Craig Spencer - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Craig Spencer

Research paper thumbnail of Additional file 1: of Community-based surveillance of unaccompanied and separated children in drought-affected northern Ethiopia

Community Liaison Codebook. a. Tool for community focal points to summarize publicly known inform... more Community Liaison Codebook. a. Tool for community focal points to summarize publicly known information about a specific unaccompanied or separated child in text message. (PDF 351 kb)

Research paper thumbnail of 2. Mortality and Border Deaths Data

Border Deaths

Statistics on border deaths have permeated public discourse over the last few years in Europe, in... more Statistics on border deaths have permeated public discourse over the last few years in Europe, in part due to the increased effort by academics, journalists, NGOs and international organizations to document these deaths. For researchers and policy makers, these quantitative data help indicate the severity of the phenomenon of people dying while trying to reach other countries in an irregularized manner. Such figures can also raise awareness and concern within the general public. This chapter is organized around the main challenges associated with quantitative border deaths data collection and dissemination. The chapter suggests strategies for improvement of the current context as well as directions for research and work on border deaths in the future.

Research paper thumbnail of Mortality and Border Deaths Data

Border Deaths

Statistics on border deaths have permeated public discourse over the last few years in Europe, in... more Statistics on border deaths have permeated public discourse over the last few years in Europe, in part due to the increased effort by academics, journalists, NGOs and international organizations to document these deaths. For researchers and policy makers, these quantitative data help indicate the severity of the phenomenon of people dying while trying to reach other countries in an irregularized manner. Such figures can also raise awareness and concern within the general public. This chapter is organized around the main challenges associated with quantitative border deaths data collection and dissemination. The chapter suggests strategies for improvement of the current context as well as directions for research and work on border deaths in the future.

Research paper thumbnail of The USA's response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak could have informed its COVID-19 response

Lancet (London, England), 2021

Research paper thumbnail of 2. Mortality and Border Deaths Data

Research paper thumbnail of Mortality and Border Deaths Data

Statistics on border deaths have permeated public discourse over the last few years in Europe, in... more Statistics on border deaths have permeated public discourse over the last few years in Europe, in part due to the increased effort by academics, journalists, NGOs and international organizations to document these deaths. For researchers and policy makers, these quantitative data help indicate the severity of the phenomenon of people dying while trying to reach other countries in an irregularized manner. Such figures can also raise awareness and concern within the general public. This chapter is organized around the main challenges associated with quantitative border deaths data collection and dissemination. The chapter suggests strategies for improvement of the current context as well as directions for research and work on border deaths in the future.

Research paper thumbnail of Acute Jaundice Syndrome community outbreak due to Hepatitis E virus in Am Timan, September 2016 to January 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Community-based surveillance of unaccompanied and separated children in drought-affected northern Ethiopia

BMC International Health and Human Rights

Research paper thumbnail of A large outbreak of Hepatitis E virus genotype 1 infection in an urban setting in Chad likely linked to household level transmission factors, 2016-2017

PloS one, 2017

In September 2016, three acutely jaundiced (AJS) pregnant women were admitted to Am Timan Hospita... more In September 2016, three acutely jaundiced (AJS) pregnant women were admitted to Am Timan Hospital, eastern Chad. We described the outbreak and conducted a case test-negative study to identify risk factors for this genotype of HEV in an acute outbreak setting. Active case finding using a community based surveillance network identified suspected AJS cases. Pregnant or visibly ill AJS cases presenting at hospital were tested with Assure® IgM HEV rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and some with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in Amsterdam; confirmed cases were RDT-positive and controls were RDT-negative. All answered questions around: demographics, household makeup, area of residence, handwashing practices, water collection behaviour and clinical presentation. We calculated unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Between September and April 2017, 1443 AJS cases (1293 confirmed) were detected in the town(attack rate: 2%; estimated 65,000 population). PCR testing c...

Research paper thumbnail of Estimating child separation in emergencies: Results from North Kivu

Child Abuse & Neglect, 2016

Children who are separated from their families and usual caregivers in emergencies face a multitu... more Children who are separated from their families and usual caregivers in emergencies face a multitude of risks to their health and wellbeing. This study presents findings from the first known population-based estimation of separation in an emergency setting. Point prevalence and basic characteristics were measured to inform programming, policies and funding for affected populations. A household survey was carried out in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to estimate separation subsequent to an attack by the M23 militia group. Separation was tracked in terms of children arriving into the household after the M23 attacks and children who had departed from the household after the recall event without their parent or usual caregiver. Five hundred and twenty-two households were surveyed. In the sample of 2,197 children living in the respondents' homes at the time of data collection, 8.47% (n = 186) were separated children who had newly arrived in the household since the M23 attack. In the sample of 2,034 children living in the respondents' homes prior to the M23 attack, 5.31% (n = 108) children had since departed from the household, resulting in separation from their parents or usual caregivers. Characteristics of children who arrived and children who departed diverged in terms of age, reasons for separation and frequency of unaccompaniment. The findings indicate the potential for population-based estimation of separation to be replicated in emergency settings to inform funding appeals and programmatic response.

Research paper thumbnail of Having and fighting Ebola--public health lessons from a clinician turned patient

The New England journal of medicine, Jan 19, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the use of the neighborhood method to estimate the prevalence of child separation: a pilot in North Kivu, DRC

Conflict and Health, 2016

This article reports on the use of the &a... more This article reports on the use of the 'neighborhood method' to measure the prevalence and basic characteristics of children who became separated from their parents or usual caregivers subsequent to an attack by the M23 militia group in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. A two-stage household cluster survey was conducted in 522 households in North Kivu in August 2014. Heads of households were asked about separated children in their household, as well as the households of their two closest neighbors. Separation was tracked in terms of children who arrived into the households after the M23 attacks and children who departed from the households after the recall event without their parent(s) or usual caregiver. For a subset of 44 neighbor pairs, respondents were asked to report on the same household to assess inter-rater reliability. Data about primary respondents and their neighbors were assessed to determine whether the neighborhood method was a comparable, reliable and efficient alternative to a traditional household survey about separated children. The prevalence of separated children who arrived was 8.52 % [95 % CI: 6.75-10.75] in primary households and 4.46 % [95 % CI: 3.60-5.52] in neighbors' households (p-value = 0.0000). The prevalence of separated children who departed was 4.98 % [95 % CI: 3.45-7.19] in primary households and 3.19 % [95 % CI: 2.27-4.48] in neighbors' households (p-value = 0.0110). Kappa coefficients for the neighbor pairs indicated fair to moderate agreement for most demographic variables, but agreement was generally higher for variables related to current characteristics of the households than for variables describing the household in the past, especially before the M23 attack. Compared to a traditional household survey with similar power, the neighborhood method reduced data collection time by 50 % and lowered costs by 36 %. This pilot showed that, for measuring separated children in North Kivu, the results from neighbor households significantly underestimated the prevalence of separation when compared to data collected from respondents directly. Reliability was mixed. Although the neighborhood method did not yield valid results in this setting, given the potential the method holds to save scarce resources in humanitarian settings, additional pilots to refine and evaluate its validity and reliability in settings with shorter recall periods are recommended.

Research paper thumbnail of The Utilization of Chemical “Hard Warmers” and Multiple Insulation Methods for Warming of Normal Saline in Cold Environment

Research paper thumbnail of Bax Mediates the Apoptosis-Sensitizing Effect of Maspin

Cancer Research, 2004

This may occur through maspin-mediated inhibition of pericellular proteolysis. In a recent report... more This may occur through maspin-mediated inhibition of pericellular proteolysis. In a recent report, we provided evidence that maspin may also suppress tumor progression by enhancing cellular sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. To our knowledge, maspin is the only proapoptotic serpin among all of the serpins implicated thus far in apoptosis regulation. The goal of the present study is to identify the specific target molecule(s), the modification of which by maspin renders tumor cells sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents. Our cellular, molecular, and biochemical studies demonstrate an essential role of Bax in the proapoptotic effect of maspin. First, Bax was up-regulated in maspin-transfected prostate and breast tumor cells, whereas the levels of other Bcl-2 family members including Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Bak remained unchanged. Second, on apoptosis induction, a greater amount of Bax was translocated from cytosol to mitochondria in maspin-transfected cells. After treatment with a Bax-silencing small interfering RNA, maspin-transfected cells became significantly more resistant to drug-induced apoptosis. Consistently, the release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO from mitochondria was more responsive to apoptosis stimuli in maspin-transfected cells than in the mock-transfected cells. Third, the apoptosis induction of maspin-transfected cells was associated with increased activation of both caspase-8 and caspase-9. However, a caspase-9-specific inhibitor blocked the sensitization effect of maspin in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, demonstrating a rate-limiting role for caspase-9. In line with the central role of the Bax-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, maspin sensitized the apoptotic response of breast and prostate carcinoma cells to various drugs, ranging from death ligands to endoplasmic reticulum stress. The link between maspin and Bax up-regulation explains the loss of maspin-expressing tumor cells in invasive breast and prostate carcinomas. Our data reveal a novel mechanism for tumor suppressive maspin and suggest that maspin may be used as a modifier for apoptosis-based cancer therapy.

Research paper thumbnail of Estimating child separation in emergencies: Results from North Kivu

Child Abuse & Neglect, 2016

Children who are separated from their families and usual caregivers in emergencies face a multitu... more Children who are separated from their families and usual caregivers in emergencies face a multitude of risks to their health and wellbeing. This study presents findings from the first known population-based estimation of separation in an emergency setting. Point prevalence and basic characteristics were measured to inform programming, policies and funding for affected populations. A household survey was carried out in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to estimate separation subsequent to an attack by the M23 militia group. Separation was tracked in terms of children arriving into the household after the M23 attacks and children who had departed from the household after the recall event without their parent or usual caregiver. Five hundred and twenty-two households were surveyed. In the sample of 2,197 children living in the respondents' homes at the time of data collection, 8.47% (n=186) were separated children who had newly arrived in the household since the M23 attack. In the sample of 2,034 children living in the respondents' homes prior to the M23 attack, 5.31% (n=108) children had since departed from the household, resulting in separation from their parents or usual caregivers. Characteristics of children who arrived and children who departed diverged in terms of age, reasons for separation and frequency of unaccompaniment. The findings indicate the potential for population-based estimation of separation to be replicated in emergency settings to inform funding appeals and programmatic response.

Research paper thumbnail of Additional file 1: of Community-based surveillance of unaccompanied and separated children in drought-affected northern Ethiopia

Community Liaison Codebook. a. Tool for community focal points to summarize publicly known inform... more Community Liaison Codebook. a. Tool for community focal points to summarize publicly known information about a specific unaccompanied or separated child in text message. (PDF 351 kb)

Research paper thumbnail of 2. Mortality and Border Deaths Data

Border Deaths

Statistics on border deaths have permeated public discourse over the last few years in Europe, in... more Statistics on border deaths have permeated public discourse over the last few years in Europe, in part due to the increased effort by academics, journalists, NGOs and international organizations to document these deaths. For researchers and policy makers, these quantitative data help indicate the severity of the phenomenon of people dying while trying to reach other countries in an irregularized manner. Such figures can also raise awareness and concern within the general public. This chapter is organized around the main challenges associated with quantitative border deaths data collection and dissemination. The chapter suggests strategies for improvement of the current context as well as directions for research and work on border deaths in the future.

Research paper thumbnail of Mortality and Border Deaths Data

Border Deaths

Statistics on border deaths have permeated public discourse over the last few years in Europe, in... more Statistics on border deaths have permeated public discourse over the last few years in Europe, in part due to the increased effort by academics, journalists, NGOs and international organizations to document these deaths. For researchers and policy makers, these quantitative data help indicate the severity of the phenomenon of people dying while trying to reach other countries in an irregularized manner. Such figures can also raise awareness and concern within the general public. This chapter is organized around the main challenges associated with quantitative border deaths data collection and dissemination. The chapter suggests strategies for improvement of the current context as well as directions for research and work on border deaths in the future.

Research paper thumbnail of The USA's response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak could have informed its COVID-19 response

Lancet (London, England), 2021

Research paper thumbnail of 2. Mortality and Border Deaths Data

Research paper thumbnail of Mortality and Border Deaths Data

Statistics on border deaths have permeated public discourse over the last few years in Europe, in... more Statistics on border deaths have permeated public discourse over the last few years in Europe, in part due to the increased effort by academics, journalists, NGOs and international organizations to document these deaths. For researchers and policy makers, these quantitative data help indicate the severity of the phenomenon of people dying while trying to reach other countries in an irregularized manner. Such figures can also raise awareness and concern within the general public. This chapter is organized around the main challenges associated with quantitative border deaths data collection and dissemination. The chapter suggests strategies for improvement of the current context as well as directions for research and work on border deaths in the future.

Research paper thumbnail of Acute Jaundice Syndrome community outbreak due to Hepatitis E virus in Am Timan, September 2016 to January 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Community-based surveillance of unaccompanied and separated children in drought-affected northern Ethiopia

BMC International Health and Human Rights

Research paper thumbnail of A large outbreak of Hepatitis E virus genotype 1 infection in an urban setting in Chad likely linked to household level transmission factors, 2016-2017

PloS one, 2017

In September 2016, three acutely jaundiced (AJS) pregnant women were admitted to Am Timan Hospita... more In September 2016, three acutely jaundiced (AJS) pregnant women were admitted to Am Timan Hospital, eastern Chad. We described the outbreak and conducted a case test-negative study to identify risk factors for this genotype of HEV in an acute outbreak setting. Active case finding using a community based surveillance network identified suspected AJS cases. Pregnant or visibly ill AJS cases presenting at hospital were tested with Assure® IgM HEV rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and some with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in Amsterdam; confirmed cases were RDT-positive and controls were RDT-negative. All answered questions around: demographics, household makeup, area of residence, handwashing practices, water collection behaviour and clinical presentation. We calculated unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Between September and April 2017, 1443 AJS cases (1293 confirmed) were detected in the town(attack rate: 2%; estimated 65,000 population). PCR testing c...

Research paper thumbnail of Estimating child separation in emergencies: Results from North Kivu

Child Abuse & Neglect, 2016

Children who are separated from their families and usual caregivers in emergencies face a multitu... more Children who are separated from their families and usual caregivers in emergencies face a multitude of risks to their health and wellbeing. This study presents findings from the first known population-based estimation of separation in an emergency setting. Point prevalence and basic characteristics were measured to inform programming, policies and funding for affected populations. A household survey was carried out in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to estimate separation subsequent to an attack by the M23 militia group. Separation was tracked in terms of children arriving into the household after the M23 attacks and children who had departed from the household after the recall event without their parent or usual caregiver. Five hundred and twenty-two households were surveyed. In the sample of 2,197 children living in the respondents' homes at the time of data collection, 8.47% (n = 186) were separated children who had newly arrived in the household since the M23 attack. In the sample of 2,034 children living in the respondents' homes prior to the M23 attack, 5.31% (n = 108) children had since departed from the household, resulting in separation from their parents or usual caregivers. Characteristics of children who arrived and children who departed diverged in terms of age, reasons for separation and frequency of unaccompaniment. The findings indicate the potential for population-based estimation of separation to be replicated in emergency settings to inform funding appeals and programmatic response.

Research paper thumbnail of Having and fighting Ebola--public health lessons from a clinician turned patient

The New England journal of medicine, Jan 19, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the use of the neighborhood method to estimate the prevalence of child separation: a pilot in North Kivu, DRC

Conflict and Health, 2016

This article reports on the use of the &a... more This article reports on the use of the 'neighborhood method' to measure the prevalence and basic characteristics of children who became separated from their parents or usual caregivers subsequent to an attack by the M23 militia group in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. A two-stage household cluster survey was conducted in 522 households in North Kivu in August 2014. Heads of households were asked about separated children in their household, as well as the households of their two closest neighbors. Separation was tracked in terms of children who arrived into the households after the M23 attacks and children who departed from the households after the recall event without their parent(s) or usual caregiver. For a subset of 44 neighbor pairs, respondents were asked to report on the same household to assess inter-rater reliability. Data about primary respondents and their neighbors were assessed to determine whether the neighborhood method was a comparable, reliable and efficient alternative to a traditional household survey about separated children. The prevalence of separated children who arrived was 8.52 % [95 % CI: 6.75-10.75] in primary households and 4.46 % [95 % CI: 3.60-5.52] in neighbors' households (p-value = 0.0000). The prevalence of separated children who departed was 4.98 % [95 % CI: 3.45-7.19] in primary households and 3.19 % [95 % CI: 2.27-4.48] in neighbors' households (p-value = 0.0110). Kappa coefficients for the neighbor pairs indicated fair to moderate agreement for most demographic variables, but agreement was generally higher for variables related to current characteristics of the households than for variables describing the household in the past, especially before the M23 attack. Compared to a traditional household survey with similar power, the neighborhood method reduced data collection time by 50 % and lowered costs by 36 %. This pilot showed that, for measuring separated children in North Kivu, the results from neighbor households significantly underestimated the prevalence of separation when compared to data collected from respondents directly. Reliability was mixed. Although the neighborhood method did not yield valid results in this setting, given the potential the method holds to save scarce resources in humanitarian settings, additional pilots to refine and evaluate its validity and reliability in settings with shorter recall periods are recommended.

Research paper thumbnail of The Utilization of Chemical “Hard Warmers” and Multiple Insulation Methods for Warming of Normal Saline in Cold Environment

Research paper thumbnail of Bax Mediates the Apoptosis-Sensitizing Effect of Maspin

Cancer Research, 2004

This may occur through maspin-mediated inhibition of pericellular proteolysis. In a recent report... more This may occur through maspin-mediated inhibition of pericellular proteolysis. In a recent report, we provided evidence that maspin may also suppress tumor progression by enhancing cellular sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. To our knowledge, maspin is the only proapoptotic serpin among all of the serpins implicated thus far in apoptosis regulation. The goal of the present study is to identify the specific target molecule(s), the modification of which by maspin renders tumor cells sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents. Our cellular, molecular, and biochemical studies demonstrate an essential role of Bax in the proapoptotic effect of maspin. First, Bax was up-regulated in maspin-transfected prostate and breast tumor cells, whereas the levels of other Bcl-2 family members including Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Bak remained unchanged. Second, on apoptosis induction, a greater amount of Bax was translocated from cytosol to mitochondria in maspin-transfected cells. After treatment with a Bax-silencing small interfering RNA, maspin-transfected cells became significantly more resistant to drug-induced apoptosis. Consistently, the release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO from mitochondria was more responsive to apoptosis stimuli in maspin-transfected cells than in the mock-transfected cells. Third, the apoptosis induction of maspin-transfected cells was associated with increased activation of both caspase-8 and caspase-9. However, a caspase-9-specific inhibitor blocked the sensitization effect of maspin in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, demonstrating a rate-limiting role for caspase-9. In line with the central role of the Bax-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, maspin sensitized the apoptotic response of breast and prostate carcinoma cells to various drugs, ranging from death ligands to endoplasmic reticulum stress. The link between maspin and Bax up-regulation explains the loss of maspin-expressing tumor cells in invasive breast and prostate carcinomas. Our data reveal a novel mechanism for tumor suppressive maspin and suggest that maspin may be used as a modifier for apoptosis-based cancer therapy.

Research paper thumbnail of Estimating child separation in emergencies: Results from North Kivu

Child Abuse & Neglect, 2016

Children who are separated from their families and usual caregivers in emergencies face a multitu... more Children who are separated from their families and usual caregivers in emergencies face a multitude of risks to their health and wellbeing. This study presents findings from the first known population-based estimation of separation in an emergency setting. Point prevalence and basic characteristics were measured to inform programming, policies and funding for affected populations. A household survey was carried out in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to estimate separation subsequent to an attack by the M23 militia group. Separation was tracked in terms of children arriving into the household after the M23 attacks and children who had departed from the household after the recall event without their parent or usual caregiver. Five hundred and twenty-two households were surveyed. In the sample of 2,197 children living in the respondents' homes at the time of data collection, 8.47% (n=186) were separated children who had newly arrived in the household since the M23 attack. In the sample of 2,034 children living in the respondents' homes prior to the M23 attack, 5.31% (n=108) children had since departed from the household, resulting in separation from their parents or usual caregivers. Characteristics of children who arrived and children who departed diverged in terms of age, reasons for separation and frequency of unaccompaniment. The findings indicate the potential for population-based estimation of separation to be replicated in emergency settings to inform funding appeals and programmatic response.