Harry Craig - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Harry Craig
Marine Technology Society Journal, Nov 1, 2011
Legacy underwater munitions may leak munitions constituents and, thereby, contaminate the environ... more Legacy underwater munitions may leak munitions constituents and, thereby, contaminate the environment and expose people to energetic compounds. This paper reviews the sources of underwater munitions, how munitions compounds are released, and their fate and transport characteristics. Because some of these energetic compounds and their environmental transformation products are toxic, we also describe the types of data needed to evaluate potential human and ecological risks at underwater munitions sites.
The Federal Facilities Forum is a group of It is imperative that any persons working U.S. Environ... more The Federal Facilities Forum is a group of It is imperative that any persons working U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on sites believed to be contaminated with (EPA) scientists and engineers, representing explosive residues thoroughly familiarize EPA regional offices, committed to the themselves with the physical and toxic identification and resolution of issues affect-properties of the materials potentially ing the characterization and remediation of present and to take all measures as may be federal facility Superfund and Resource prudent and/or prescribed by law to protect Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) sites. life, health, and property. This publication Current forum members are identified in the is not intended to include discussions of the text. The forum members identified a need to safety issues associated with sites contamprovide Remedial Project Managers (RPMs) inated with explosive residues. Examples of and other federal, state, and private personnel safety issues to be considered include but are working on hazardous waste sites with a not limited to: explosion hazards, toxicity of technical issue paper that identifies screening secondary explosives, and/or personal procedures for characterizing soils contaminated protective equipment. Information pertaining with explosive and propellant compounds. to these concerns can be found in Roberts and Forum members Scott Marquess and Paul Hartley (1992) and Yinon (1990). Specifically, Leonard provided technical guidance and this paper is not intended to serve as a guide direction in the development of this Issue paper for sampling and analysis of unexploded and other Forum members provided comments. ordnance, bulk high explosives, or where This paper was prepared by A. B. Crockett, exceed 100,000 mg/kg (10%). These H. D. Craig, T. F. Jenkins, and W. E. Sisk. conditions present a potential detonation Support for this project was provided by the hazard, and as such, safety procedures and EPA National Exposure Research Labora-safety precautions should be identified tory's Characterization Research Division before initiating site characterization activwith the assistance of the Superfund Project's ities in these environments. Finally, this Technology Support Center for Monitoring paper does not address primary explosives or and Site Characterization. For further initiating compounds, such as lead azide, lead information, contact Ken Brown, Technology styphnate, or mercury fulminate, which are Support Center Director, at (702) 798-2270, extremely unstable and present a substantial Alan B. Crockett at (208) 526-1574, or Harry safety risk at any concentration. Craig at (503) 326-3689. secondary explosives concentrations in soil
and Wayne E. SiskAbstract: On-site methods for explosives in soil are reviewed. Current methods e... more and Wayne E. SiskAbstract: On-site methods for explosives in soil are reviewed. Current methods emphasize the detection of TNT and RDX. Methods that have undergone significant validation fall into two categories: colorimetricbased methods and enzyme immunoassay methods. Discussions include considerations of specificity, de-tection limits, extraction, cost, and ease of use. A discussion of the unique sampling design considerations is also provided as well as an overview of the most commonly employed laboratory method for analyzing explosives in soil. A short summary of ongoing development activities is provided. How to get copies of CRREL technical publications:
This paper describes two treatability studies for concurrent stabilization/solidification (S/S) o... more This paper describes two treatability studies for concurrent stabilization/solidification (S/S) of metals and explosives in soils from Open Burning/Open Detonation (OB/OD) activities at an Army site in eastern Oregon. These treatability studies address the destruction and removal efficiencies (DRE), a CERCLA measure of treatment feasibility, and also the ability of the formulations to meet site-specific leachate remediation goals for the treated soils. The untreated site soils exceeded the leachate remediation goals (measured on Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure extracts) for the following compounds: cadmium, lead, Royal Demolition Explosive (RDX), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT), and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (1,3,5-TNB). Treatability study results indicate that S/S is effective for cadmium and lead by a 30% cement + 10% flyash + 40% soil formulation. However, the explosives compounds, RDX and 2,4,6-TNT, met neither DRE goals nor leachability requirements. Success in removin...
The Federal Facilities Forum is a group of It is imperative that any persons working U.S. Environ... more The Federal Facilities Forum is a group of It is imperative that any persons working U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on sites believed to be contaminated with (EPA) scientists and engineers, representing explosive residues thoroughly familiarize EPA regional offices, committed to the themselves with the physical and toxic identification and resolution of issues affectproperties of the materials potentially ing the characterization and remediation of present and to take all measures as may be federal facility Superfund and Resource prudent and/or prescribed by law to protect Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) sites. life, health, and property. This publication Current forum members are identified in the is not intended to include discussions of the text. The forum members identified a need to safety issues associated with sites contamprovide Remedial Project Managers (RPMs) inated with explosive residues. Examples of and other federal, state, and private personnel safety issue...
A field demonstration was conducted to assess the performance of eight commercially-available and... more A field demonstration was conducted to assess the performance of eight commercially-available and emerging colorimetric, immunoassay, and biosensor on-site analytical methods for explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in ground water and leachate at the Umatilla Army Depot Activity, Hermiston, Oregon and U.S. Naval Submarine Base, Bangor, Washington, Superfund sites. Ground water samples were analyzed by each of the on-site methods and results compared to laboratory analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with EPA SW-846 Method 8330. The commercial methods evaluated include the EnSys, Inc., TNT and RDX colorimetric test kits (EPA SW-846 Methods 8515 and 8510) with a solid phase extraction (SPE) step, the DTECH/EM Science TNT and RDX immunoassay test kits (EPA SW-846 Methods 4050 and 4051), and the Ohmicron TNT immunoassay test kit. The emerging methods tested include the antibody-based Naval Research Laboratory (...
Marine Technology Society Journal, 2011
A field demonstration was conducted to assess the performance of eight commercially-available and... more A field demonstration was conducted to assess the performance of eight commercially-available and emerging colorimetric, immunoassay, and biosensor on-site analytical methods for explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in ground water and leachate at the Umatilla Army Depot Activity, Hermiston, Oregon and U.S. Naval Submarine Base, Bangor, Washington, Superfund sites. Ground water samples were analyzed by each of the on-site methods and results compared to laboratory analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with EPA SW-846 Method 8330. The commercial methods evaluated include the EnSys, Inc., TNT and RDX colorimetric test kits (EPA SW-846 Methods 8515 and 8510) with a solid phase extraction (SPE) step, the DTECH/EM Science TNT and RDX immunoassay test kits (EPA SW-846 Methods 4050 and 4051), and the Ohmicron TNT immunoassay test kit. The emerging methods tested include the antibody-based Naval Research Laboratory (...
Marine Technology Society Journal, Nov 1, 2011
Legacy underwater munitions may leak munitions constituents and, thereby, contaminate the environ... more Legacy underwater munitions may leak munitions constituents and, thereby, contaminate the environment and expose people to energetic compounds. This paper reviews the sources of underwater munitions, how munitions compounds are released, and their fate and transport characteristics. Because some of these energetic compounds and their environmental transformation products are toxic, we also describe the types of data needed to evaluate potential human and ecological risks at underwater munitions sites.
The Federal Facilities Forum is a group of It is imperative that any persons working U.S. Environ... more The Federal Facilities Forum is a group of It is imperative that any persons working U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on sites believed to be contaminated with (EPA) scientists and engineers, representing explosive residues thoroughly familiarize EPA regional offices, committed to the themselves with the physical and toxic identification and resolution of issues affect-properties of the materials potentially ing the characterization and remediation of present and to take all measures as may be federal facility Superfund and Resource prudent and/or prescribed by law to protect Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) sites. life, health, and property. This publication Current forum members are identified in the is not intended to include discussions of the text. The forum members identified a need to safety issues associated with sites contamprovide Remedial Project Managers (RPMs) inated with explosive residues. Examples of and other federal, state, and private personnel safety issues to be considered include but are working on hazardous waste sites with a not limited to: explosion hazards, toxicity of technical issue paper that identifies screening secondary explosives, and/or personal procedures for characterizing soils contaminated protective equipment. Information pertaining with explosive and propellant compounds. to these concerns can be found in Roberts and Forum members Scott Marquess and Paul Hartley (1992) and Yinon (1990). Specifically, Leonard provided technical guidance and this paper is not intended to serve as a guide direction in the development of this Issue paper for sampling and analysis of unexploded and other Forum members provided comments. ordnance, bulk high explosives, or where This paper was prepared by A. B. Crockett, exceed 100,000 mg/kg (10%). These H. D. Craig, T. F. Jenkins, and W. E. Sisk. conditions present a potential detonation Support for this project was provided by the hazard, and as such, safety procedures and EPA National Exposure Research Labora-safety precautions should be identified tory's Characterization Research Division before initiating site characterization activwith the assistance of the Superfund Project's ities in these environments. Finally, this Technology Support Center for Monitoring paper does not address primary explosives or and Site Characterization. For further initiating compounds, such as lead azide, lead information, contact Ken Brown, Technology styphnate, or mercury fulminate, which are Support Center Director, at (702) 798-2270, extremely unstable and present a substantial Alan B. Crockett at (208) 526-1574, or Harry safety risk at any concentration. Craig at (503) 326-3689. secondary explosives concentrations in soil
and Wayne E. SiskAbstract: On-site methods for explosives in soil are reviewed. Current methods e... more and Wayne E. SiskAbstract: On-site methods for explosives in soil are reviewed. Current methods emphasize the detection of TNT and RDX. Methods that have undergone significant validation fall into two categories: colorimetricbased methods and enzyme immunoassay methods. Discussions include considerations of specificity, de-tection limits, extraction, cost, and ease of use. A discussion of the unique sampling design considerations is also provided as well as an overview of the most commonly employed laboratory method for analyzing explosives in soil. A short summary of ongoing development activities is provided. How to get copies of CRREL technical publications:
This paper describes two treatability studies for concurrent stabilization/solidification (S/S) o... more This paper describes two treatability studies for concurrent stabilization/solidification (S/S) of metals and explosives in soils from Open Burning/Open Detonation (OB/OD) activities at an Army site in eastern Oregon. These treatability studies address the destruction and removal efficiencies (DRE), a CERCLA measure of treatment feasibility, and also the ability of the formulations to meet site-specific leachate remediation goals for the treated soils. The untreated site soils exceeded the leachate remediation goals (measured on Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure extracts) for the following compounds: cadmium, lead, Royal Demolition Explosive (RDX), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT), and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (1,3,5-TNB). Treatability study results indicate that S/S is effective for cadmium and lead by a 30% cement + 10% flyash + 40% soil formulation. However, the explosives compounds, RDX and 2,4,6-TNT, met neither DRE goals nor leachability requirements. Success in removin...
The Federal Facilities Forum is a group of It is imperative that any persons working U.S. Environ... more The Federal Facilities Forum is a group of It is imperative that any persons working U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on sites believed to be contaminated with (EPA) scientists and engineers, representing explosive residues thoroughly familiarize EPA regional offices, committed to the themselves with the physical and toxic identification and resolution of issues affectproperties of the materials potentially ing the characterization and remediation of present and to take all measures as may be federal facility Superfund and Resource prudent and/or prescribed by law to protect Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) sites. life, health, and property. This publication Current forum members are identified in the is not intended to include discussions of the text. The forum members identified a need to safety issues associated with sites contamprovide Remedial Project Managers (RPMs) inated with explosive residues. Examples of and other federal, state, and private personnel safety issue...
A field demonstration was conducted to assess the performance of eight commercially-available and... more A field demonstration was conducted to assess the performance of eight commercially-available and emerging colorimetric, immunoassay, and biosensor on-site analytical methods for explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in ground water and leachate at the Umatilla Army Depot Activity, Hermiston, Oregon and U.S. Naval Submarine Base, Bangor, Washington, Superfund sites. Ground water samples were analyzed by each of the on-site methods and results compared to laboratory analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with EPA SW-846 Method 8330. The commercial methods evaluated include the EnSys, Inc., TNT and RDX colorimetric test kits (EPA SW-846 Methods 8515 and 8510) with a solid phase extraction (SPE) step, the DTECH/EM Science TNT and RDX immunoassay test kits (EPA SW-846 Methods 4050 and 4051), and the Ohmicron TNT immunoassay test kit. The emerging methods tested include the antibody-based Naval Research Laboratory (...
Marine Technology Society Journal, 2011
A field demonstration was conducted to assess the performance of eight commercially-available and... more A field demonstration was conducted to assess the performance of eight commercially-available and emerging colorimetric, immunoassay, and biosensor on-site analytical methods for explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in ground water and leachate at the Umatilla Army Depot Activity, Hermiston, Oregon and U.S. Naval Submarine Base, Bangor, Washington, Superfund sites. Ground water samples were analyzed by each of the on-site methods and results compared to laboratory analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with EPA SW-846 Method 8330. The commercial methods evaluated include the EnSys, Inc., TNT and RDX colorimetric test kits (EPA SW-846 Methods 8515 and 8510) with a solid phase extraction (SPE) step, the DTECH/EM Science TNT and RDX immunoassay test kits (EPA SW-846 Methods 4050 and 4051), and the Ohmicron TNT immunoassay test kit. The emerging methods tested include the antibody-based Naval Research Laboratory (...