir de la década de 1990, las reformas encaminadas a fortalecer los sistemas de salud para reducir las desigualdades en el acceso a la salud y en los resultados, se centraron en la expansión de la cobertura universal de salud, especialmente para los ciudadanos pobres. En América Latina, las reformas del sistema de salud han creado un acercamiento distinto a la cobertura universal de salud, apoyado en los principios de equidad, solidaridad y acción colectiva para superar las desigualdades sociales. En la mayoría de los países estudiados, el fi nanciamiento del gobierno permitió la introducción de intervenciones relacionadas con la oferta para ampliar la cobertura de seguro para los ciudadanos no asegurados —c...
The World Bank had a significant role in the population field until the early 1990s. Since then, ... more The World Bank had a significant role in the population field until the early 1990s. Since then, the Bank's work in general population and demographic matters has gradually ebbed. 1 The one exception to this trend was related to pension reform, where following the publication of Averting the Old Age Crisis, in 1994, much analytical and operational work was undertaken during the late 1990s and early 2000s. 2 Much of this work was done in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), which spearheaded many of the reforms on pension systems. The challenges of population, however, go beyond the area of pensions, and the Bank is seeking to reenter this field more broadly. Recently, the Bank published a book reviewing the process of demographic aging in Eastern Europe, which rekindled a broader interest in demographic issues by the Bank. 3 Population Aging: Is Latin America Ready? is an attempt to look broadly at issues related to population change in LAC, where the debate about population issues was fierce half a century ago, but later became silent. The renewed interest in population is part of a growing awareness of the significance of population aging. Following on a 2002 World Conference on Aging in Madrid, the specialized agencies of the United Nations have been developing work programs related to aging in their xviii Preface
![Research paper thumbnail of [Urban employment and internal migration in Peru]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120324259/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Economía (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía), 1984
INDICE ARTICULOS R.ESEfiAS VOLUMEN VII/No. 13 J7JNlO Ec@N@MlA MAXIMO VEGA-CENTENO B. Pobreza, niv... more INDICE ARTICULOS R.ESEfiAS VOLUMEN VII/No. 13 J7JNlO Ec@N@MlA MAXIMO VEGA-CENTENO B. Pobreza, niveles y patrones de consumo: un anáIisis a través de los países latinoamericanos 9 ADOLFO FIGUEROA. Educación y productividdd en la economía campesina de América Latina DANIEL COTLEAR W. Empleo urbano y migraciones internas en el Per4 OSCAR DANCOURT. Devaluación y saiario real AI,BERTO ESPEJO 0. El empleo en el Perú: un nuevo enfoque de Francisco Verdera; LUCIA ROMERO B. Politica económica y agricultura en el Perú 1969-1979 de Elena Alvarez 131 -EMPLEOURBANOY MICRACIONESINTE~INAS ENELPERU* I. Infroduccidn DANIEL COTLEAR W.** Parece haber un consensp seflalando que uno de los problemas principales del Perú contempordneo es el "problema del empleo", y en este consenso participan tanto acadbmicos como periodistas y funcionarios del Gobierno. El consenso se extiende afiiando que la agudeza del problema del empleo en la actualidad estit asociado con la crisis económica. Asf por ejemplo, Schydlowsky y Wicht al comentar sobre los efectos de la crisis actual seftalan que "El resultado mtls dramático (. . .) es el desempleo masivo y creciente de la fuena laboral, abn en el sector industrial . . .l Sin embargo, como muestran los datos de Schydlowsky y Wicht el impacto de la crisis económica consistió en elevar en 7 por ciento el subempleo y desempleo de 1978 con respecto al de 1975. Si el impacto de la crisis fue incrementar el problema del empleo en 7 por ciento, la solución de la crisis reducirá el desempieo a una magnitud similar a la de 1975. iPero en 1975 el 47 por ciento de la fuerza laboral estaba snbempleada o desemplea-* Este trabajo es "subproducto" de una revisión de la Bibliograffa sobre migraciones realizada dentro del marco de una investfgacíón ffnancinda por la Asodacf6n Multfdfsdplbrarfa para la Investfgadón y Docenba en Población (ÁMIDEP) y quiero agradecer allf tanto a la institucfón como a Carlos Jirdacochea sulen brindó eitfmulo Y buen humor.
The Lancet, 2015
Starting in the late 1980s, many Latin American countries began social sector reforms to alleviat... more Starting in the late 1980s, many Latin American countries began social sector reforms to alleviate poverty, reduce socioeconomic inequalities, improve health outcomes, and provide fi nancial risk protection. In particular, starting in the 1990s, reforms aimed at strengthening health systems to reduce inequalities in health access and outcomes focused on expansion of universal health coverage, especially for poor citizens. In Latin America, health-system reforms have produced a distinct approach to universal health coverage, underpinned by the principles of equity, solidarity, and collective action to overcome social inequalities. In most of the countries studied, government fi nancing enabled the introduction of supply-side interventions to expand insurance coverage for uninsured citizens-with defi ned and enlarged benefi ts packages-and to scale up delivery of health services. Countries such as Brazil and Cuba introduced tax-fi nanced universal health systems. These changes were combined with demand-side interventions aimed at alleviating poverty (targeting many social determinants of health) and improving access of the most disadvantaged populations. Hence, the distinguishing features of health-system strengthening for universal health coverage and lessons from the Latin American experience are relevant for countries advancing universal health coverage.
The Lancet, 2015
Latin America continues to segregate diff erent social groups into separate health-system segment... more Latin America continues to segregate diff erent social groups into separate health-system segments, including two separate public sector blocks: a well resourced social security for salaried workers and their families and a Ministry of Health serving poor and vulnerable people with low standards of quality and needing a frequently impoverishing payment at point of service. This segregation shows Latin America's longstanding economic and social inequality, cemented by an economic framework that predicted that economic growth would lead to rapid formalisation of the economy. Today, the institutional setup that organises the social segregation in health care is perceived, despite improved life expectancy and other advances, as a barrier to fulfi lling the right to health, embodied in the legislation of many Latin American countries. This Series paper outlines four phases in the history of Latin American countries that explain the roots of segmentation in health care and describe three paths taken by countries seeking to overcome it: unifi cation of the funds used to fi nance both social security and Ministry of Health services (one public payer); free choice of provider or insurer; and expansion of services to poor people and the non-salaried population by making explicit the health-care benefi ts to which all citizens are entitled.
Este volumen ha sido producido por el personal del Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Foment... more Este volumen ha sido producido por el personal del Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento / Banco Mundial. Los resultados, interpretaciones y conclusiones expresados en esta publicación no necesariamente reflejan la opinión de los Directores Ejecutivos del Banco Mundial o de los gobiernos que representan. El Banco Mundial no garantiza la exactitud de los datos incluidos en esta publicación. La propiedad intelectual de los materiales de esta publicación está registrada. La copia o la transmisión de partes o de toda esta obra sin permiso pueden constituir una violación de la legislación aplicable. El Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento / Banco Mundial promueve la difusión de su trabajo y por lo general concede rápidamente permiso para reproducir partes del documento. Si desea solicitar permiso para fotocopiar o reimprimir una parte de esta obra, por favor envíe una solicitud con la información completa a
Economia
INDICE ARTICULOS R.ESEfiAS VOLUMEN VII/No. 13 J7JNlO Ec@N@MlA MAXIMO VEGA-CENTENO B. Pobreza, niv... more INDICE ARTICULOS R.ESEfiAS VOLUMEN VII/No. 13 J7JNlO Ec@N@MlA MAXIMO VEGA-CENTENO B. Pobreza, niveles y patrones de consumo: un anáIisis a través de los países latinoamericanos 9 ADOLFO FIGUEROA. Educación y productividdd en la economía campesina de América Latina DANIEL COTLEAR W. Empleo urbano y migraciones internas en el Per4 OSCAR DANCOURT. Devaluación y saiario real AI,BERTO ESPEJO 0. El empleo en el Perú: un nuevo enfoque de Francisco Verdera; LUCIA ROMERO B. Politica económica y agricultura en el Perú 1969-1979 de Elena Alvarez 131 -EMPLEOURBANOY MICRACIONESINTE~INAS ENELPERU* I. Infroduccidn DANIEL COTLEAR W.** Parece haber un consensp seflalando que uno de los problemas principales del Perú contempordneo es el "problema del empleo", y en este consenso participan tanto acadbmicos como periodistas y funcionarios del Gobierno. El consenso se extiende afiiando que la agudeza del problema del empleo en la actualidad estit asociado con la crisis económica. Asf por ejemplo, Schydlowsky y Wicht al comentar sobre los efectos de la crisis actual seftalan que "El resultado mtls dramático (. . .) es el desempleo masivo y creciente de la fuena laboral, abn en el sector industrial . . .l Sin embargo, como muestran los datos de Schydlowsky y Wicht el impacto de la crisis económica consistió en elevar en 7 por ciento el subempleo y desempleo de 1978 con respecto al de 1975. Si el impacto de la crisis fue incrementar el problema del empleo en 7 por ciento, la solución de la crisis reducirá el desempieo a una magnitud similar a la de 1975. iPero en 1975 el 47 por ciento de la fuerza laboral estaba snbempleada o desemplea-* Este trabajo es "subproducto" de una revisión de la Bibliograffa sobre migraciones realizada dentro del marco de una investfgacíón ffnancinda por la Asodacf6n Multfdfsdplbrarfa para la Investfgadón y Docenba en Población (ÁMIDEP) y quiero agradecer allf tanto a la institucfón como a Carlos Jirdacochea sulen brindó eitfmulo Y buen humor.
Cambridge University Press eBooks, Dec 22, 2022
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, Económicas, Políticas y Antropológicas - CISEPA, Dec 1, 2020
Journal of Global Health, 2021
Faced with illness, disability and death, people throughout history, at all income levelsrich or ... more Faced with illness, disability and death, people throughout history, at all income levelsrich or poor -and from all cultural backgrounds have in the past and continue today to aspire to overcome their ailments and restore good health. Systems-wide changes, that allow affordable access to needed health care at the time of illness, has been a major theme for health care reform throughout the 20 th century. Most countries that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), with the exception of Background In this paper, we review lessons learned about Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in middle-income countries, with specific reference to achievements and challenges observed during recent years in four middle-income to upper-middle-income countries -Mexico, Turkey, The Republic of Korea and Ukraine. Three of these countries -Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Turkey are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Ukraine has aspired to join Western institutions like the OECD since its independence in 1991 Methods The research included a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal reviews of both statistical and contextual data, available from both published sources and available "grey literature" reports. Based on the research, we conclude the following. First, reaching UHC is achievable in middle-income and upper-middle-income countries. It is not an unattainable goal reserved for upper income countries. Second, successes and failures are evident both in the case of countries that pursue a contributory health insurance path to UHC and those that pursue a core government funding path. Third, the devil is often in the detail. De jure constitutional guarantees and national health legislation are often a necessary but do not constitute a guaranteed path to success without accompanying institutional measure to secure sustainability (political and economic) and supply and demand constraints in service provision and consumer/patient behavior. De facto, in most countries expansion in health insurance coverage does not happen "with the stroke of a pen" but require years of commitment and efforts to change the supply and demand after critical legislation has been enacted. Fourth, two major approaches dominate: incremental and "big bang" health system reforms. We caution against the pitfalls of over-attribution from drawing too strong conclusion from individual longitudinal country experiences ("over-determinism") and over-generalization from broad sweeping cross-sectional statistical analysis ("reductionism"). Every country is different and needs to find its own path towards UHC considering their contextual specificities, learning from the achievements and failures of others, but not try to copy their experiences.
Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 2016
Efforts to mitigate health inequity are at the heart of health policy in Israel and in many devel... more Efforts to mitigate health inequity are at the heart of health policy in Israel and in many developing countries seeking to advance toward universal health coverage. This commentary uses the conceptual framework and the description of health policy interventions presented in a recent IJHPR article to compare policies implemented by Israel's Ministry of Health during 2011-2014 with policies under implementation in 24 developing countries, and identifies key differences and similarities. It also identifies three areas of policy where Israel seems to have strong capacities that are in high demand in developing countries. Identifying these areas of policy could help design a menu for Israeli technical assistance in health policy.
The Lancet Global Health, 2016
This study was lead by Daniel Cotlear (LCRHD) and Inés Kudo (consultant), with the participation ... more This study was lead by Daniel Cotlear (LCRHD) and Inés Kudo (consultant), with the participation of Cristian Aedo (LCRHD), Carmen Osorio (LCRHD), Marcela Echegaray, Enrique Prochazka, José Velásquez and Eduardo Ballón (consultants). vi What can a Regional Government do to improve education? The Case of Junin viii What can a Regional Government do to improve education? The Case of Junin • Call on qualified amautas (teachers of teachers, in Quechua). Give schools resources so that they can hire specialists -amautas-that can provide support to reach reading and comprehension goals in second grade. A diverse supply of specialists should be sought to determine what work best (institutes, NGOs, universities, others). • Design and distribute support materials to achieve learning and comprehension goals. The politicians and technical specialists responsible for education in Junin and the authors of this report share the conviction that it is possible to improve the quality of education. Thus, we suggest that Junin adopts instruments to help measure progress in all the aforementioned areas and facilitates the implementation of accountability systems based on active participation from stakeholders in a context of transparency, consensus and cooperation propitiated by the Regional Government. Such accountability system should contemplate delivering school-level information on goal achievement as well as information on the financial resources given to each school. We also suggest creating and adopting periodic reports on the education and financial results obtained by district, UGEL and the Regional Education Office for Junin to evaluate the degree of compliance with the Regional Government's priorities for education in the region. .5-c. Expenditure executed on education and culture per item (current soles)
Policy Research Working Papers, 2015
The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encoura... more The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.
This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank's... more This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank's Human Development Network. The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and debate. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Citation and the use of material presented in this series should take into account this provisional character. For free copies of papers in this series please contact the individual author(s) whose name appears on the paper. Enquiries about the series and submissions should be made directly to the Editor, Homira Nassery (HNassery@worldbank.org). Submissions should have been previously reviewed and cleared by the sponsoring department, which will bear the cost of publication. No additional reviews will be undertaken after submission. The sponsoring department and author(s) bear full responsibility for the quality of the technical contents and presentation of material in the series.
Going Universal: How 24 Developing Countries are Implementing Universal Health Coverage from the Bottom Up, 2015
Going Universal: How 24 Developing Countries are Implementing Universal Health Coverage from the Bottom Up, 2015
Going Universal: How 24 Developing Countries are Implementing Universal Health Coverage from the Bottom Up, 2015
Going Universal: How 24 Developing Countries are Implementing Universal Health Coverage from the Bottom Up, 2015
MEDICC review
A fi nes de la década de 1980, muchos países de América Latina comenzaron reformas en el sector s... more A fi nes de la década de 1980, muchos países de América Latina comenzaron reformas en el sector social para aliviar la pobreza, reducir las desigualdades socioeconómicas, mejorar los resultados de salud, y proporcionar protección ante el riesgo fi nanciero. Particularmente, a partir de la década de 1990, las reformas encaminadas a fortalecer los sistemas de salud para reducir las desigualdades en el acceso a la salud y en los resultados, se centraron en la expansión de la cobertura universal de salud, especialmente para los ciudadanos pobres. En América Latina, las reformas del sistema de salud han creado un acercamiento distinto a la cobertura universal de salud, apoyado en los principios de equidad, solidaridad y acción colectiva para superar las desigualdades sociales. En la mayoría de los países estudiados, el fi nanciamiento del gobierno permitió la introducción de intervenciones relacionadas con la oferta para ampliar la cobertura de seguro para los ciudadanos no asegurados —c...
The World Bank had a significant role in the population field until the early 1990s. Since then, ... more The World Bank had a significant role in the population field until the early 1990s. Since then, the Bank's work in general population and demographic matters has gradually ebbed. 1 The one exception to this trend was related to pension reform, where following the publication of Averting the Old Age Crisis, in 1994, much analytical and operational work was undertaken during the late 1990s and early 2000s. 2 Much of this work was done in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), which spearheaded many of the reforms on pension systems. The challenges of population, however, go beyond the area of pensions, and the Bank is seeking to reenter this field more broadly. Recently, the Bank published a book reviewing the process of demographic aging in Eastern Europe, which rekindled a broader interest in demographic issues by the Bank. 3 Population Aging: Is Latin America Ready? is an attempt to look broadly at issues related to population change in LAC, where the debate about population issues was fierce half a century ago, but later became silent. The renewed interest in population is part of a growing awareness of the significance of population aging. Following on a 2002 World Conference on Aging in Madrid, the specialized agencies of the United Nations have been developing work programs related to aging in their xviii Preface
Economía (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía), 1984
INDICE ARTICULOS R.ESEfiAS VOLUMEN VII/No. 13 J7JNlO Ec@N@MlA MAXIMO VEGA-CENTENO B. Pobreza, niv... more INDICE ARTICULOS R.ESEfiAS VOLUMEN VII/No. 13 J7JNlO Ec@N@MlA MAXIMO VEGA-CENTENO B. Pobreza, niveles y patrones de consumo: un anáIisis a través de los países latinoamericanos 9 ADOLFO FIGUEROA. Educación y productividdd en la economía campesina de América Latina DANIEL COTLEAR W. Empleo urbano y migraciones internas en el Per4 OSCAR DANCOURT. Devaluación y saiario real AI,BERTO ESPEJO 0. El empleo en el Perú: un nuevo enfoque de Francisco Verdera; LUCIA ROMERO B. Politica económica y agricultura en el Perú 1969-1979 de Elena Alvarez 131 -EMPLEOURBANOY MICRACIONESINTE~INAS ENELPERU* I. Infroduccidn DANIEL COTLEAR W.** Parece haber un consensp seflalando que uno de los problemas principales del Perú contempordneo es el "problema del empleo", y en este consenso participan tanto acadbmicos como periodistas y funcionarios del Gobierno. El consenso se extiende afiiando que la agudeza del problema del empleo en la actualidad estit asociado con la crisis económica. Asf por ejemplo, Schydlowsky y Wicht al comentar sobre los efectos de la crisis actual seftalan que "El resultado mtls dramático (. . .) es el desempleo masivo y creciente de la fuena laboral, abn en el sector industrial . . .l Sin embargo, como muestran los datos de Schydlowsky y Wicht el impacto de la crisis económica consistió en elevar en 7 por ciento el subempleo y desempleo de 1978 con respecto al de 1975. Si el impacto de la crisis fue incrementar el problema del empleo en 7 por ciento, la solución de la crisis reducirá el desempieo a una magnitud similar a la de 1975. iPero en 1975 el 47 por ciento de la fuerza laboral estaba snbempleada o desemplea-* Este trabajo es "subproducto" de una revisión de la Bibliograffa sobre migraciones realizada dentro del marco de una investfgacíón ffnancinda por la Asodacf6n Multfdfsdplbrarfa para la Investfgadón y Docenba en Población (ÁMIDEP) y quiero agradecer allf tanto a la institucfón como a Carlos Jirdacochea sulen brindó eitfmulo Y buen humor.
The Lancet, 2015
Starting in the late 1980s, many Latin American countries began social sector reforms to alleviat... more Starting in the late 1980s, many Latin American countries began social sector reforms to alleviate poverty, reduce socioeconomic inequalities, improve health outcomes, and provide fi nancial risk protection. In particular, starting in the 1990s, reforms aimed at strengthening health systems to reduce inequalities in health access and outcomes focused on expansion of universal health coverage, especially for poor citizens. In Latin America, health-system reforms have produced a distinct approach to universal health coverage, underpinned by the principles of equity, solidarity, and collective action to overcome social inequalities. In most of the countries studied, government fi nancing enabled the introduction of supply-side interventions to expand insurance coverage for uninsured citizens-with defi ned and enlarged benefi ts packages-and to scale up delivery of health services. Countries such as Brazil and Cuba introduced tax-fi nanced universal health systems. These changes were combined with demand-side interventions aimed at alleviating poverty (targeting many social determinants of health) and improving access of the most disadvantaged populations. Hence, the distinguishing features of health-system strengthening for universal health coverage and lessons from the Latin American experience are relevant for countries advancing universal health coverage.
The Lancet, 2015
Latin America continues to segregate diff erent social groups into separate health-system segment... more Latin America continues to segregate diff erent social groups into separate health-system segments, including two separate public sector blocks: a well resourced social security for salaried workers and their families and a Ministry of Health serving poor and vulnerable people with low standards of quality and needing a frequently impoverishing payment at point of service. This segregation shows Latin America's longstanding economic and social inequality, cemented by an economic framework that predicted that economic growth would lead to rapid formalisation of the economy. Today, the institutional setup that organises the social segregation in health care is perceived, despite improved life expectancy and other advances, as a barrier to fulfi lling the right to health, embodied in the legislation of many Latin American countries. This Series paper outlines four phases in the history of Latin American countries that explain the roots of segmentation in health care and describe three paths taken by countries seeking to overcome it: unifi cation of the funds used to fi nance both social security and Ministry of Health services (one public payer); free choice of provider or insurer; and expansion of services to poor people and the non-salaried population by making explicit the health-care benefi ts to which all citizens are entitled.
Este volumen ha sido producido por el personal del Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Foment... more Este volumen ha sido producido por el personal del Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento / Banco Mundial. Los resultados, interpretaciones y conclusiones expresados en esta publicación no necesariamente reflejan la opinión de los Directores Ejecutivos del Banco Mundial o de los gobiernos que representan. El Banco Mundial no garantiza la exactitud de los datos incluidos en esta publicación. La propiedad intelectual de los materiales de esta publicación está registrada. La copia o la transmisión de partes o de toda esta obra sin permiso pueden constituir una violación de la legislación aplicable. El Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento / Banco Mundial promueve la difusión de su trabajo y por lo general concede rápidamente permiso para reproducir partes del documento. Si desea solicitar permiso para fotocopiar o reimprimir una parte de esta obra, por favor envíe una solicitud con la información completa a