Bruce Cottrill - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Bruce Cottrill
Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science, 2000
The in vitro gas production technique is a means of measuring the dynamics of fermentation. It is... more The in vitro gas production technique is a means of measuring the dynamics of fermentation. It is related to short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and so could be used to estimate ATP supply for rumen microorganisms. However, different fermentation patterns produce different amounts of gas. No fermentation gas is associated with the production of propionate, and so an increase in the proportion of propionic: (acetic+butyric) (P:AB) would be associated with a decrease in the volume of gas produced. If the molar proportions of SCFA changed during a fermentation, then this would complicate the interpretation of the gas production profile (GPP). If the GPP, combined with a measure of SCFA concentrations at the end of the incubation, was used to estimate ATP yield during the incubation, then changes in P:AB during the incubation may affect these estimates. The objectives of this experiment were therefore to determine whether P:AB did change during an in vitro incubation, and whether any such change affected the accuracy of the prediction of ATP yield with time.
... animal production? Authors Cottrill, BR; Gooding, MJ; Givens, DI Editors Sylvester-Bradley, R... more ... animal production? Authors Cottrill, BR; Gooding, MJ; Givens, DI Editors Sylvester-Bradley, R.;Wiseman, J. Book chapter; Conference paper Yields of farmed species: constraints and opportunities in the 21st century. Proceedings ...
![Research paper thumbnail of Opinion of the Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to pyrrolizidine alkaloids as undesirable substances in animal feed](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96584930/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](EFSA Journal, 2007
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human hea... more The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment is limited to QAs occurring in Lupinus species/varieties relevant for animal and human consumption in Europe (i.e. Lupinus albus L., Lupinus angustifolius L., Lupinus luteus L. and Lupinus mutabilis Sweet). Information on the toxicity of QAs in animals and humans is limited. Following acute exposure to sparteine (reference compound), anticholinergic effects and changes in cardiac electric conductivity are considered to be critical for human hazard characterisation. The CONTAM Panel used a margin of exposure (MOE) approach identifying a lowest single oral effective dose of 0.16 mg sparteine/kg body weight as reference point to characterise the risk following acute exposure. No reference point could be identified to characterise the risk of chronic exposure. Because of similar modes of action for QAs, the CONTAM Panel used a group approach assuming dose additivity. For food, the highest mean concentration of Total QAs (TotQAs) (i.e. the 6 most abundant QAs) was found in lupin seed samples classified as 'Lupins (dry) and similar-'. Due to the limited data on occurrence and consumption, dietary exposure was calculated for some specific scenarios and no full human health risk characterisation was possible. The calculated margin of exposures (MOEs) may indicate a risk for some consumers. For example, when lupin seeds are consumed without a debittering step, or as debittered lupin seeds high in QA content and when 'lupin-based meat imitates' are consumed. For horses, companion and farm animals, other than salmonids, the available database on adverse effects was too limited to identify no-observed-adverse-effect levels and/or lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels and no risk characterisation was possible. For salmonids, the CONTAM Panel considers the risk for adverse effects to be low.
The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (HGCA) has provided funding for this project but has not conduct... more The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (HGCA) has provided funding for this project but has not conducted the research or written this report. While the authors have worked on the best information available to them, neither HGCA nor the authors shall in any event be liable for any loss, damage or injury howsoever suffered directly or indirectly in relation to the report or the research on which it is based.
Veterinary Record, 2002
The relationship between milk urea concentration and the fertility of dairy cows was examined in ... more The relationship between milk urea concentration and the fertility of dairy cows was examined in two studies. The first examined the relationship between bulk milk urea concentration and overall herd fertility, using data collected from 250 herds in the UK. There was no relationship either between bulk milk urea concentration and fertility, or between changes in bulk milk urea concentration and fertility. The second study compared the relationship between the milk urea concentration five days after service, and the fertility of individual cows on 11 UK dairy farms. There was no significant difference between the milk urea concentration of the cows that became pregnant and those that did not.
British Journal of Nutrition, 1982
1. A total of six diets based on maize silage were formulated to examine the effect of protein- a... more 1. A total of six diets based on maize silage were formulated to examine the effect of protein- and non-protein-nitrogen, and energy supplementation on the flow of amino acids to the small intestine and the synthesis of microbial amino acids in the rumen of growing cattle. All diets contained 24 g totai nitrogen (N)/kg dry matter (DM), of which 550 g N/kg total N was supplied by either urea or fish meal. Four diets contained low levels of barley (estimated total dietary metabolizable energy content of 10·4 M J/kgDM) and urea-N and fish meal-N were supplied in the ratios 3:1, 1·4:1, 0·6:1 and 0·3:1. The other two diets contained between 300 and 400 g barley/kg total diet (11·3 MJ metabolizable energy/kg DM) and the urea-N to fish meal-N ratios were 3:1 and 0·3:1.2. On the four low-energy diets, fish meal inclusion tended to reduce the extent of organic matter (OM) digestion in the rumen but significantly increased duodenal amino acid supply (P < 0·05) in a quadratic manner. Microb...
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1983
Maize silage which was freeze-or oven-dried had 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 % or 0 and 8 % by weight of pure... more Maize silage which was freeze-or oven-dried had 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 % or 0 and 8 % by weight of pure maize starch added, respectively. The samples were analysed for invitro DOMD content at three different laboratories. There were significant differences (P< 0.01) between laboratories and method of sample drying. Higher values were recorded for the freeze-dried material. Nevertheless similar samples were generally ranked in the same order at different laboratories. The increase in in-vitro DOMD values with increasing starch suggests that the technique is able to distinguish between maize silages of varying grain contents. Samples were also analysed for MAD fibre and and their ME content estimated from it and also by the gas production method now widely used in Germany. The gas production method produced higher ME values and these were closer to the results obtained from in-vivo trials.
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2005
Ammonia (NH3) emissions from cattle are much less when they are grazing than when they are housed... more Ammonia (NH3) emissions from cattle are much less when they are grazing than when they are housed. The urine excreted during grazing may rapidly infiltrate soil whereas it remains on the surface of impermeable floors and yards. If the average grazing season for the UK herd could be extended from 6 to 8 months, NH3 emissions from cattle could potentially
<strong>UPDATE to version 2 of this upload:</strong> Also the raw (no data cleaning a... more <strong>UPDATE to version 2 of this upload:</strong> Also the raw (no data cleaning applied to it) occurrence dataset as extracted from EFSA DWH is provided <em>in csv format</em>. This dataset is compliant with EFSA SSD model and contains two additional columns documenting issues identified in the cleaning process (column: issue) and the action taken (column: action) to address the issue (e.g. delete record or update values in specific fields). <strong>Description - Version 1</strong> This Annex is an excel file which presents tables on GAs on occurrence data in food and feed, and dietary exposure assessment for humans.
EFSA Journal, 2021
Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the ... more Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) provided a scientific opinion on an application for a detoxification process of groundnut press cake for aflatoxins by ammoniation. Specifically, it is required that the feed decontamination process is compliant with the acceptability criteria specified in the Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/786 of 19 May 2015. The CONTAM Panel assessed the data provided by the feed business operator with respect to the efficacy of the process to remove the contaminant from groundnut press cake batches and on information demonstrating that the process does not adversely affect the characteristics and the nature of the product. Although according to the literature the process may be able to reduce aflatoxin levels below the legal limits, the Panel concluded that the proposed decontamination process, on the basis of the experimental data submitted by the feed business operator, cannot be confirmed for compliance with the acceptability criteria provided for in Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/786 of 19 May 2015. The Panel recommended sufficient sample testing before and after the process, under the selected conditions, to ensure that the process is reproducible and reliable and to demonstrate that the detoxification is not reversible. In addition, genotoxicity testing of extracts of the treated feedingstuff and of the identified degradation products would be necessary. Finally, information on the transfer rate of AFB1 to AFM1 excretion in milk for animals fed the ammoniated product, in comparison to the starting material and on the ammoniation process changes of the nutritional values of the feed material should be provided.
Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science, 2000
The in vitro gas production technique is a means of measuring the dynamics of fermentation. It is... more The in vitro gas production technique is a means of measuring the dynamics of fermentation. It is related to short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and so could be used to estimate ATP supply for rumen microorganisms. However, different fermentation patterns produce different amounts of gas. No fermentation gas is associated with the production of propionate, and so an increase in the proportion of propionic: (acetic+butyric) (P:AB) would be associated with a decrease in the volume of gas produced. If the molar proportions of SCFA changed during a fermentation, then this would complicate the interpretation of the gas production profile (GPP). If the GPP, combined with a measure of SCFA concentrations at the end of the incubation, was used to estimate ATP yield during the incubation, then changes in P:AB during the incubation may affect these estimates. The objectives of this experiment were therefore to determine whether P:AB did change during an in vitro incubation, and whether any such change affected the accuracy of the prediction of ATP yield with time.
... animal production? Authors Cottrill, BR; Gooding, MJ; Givens, DI Editors Sylvester-Bradley, R... more ... animal production? Authors Cottrill, BR; Gooding, MJ; Givens, DI Editors Sylvester-Bradley, R.;Wiseman, J. Book chapter; Conference paper Yields of farmed species: constraints and opportunities in the 21st century. Proceedings ...
EFSA Journal, 2007
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human hea... more The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment is limited to QAs occurring in Lupinus species/varieties relevant for animal and human consumption in Europe (i.e. Lupinus albus L., Lupinus angustifolius L., Lupinus luteus L. and Lupinus mutabilis Sweet). Information on the toxicity of QAs in animals and humans is limited. Following acute exposure to sparteine (reference compound), anticholinergic effects and changes in cardiac electric conductivity are considered to be critical for human hazard characterisation. The CONTAM Panel used a margin of exposure (MOE) approach identifying a lowest single oral effective dose of 0.16 mg sparteine/kg body weight as reference point to characterise the risk following acute exposure. No reference point could be identified to characterise the risk of chronic exposure. Because of similar modes of action for QAs, the CONTAM Panel used a group approach assuming dose additivity. For food, the highest mean concentration of Total QAs (TotQAs) (i.e. the 6 most abundant QAs) was found in lupin seed samples classified as 'Lupins (dry) and similar-'. Due to the limited data on occurrence and consumption, dietary exposure was calculated for some specific scenarios and no full human health risk characterisation was possible. The calculated margin of exposures (MOEs) may indicate a risk for some consumers. For example, when lupin seeds are consumed without a debittering step, or as debittered lupin seeds high in QA content and when 'lupin-based meat imitates' are consumed. For horses, companion and farm animals, other than salmonids, the available database on adverse effects was too limited to identify no-observed-adverse-effect levels and/or lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels and no risk characterisation was possible. For salmonids, the CONTAM Panel considers the risk for adverse effects to be low.
The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (HGCA) has provided funding for this project but has not conduct... more The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (HGCA) has provided funding for this project but has not conducted the research or written this report. While the authors have worked on the best information available to them, neither HGCA nor the authors shall in any event be liable for any loss, damage or injury howsoever suffered directly or indirectly in relation to the report or the research on which it is based.
Veterinary Record, 2002
The relationship between milk urea concentration and the fertility of dairy cows was examined in ... more The relationship between milk urea concentration and the fertility of dairy cows was examined in two studies. The first examined the relationship between bulk milk urea concentration and overall herd fertility, using data collected from 250 herds in the UK. There was no relationship either between bulk milk urea concentration and fertility, or between changes in bulk milk urea concentration and fertility. The second study compared the relationship between the milk urea concentration five days after service, and the fertility of individual cows on 11 UK dairy farms. There was no significant difference between the milk urea concentration of the cows that became pregnant and those that did not.
British Journal of Nutrition, 1982
1. A total of six diets based on maize silage were formulated to examine the effect of protein- a... more 1. A total of six diets based on maize silage were formulated to examine the effect of protein- and non-protein-nitrogen, and energy supplementation on the flow of amino acids to the small intestine and the synthesis of microbial amino acids in the rumen of growing cattle. All diets contained 24 g totai nitrogen (N)/kg dry matter (DM), of which 550 g N/kg total N was supplied by either urea or fish meal. Four diets contained low levels of barley (estimated total dietary metabolizable energy content of 10·4 M J/kgDM) and urea-N and fish meal-N were supplied in the ratios 3:1, 1·4:1, 0·6:1 and 0·3:1. The other two diets contained between 300 and 400 g barley/kg total diet (11·3 MJ metabolizable energy/kg DM) and the urea-N to fish meal-N ratios were 3:1 and 0·3:1.2. On the four low-energy diets, fish meal inclusion tended to reduce the extent of organic matter (OM) digestion in the rumen but significantly increased duodenal amino acid supply (P < 0·05) in a quadratic manner. Microb...
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1983
Maize silage which was freeze-or oven-dried had 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 % or 0 and 8 % by weight of pure... more Maize silage which was freeze-or oven-dried had 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 % or 0 and 8 % by weight of pure maize starch added, respectively. The samples were analysed for invitro DOMD content at three different laboratories. There were significant differences (P< 0.01) between laboratories and method of sample drying. Higher values were recorded for the freeze-dried material. Nevertheless similar samples were generally ranked in the same order at different laboratories. The increase in in-vitro DOMD values with increasing starch suggests that the technique is able to distinguish between maize silages of varying grain contents. Samples were also analysed for MAD fibre and and their ME content estimated from it and also by the gas production method now widely used in Germany. The gas production method produced higher ME values and these were closer to the results obtained from in-vivo trials.
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2005
Ammonia (NH3) emissions from cattle are much less when they are grazing than when they are housed... more Ammonia (NH3) emissions from cattle are much less when they are grazing than when they are housed. The urine excreted during grazing may rapidly infiltrate soil whereas it remains on the surface of impermeable floors and yards. If the average grazing season for the UK herd could be extended from 6 to 8 months, NH3 emissions from cattle could potentially
<strong>UPDATE to version 2 of this upload:</strong> Also the raw (no data cleaning a... more <strong>UPDATE to version 2 of this upload:</strong> Also the raw (no data cleaning applied to it) occurrence dataset as extracted from EFSA DWH is provided <em>in csv format</em>. This dataset is compliant with EFSA SSD model and contains two additional columns documenting issues identified in the cleaning process (column: issue) and the action taken (column: action) to address the issue (e.g. delete record or update values in specific fields). <strong>Description - Version 1</strong> This Annex is an excel file which presents tables on GAs on occurrence data in food and feed, and dietary exposure assessment for humans.
EFSA Journal, 2021
Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the ... more Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) provided a scientific opinion on an application for a detoxification process of groundnut press cake for aflatoxins by ammoniation. Specifically, it is required that the feed decontamination process is compliant with the acceptability criteria specified in the Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/786 of 19 May 2015. The CONTAM Panel assessed the data provided by the feed business operator with respect to the efficacy of the process to remove the contaminant from groundnut press cake batches and on information demonstrating that the process does not adversely affect the characteristics and the nature of the product. Although according to the literature the process may be able to reduce aflatoxin levels below the legal limits, the Panel concluded that the proposed decontamination process, on the basis of the experimental data submitted by the feed business operator, cannot be confirmed for compliance with the acceptability criteria provided for in Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/786 of 19 May 2015. The Panel recommended sufficient sample testing before and after the process, under the selected conditions, to ensure that the process is reproducible and reliable and to demonstrate that the detoxification is not reversible. In addition, genotoxicity testing of extracts of the treated feedingstuff and of the identified degradation products would be necessary. Finally, information on the transfer rate of AFB1 to AFM1 excretion in milk for animals fed the ammoniated product, in comparison to the starting material and on the ammoniation process changes of the nutritional values of the feed material should be provided.