Craig Hart - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Craig Hart

Research paper thumbnail of Chinese American children’s temperamental shyness and responses to peer victimization as moderated by maternal praise

Journal of Family Psychology, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of What Children Need From Parents (Part 2)

Research paper thumbnail of Aggression in Early and Middle Childhood

Research paper thumbnail of Marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms in China

Journal of Family Psychology, 2013

Although there is substantial evidence that low marital satisfaction is a significant risk factor... more Although there is substantial evidence that low marital satisfaction is a significant risk factor for depression, little research has examined this relationship in cultures outside of the U.S. and Europe. The validity of the marital discord model of depression in Chinese culture was tested by studying 391 couples living in Beijing and Hangzhou, China. Results of structural equation modeling using an actor-partner interdependence model strategy indicated that husbands' and wives' marital satisfaction was significantly predictive of their own depressive symptoms. In addition, wives' marital satisfaction significantly predicted husbands' depressive symptoms. These results provide evidence that the marital discord model of depression is useful in understanding the role of marital dissatisfaction as a risk factor for depressive symptoms in collectivistic societies, such as China.

Research paper thumbnail of Parenting measurement, normativeness, and associations with child outcomes: Comparing evidence from four non‐Western cultures

Developmental Science

This study compared parenting across four non‐Western cultures to test cross‐cultural commonality... more This study compared parenting across four non‐Western cultures to test cross‐cultural commonality and specificity principles in three aspects: measurement properties, parenting normativeness, and their associations with child outcomes. Both mothers and fathers (N = 1509 dyads) with preschool‐aged children (M = 5.00 years; 48% girls) from urban areas of four countries (Malaysia, N = 372; China, N = 441; Turkey, N = 402; and Japan, N = 294) reported on four parenting constructs (authoritative, authoritarian, group harmony socialization, and intrusive control) and their sub‐dimensions using modified culturally relevant measures. Teachers reported on children's internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors. The commonality principle was supported by two sets of findings: (1) full measurement invariance was established for most parenting constructs and sub‐dimensions, except that intrusive control only reached partial scalar invariance, and (2) no variations were found in ass...

Research paper thumbnail of Parental Psychological Control Measure--Russian Version

Research paper thumbnail of Correlates of sociometric status in Russian preschoolers: Aggression, victimization, and sociability

Personality and Individual Differences, 2016

Few studies have assessed behavioral correlates of preschool children's peer sociometric status i... more Few studies have assessed behavioral correlates of preschool children's peer sociometric status in cultures outside North America. This study focuses on 221 Russian preschoolers (108 boys, 113 girls). Correlates included physical and relational forms of aggression/victimization and sociable behavior. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) established that study instruments originally developed with U.S. preschoolers worked well in Russia. Findings in regard to aggression, sociability, and victimization were generally consistent with previous research with American and Italian preschoolers, particularly in regard to controversial status children. Our findings further challenge the notion that controversial children are consistently savvy in their social interactions. They and rejected children were most likely to be physically and relationally victimized by their peers.

Research paper thumbnail of Parenting Behavior Questionnaire

Research paper thumbnail of Socially Withdrawn Subtypes in Childhood Questionnaire

Research paper thumbnail of Parenting Practices Questionnaire

Research paper thumbnail of Social withdrawal (Fujiki et al., 2019)

Purpose: Teacher ratings were used to compare children with developmental language disorders (DLD... more Purpose: Teacher ratings were used to compare children with developmental language disorders (DLD) and their typically developing peers on 2 subtypes of social withdrawal (shyness and unsociability). Measurement invariance analysis was utilized to determine if teachers rated the 2 groups using the same underlying construct for each of the rating scale items that have been designed to assess withdrawn behavior.Method: The Teacher Behavior Rating Scale (TBRS; C. H. Hart & Robinson, 1996) was administered to the teachers of 173 children with DLD and 182 typically developing children (age range: 5;0–12;11 years;months) to compare 2 subtypes of withdrawal, shyness and unsociability. Measurement invariance analysis was used to establish an appropriate basis for comparing the latent group means and other structural parameters, and partial invariance models were used to compare the groups.Results: For the TBRS, shyness and unsociability were measured by 4 and 5 items, respectively. The meas...

Research paper thumbnail of Parenting and Relational Aggression

Oxford Scholarship Online, 2018

Many studies have considered whether parents play a role in either promoting or moderating their ... more Many studies have considered whether parents play a role in either promoting or moderating their children’s engagement in relational aggression (also known as indirect or social aggression). This is not surprising, given the consistent parenting correlates of physical aggression in prior research. There is evidence of fairly regular correspondence between children’s relational aggression and their parenting and home environment. We comprehensively consider the range of existing studies that have considered parenting correlates, and we group similar studies together. While most studies have utilized social learning theory as the foundation for empirical inquiry, there are researchers who consider alternative theories (attachment, social cognition) and emphases (e.g., direct vs. indirect effects of parenting) in their consideration of individual differences for relational aggression. Parenting influences are also qualified by children’s differential susceptibilities (e.g., biological ...

Research paper thumbnail of Teacher Ratings of Aggressive Behavior

Research paper thumbnail of Marital Hostility Scale

Research paper thumbnail of Psychological Control Measure

Research paper thumbnail of Longitudinal relations among child temperament, parenting, and acculturation in predicting Korean American children’s externalizing problems

Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2021

County (UMBC) ScholarWorks@UMBC digital repository on the Maryland Shared Open Access (MD-SOAR) p... more County (UMBC) ScholarWorks@UMBC digital repository on the Maryland Shared Open Access (MD-SOAR) platform.

Research paper thumbnail of The Mediating Role of Korean Immigrant Mothers’ Psychological Well-Being in the Associations between Social Support and Authoritarian Parenting Style

Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2017

We examined the mediating role of Korean immigrant mothers' psychological well-being in the assoc... more We examined the mediating role of Korean immigrant mothers' psychological well-being in the associations between mothers' emotional vs. instrumental support received from their kin, and their authoritarian parenting style with their preschoolers using longitudinal data. First-generation Korean immigrant mothers with preschool-aged children (N = 158; M maternal age = 36.11 years, SD = 3.90; M child age = 4.43 years, SD = 1.10) residing in Maryland, U.S., participated in three assessment waves. Each assessment wave was 6 months apart. Mothers reported on the amount of perceived emotional and instrumental support they received from their kin, their behavioral acculturation towards the American culture, and their family demographic information at Wave 1, their psychological well-being at Wave 2, and their authoritarian parenting style at Wave 3. The results revealed that higher levels of perceived instrumental support (but not emotional support) received from kin predicted higher levels of maternal psychological well-being 6 months later, which in turn predicted lower levels of reported authoritarian parenting style 6 months later. Our findings highlighted the importance of psychological well-being as a mechanism that explains how instrumental support can impact Korean immigrant mothers' parenting style, and the importance of distinguishing between types of support. Services providing instrumental support (e.g., childcare assistance) for first-generation immigrant mothers, particularly those with smaller or less effective kin networks, appear important to implement.

Research paper thumbnail of Maternal encouragement of modest behavior, temperamental shyness, and anxious withdrawal linkages to Chinese American children's social adjustment: A moderated mediation analysis

Social Development, 2018

Past studies have revealed potential differences in the functional meaning and social evaluation ... more Past studies have revealed potential differences in the functional meaning and social evaluation of children's temperamental shyness between Chinese interdependence-oriented and North American independence-oriented cultural contexts. However, very little is known about shy Chinese American children's adjustment in Western school contexts and potential pathways underlying their adjustment. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the associations between Chinese American children's temperamental shyness and their social adjustment outcomes, including peer exclusion, prosocial behavior, and assertiveness/leadership skills. In addition, the mediating role of children's display of anxious-withdrawn behavior and the moderating role of first-generation Chinese immigrant mothers' encouragement of modesty in their parenting practices as applied to associations between temperamental shyness and social adjustment outcomes were explored. Path analyses indicated that the impact of Chinese American children's temperamental shyness on their socioemotional adjustment was mediated by their display of anxiouswithdrawn behavior in school. However, when Chinese immigrant mothers encouraged their children to be more modest, children's temperamental shyness was less strongly related to negative social adjustment outcomes through diminished anxious-withdrawn behavior. These results highlighted the importance of culturally emphasized parenting practices in fostering Chinese American children's adjustment in the United States.

Research paper thumbnail of Cooperation and Competition

Smith/The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development, 2011

ABSTRACT This chapter contains sections titled: Definitions of Cooperation and CompetitionCompeti... more ABSTRACT This chapter contains sections titled: Definitions of Cooperation and CompetitionCompetition and Cooperation as Seen by ChildrenMethodological Issues in the Study of Cooperation and CompetitionThe Developmental Unfolding of Competitive and Cooperative BehaviorCultural DifferencesSex Differences in Competition Within Children's Interpersonal RelationshipsCooperative Versus Competitive Environments as Facilitators of Learning and MotivationCompetition, Friendships, and Peer RelationshipsIdeas for New ResearchReferences

Research paper thumbnail of Longitudinal effects of maternal love withdrawal and guilt induction on Chinese American preschoolers’ bullying aggressive behavior

Development and Psychopathology, 2019

Bullying has been understudied among preschool children, especially those from Chinese American f... more Bullying has been understudied among preschool children, especially those from Chinese American families. Previous research has also neglected the dimensional effects of psychological control on child bullying development. This study examined two psychological control dimensions, love withdrawal and guilt induction, and their effects on children's bullying aggressive behavior using a longitudinal design. Participants were first-generation Chinese American mothers (N = 133; mean age [Mage] = 37.82) and their preschool children (Mage = 4.48). Chinese immigrant mothers reported their psychologically controlling parenting and teachers rated children's bullying aggressive behaviors in the school setting. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to establish the psychometric properties and cross-wave measurement equivalence of the study constructs. Cross-lagged structural equation modeling analysis indicated that maternal love withdrawal prospectively predicted more bullying ag...

Research paper thumbnail of Chinese American children’s temperamental shyness and responses to peer victimization as moderated by maternal praise

Journal of Family Psychology, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of What Children Need From Parents (Part 2)

Research paper thumbnail of Aggression in Early and Middle Childhood

Research paper thumbnail of Marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms in China

Journal of Family Psychology, 2013

Although there is substantial evidence that low marital satisfaction is a significant risk factor... more Although there is substantial evidence that low marital satisfaction is a significant risk factor for depression, little research has examined this relationship in cultures outside of the U.S. and Europe. The validity of the marital discord model of depression in Chinese culture was tested by studying 391 couples living in Beijing and Hangzhou, China. Results of structural equation modeling using an actor-partner interdependence model strategy indicated that husbands' and wives' marital satisfaction was significantly predictive of their own depressive symptoms. In addition, wives' marital satisfaction significantly predicted husbands' depressive symptoms. These results provide evidence that the marital discord model of depression is useful in understanding the role of marital dissatisfaction as a risk factor for depressive symptoms in collectivistic societies, such as China.

Research paper thumbnail of Parenting measurement, normativeness, and associations with child outcomes: Comparing evidence from four non‐Western cultures

Developmental Science

This study compared parenting across four non‐Western cultures to test cross‐cultural commonality... more This study compared parenting across four non‐Western cultures to test cross‐cultural commonality and specificity principles in three aspects: measurement properties, parenting normativeness, and their associations with child outcomes. Both mothers and fathers (N = 1509 dyads) with preschool‐aged children (M = 5.00 years; 48% girls) from urban areas of four countries (Malaysia, N = 372; China, N = 441; Turkey, N = 402; and Japan, N = 294) reported on four parenting constructs (authoritative, authoritarian, group harmony socialization, and intrusive control) and their sub‐dimensions using modified culturally relevant measures. Teachers reported on children's internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors. The commonality principle was supported by two sets of findings: (1) full measurement invariance was established for most parenting constructs and sub‐dimensions, except that intrusive control only reached partial scalar invariance, and (2) no variations were found in ass...

Research paper thumbnail of Parental Psychological Control Measure--Russian Version

Research paper thumbnail of Correlates of sociometric status in Russian preschoolers: Aggression, victimization, and sociability

Personality and Individual Differences, 2016

Few studies have assessed behavioral correlates of preschool children's peer sociometric status i... more Few studies have assessed behavioral correlates of preschool children's peer sociometric status in cultures outside North America. This study focuses on 221 Russian preschoolers (108 boys, 113 girls). Correlates included physical and relational forms of aggression/victimization and sociable behavior. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) established that study instruments originally developed with U.S. preschoolers worked well in Russia. Findings in regard to aggression, sociability, and victimization were generally consistent with previous research with American and Italian preschoolers, particularly in regard to controversial status children. Our findings further challenge the notion that controversial children are consistently savvy in their social interactions. They and rejected children were most likely to be physically and relationally victimized by their peers.

Research paper thumbnail of Parenting Behavior Questionnaire

Research paper thumbnail of Socially Withdrawn Subtypes in Childhood Questionnaire

Research paper thumbnail of Parenting Practices Questionnaire

Research paper thumbnail of Social withdrawal (Fujiki et al., 2019)

Purpose: Teacher ratings were used to compare children with developmental language disorders (DLD... more Purpose: Teacher ratings were used to compare children with developmental language disorders (DLD) and their typically developing peers on 2 subtypes of social withdrawal (shyness and unsociability). Measurement invariance analysis was utilized to determine if teachers rated the 2 groups using the same underlying construct for each of the rating scale items that have been designed to assess withdrawn behavior.Method: The Teacher Behavior Rating Scale (TBRS; C. H. Hart & Robinson, 1996) was administered to the teachers of 173 children with DLD and 182 typically developing children (age range: 5;0–12;11 years;months) to compare 2 subtypes of withdrawal, shyness and unsociability. Measurement invariance analysis was used to establish an appropriate basis for comparing the latent group means and other structural parameters, and partial invariance models were used to compare the groups.Results: For the TBRS, shyness and unsociability were measured by 4 and 5 items, respectively. The meas...

Research paper thumbnail of Parenting and Relational Aggression

Oxford Scholarship Online, 2018

Many studies have considered whether parents play a role in either promoting or moderating their ... more Many studies have considered whether parents play a role in either promoting or moderating their children’s engagement in relational aggression (also known as indirect or social aggression). This is not surprising, given the consistent parenting correlates of physical aggression in prior research. There is evidence of fairly regular correspondence between children’s relational aggression and their parenting and home environment. We comprehensively consider the range of existing studies that have considered parenting correlates, and we group similar studies together. While most studies have utilized social learning theory as the foundation for empirical inquiry, there are researchers who consider alternative theories (attachment, social cognition) and emphases (e.g., direct vs. indirect effects of parenting) in their consideration of individual differences for relational aggression. Parenting influences are also qualified by children’s differential susceptibilities (e.g., biological ...

Research paper thumbnail of Teacher Ratings of Aggressive Behavior

Research paper thumbnail of Marital Hostility Scale

Research paper thumbnail of Psychological Control Measure

Research paper thumbnail of Longitudinal relations among child temperament, parenting, and acculturation in predicting Korean American children’s externalizing problems

Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2021

County (UMBC) ScholarWorks@UMBC digital repository on the Maryland Shared Open Access (MD-SOAR) p... more County (UMBC) ScholarWorks@UMBC digital repository on the Maryland Shared Open Access (MD-SOAR) platform.

Research paper thumbnail of The Mediating Role of Korean Immigrant Mothers’ Psychological Well-Being in the Associations between Social Support and Authoritarian Parenting Style

Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2017

We examined the mediating role of Korean immigrant mothers' psychological well-being in the assoc... more We examined the mediating role of Korean immigrant mothers' psychological well-being in the associations between mothers' emotional vs. instrumental support received from their kin, and their authoritarian parenting style with their preschoolers using longitudinal data. First-generation Korean immigrant mothers with preschool-aged children (N = 158; M maternal age = 36.11 years, SD = 3.90; M child age = 4.43 years, SD = 1.10) residing in Maryland, U.S., participated in three assessment waves. Each assessment wave was 6 months apart. Mothers reported on the amount of perceived emotional and instrumental support they received from their kin, their behavioral acculturation towards the American culture, and their family demographic information at Wave 1, their psychological well-being at Wave 2, and their authoritarian parenting style at Wave 3. The results revealed that higher levels of perceived instrumental support (but not emotional support) received from kin predicted higher levels of maternal psychological well-being 6 months later, which in turn predicted lower levels of reported authoritarian parenting style 6 months later. Our findings highlighted the importance of psychological well-being as a mechanism that explains how instrumental support can impact Korean immigrant mothers' parenting style, and the importance of distinguishing between types of support. Services providing instrumental support (e.g., childcare assistance) for first-generation immigrant mothers, particularly those with smaller or less effective kin networks, appear important to implement.

Research paper thumbnail of Maternal encouragement of modest behavior, temperamental shyness, and anxious withdrawal linkages to Chinese American children's social adjustment: A moderated mediation analysis

Social Development, 2018

Past studies have revealed potential differences in the functional meaning and social evaluation ... more Past studies have revealed potential differences in the functional meaning and social evaluation of children's temperamental shyness between Chinese interdependence-oriented and North American independence-oriented cultural contexts. However, very little is known about shy Chinese American children's adjustment in Western school contexts and potential pathways underlying their adjustment. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the associations between Chinese American children's temperamental shyness and their social adjustment outcomes, including peer exclusion, prosocial behavior, and assertiveness/leadership skills. In addition, the mediating role of children's display of anxious-withdrawn behavior and the moderating role of first-generation Chinese immigrant mothers' encouragement of modesty in their parenting practices as applied to associations between temperamental shyness and social adjustment outcomes were explored. Path analyses indicated that the impact of Chinese American children's temperamental shyness on their socioemotional adjustment was mediated by their display of anxiouswithdrawn behavior in school. However, when Chinese immigrant mothers encouraged their children to be more modest, children's temperamental shyness was less strongly related to negative social adjustment outcomes through diminished anxious-withdrawn behavior. These results highlighted the importance of culturally emphasized parenting practices in fostering Chinese American children's adjustment in the United States.

Research paper thumbnail of Cooperation and Competition

Smith/The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development, 2011

ABSTRACT This chapter contains sections titled: Definitions of Cooperation and CompetitionCompeti... more ABSTRACT This chapter contains sections titled: Definitions of Cooperation and CompetitionCompetition and Cooperation as Seen by ChildrenMethodological Issues in the Study of Cooperation and CompetitionThe Developmental Unfolding of Competitive and Cooperative BehaviorCultural DifferencesSex Differences in Competition Within Children's Interpersonal RelationshipsCooperative Versus Competitive Environments as Facilitators of Learning and MotivationCompetition, Friendships, and Peer RelationshipsIdeas for New ResearchReferences

Research paper thumbnail of Longitudinal effects of maternal love withdrawal and guilt induction on Chinese American preschoolers’ bullying aggressive behavior

Development and Psychopathology, 2019

Bullying has been understudied among preschool children, especially those from Chinese American f... more Bullying has been understudied among preschool children, especially those from Chinese American families. Previous research has also neglected the dimensional effects of psychological control on child bullying development. This study examined two psychological control dimensions, love withdrawal and guilt induction, and their effects on children's bullying aggressive behavior using a longitudinal design. Participants were first-generation Chinese American mothers (N = 133; mean age [Mage] = 37.82) and their preschool children (Mage = 4.48). Chinese immigrant mothers reported their psychologically controlling parenting and teachers rated children's bullying aggressive behaviors in the school setting. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to establish the psychometric properties and cross-wave measurement equivalence of the study constructs. Cross-lagged structural equation modeling analysis indicated that maternal love withdrawal prospectively predicted more bullying ag...