Progress in Petrochemical Science - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Progress in Petrochemical Science
Crimson Publishers, 2024
Hydroxypropyl cellulose, a semi-synthetic organic compound, is classified into high substitution ... more Hydroxypropyl cellulose, a semi-synthetic organic compound, is classified into high substitution and low substitution variants. Both display distinct physical and chemical traits, making them prevalent in a plethora of industries, including the pharmaceutical, daily chemical, construction, food and many others. For most efficient use of hydroxypropyl cellulose, it is crucial to comprehend and enhance its properties. For this reason, research in the field of hydroxypropyl cellulose modification has become a focal point. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the modification methods of hydroxypropyl cellulose and presents the current state of research in the field of hydroxypropyl cellulose modification, which has important reference value for practical application.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
This study developed a suitable process modelling technique and simulation model for the non-cata... more This study developed a suitable process modelling technique and simulation model for the non-catalytic synthesis of high purity Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) using the Reactive Distillation (RD) process. The feasibility of the RD process is demonstrated for performing the glycol reaction, dewatering and separation indistinguishable from the existing MEG production process with added advantages. Notably, a high purity MEG product of 99.8% is achieved within a single RD column configuration that avoids the need for the make-up of fresh demineralized water as in the current process. A working RD process model is generated that uses the established kinetics model parameters for MEG synthesis in combination with the equilibrium model and thermodynamic parameters in Aspen Plus® software. This included the power-law reaction variables for the main MEG synthesis along with the competing reactions that generate Diethylene Glycol (DEG), Triethylene Glycol (TEG) and Tetra Ethylene Glycol (TTEG) by-products. Hydrodynamics conditions for this process are also produced using a suitably packed column with the counter-current flow configuration of gas and liquid phases. The hydrodynamic variables including packing specification, maximum stage liquid holdup and maximum liquid superficial velocity, are generated to establish a maximum of 47.2% packing capacity and a low-pressure drop of 0.1kPa. Remarkably, compared with the conventional process RD promoted a 3.4% increase in MEG yield and a 53.2% reduction in energy usage. A lower water-to-ethylene oxide feed ratio of 12.9 is found to be suitable against the conventional ratio of 20 which reduces the separation loading while achieving a higher affinity for MEG selectivity of 91.4%. This subsequently generated a low energy usage through the utilization of reaction heat for separation with a net energy release of 0.24MW which lowers the operation cost.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
This article is a brief summary of my lecture entitled “Physicochemical mechanics approach for na... more This article is a brief summary of my lecture entitled “Physicochemical mechanics approach for natural soft mater (including inorganic polymer and liquid crystal structures) in analysis of weathering’s and formations of chemogenic, mechanogenic and biogenic sediments”, which was prepared in 2018 for the 19th International Conference “Physical-Chemical and Petrophysical Research in Earth Sciences” (Moscow, Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry named after. V.I. Vernadsky RAS (GEOKHI RAS) - Borok, Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth). This material has never been told in English and has not been published in English-language literature, which has made the corresponding discourse less widespread, although it is based on quite fundamental problems that can help applied geologists, geochemists, soil scientists and petrographers solve their applied problems. Therefore, the author considers it necessary, despite the lack of time, to provide an abbreviated machine translation of the notes from that lecture in order to support the dissemination of the ideas indicated in this lecture in the international community. The author obviously apologizes for possible inaccuracies in context and synonymy associated with machine translation (AI-Assisted Translation).
Crimson Publishers, 2024
This study examines the practicable method of lignin delignification and fractionation from Oil P... more This study examines the practicable method of lignin delignification and fractionation from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) to produce high purity products. A review on the current literature progress in this field indicated two development phases that involves several early studies on lignin delignification and lignin product purification and the later phase provides initial attempts to improve lignin recovery efficiency and overcome technical barriers for obtaining high purity lignin. It is found that there are significant gaps in understanding to achieve efficient removal of lignin, good recovery of lignin from high purity products and the removal of silica residuals on OPEFB surfaces. Accordingly, the high technical barriers to achieve high-purity lignin products are identified, including the need for an improved method to delignify and fractionate lignin for the purpose of producing a higher purity product. It can be concluded that fractions of lignin may be segregated and isolated by using the ultrafiltration method based on molecule mass and recovery to a higher purity product with over 98wt.%. High purity applications of OPEFB lignin, such as the propylene stabilizer and chemical sunscreen products, can therefore be produced. Accordingly, this review also provided an opportunity to further develop product applications towards anti ultraviolet, antioxidant and antibacterial functions.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the biosphere, influenced by both their surrounding environment ... more Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the biosphere, influenced by both their surrounding environment and the biotic and abiotic factors of ecosystems. Contaminated areas often harbor species adept at utilizing pollutants as nutrients, thus enhancing their resilience to environmental pressures. Identifying and characterizing these species can significantly benefit bioremediation processes. To contribute to this understanding, bioremediation experiments were conducted in Barreiro, a pivotal industrial hub in Portugal during the 20th century. Soil samples from two distinct locations were analyzed: one near Barreiro city, impacted by various anthropogenic activities leading to increased fuel pollutants and the other in a protected wooded area designated for recreational and educational purposes. All identified hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms belonged to the Pseudomonas genus. Bioremediation assays isolated bacteria from pure colonies, compared with mixtures of all bacterial morphotypes capable of growth in the pollutant’s presence. Consistently higher bioremediation rates for gasoline and toluene were observed using mixed cultures. Effective degradation-capable bacterial strains were identified in both locations, demonstrating bioremediation potential. Mixed bacterial cultures exhibited superior degradation rates, underscoring the importance of microbial diversity for bioremediation effectiveness. Also, the composition and bioremediate activity of microbial communities change in response to hydrocarbon concentration were analyzed, providing insights into the resilience of microbial communities to environmental stressors and their capacity to adapt to contaminated conditions. These findings emphasize the importance of in-depth, on-site investigations to elucidate the interplay between native microbial communities and pollutant degradation potential in soil.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
High-valent transition metal-oxo complexes exhibit a wide range of reactivities and play essentia... more High-valent transition metal-oxo complexes exhibit a wide range of reactivities and play essential roles as active Oxygen Atom Transfer (OAT) species in many chemical and biological oxidation processes. However, the detection and characterization of these intermediates are still challenging in view of their high reactivity and short lifetimes and their transient nature makes their study complex. This review highlights recent advancements in how photochemical reactions with visible light have emerged as promising approaches to generate and study high-valent transition metal-oxo species with different metals on various macrocyclic ligands. Investigating the reactivity of photo-induced high-valent metaloxo species through practical kinetic studies has offered valuable insights into the structure-function relationships and an understanding of their involvement in oxidation reactions.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) is a non-crude oil-based technique for conversion of syngas to a ... more Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) is a non-crude oil-based technique for conversion of syngas to a wide range of hydrocarbons including light olefins, and liquid transportation fuels. Syngas, which is a combination of H2 and CO gases can be produced through natural gas reforming, biomass or coal gasification processes. FTS is a catalytic polymerization reaction, therefore rational design of the catalyst including active sites, support and promoters plays a significant role in improving the selectivity of the process to desired range of products. This mini review presents a summary of the different catalyst designs in FTS to synthesize light olefins or heavier hydrocarbons. Iron and cobalt are the industrially used active metals for FTS, due to the lower price and higher hydrogenation activity, respectively. Supports are a key factor in designing efficient FTS catalysts, which provide mechanical, thermal strength for the active sites and a high surface area for dispersion of the active metal particles. Herein we discuss two categories of the widely used support material for FTS: metal oxide supports and carbon materials. Another significant element in formulating a high-performance catalyst for FTS process is the promoters, which can be divided into electronical and structural promoters. This work highlights the roles of active metal, support and promoters in understanding the structure-activity correlations to design high-performance FTS catalysts for production clean and sustainable fuels.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
This article reports batch adsorption of Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) dye from an aqueous solution on... more This article reports batch adsorption of Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) dye from an aqueous solution onto NaOH Treated Rice Husk (TRH). The morphology of untreated and treated rice husk was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Adsorption of EBT from an aqueous solution onto TRH was demonstrated by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effect of operational parameters on the percentage removal of EBT from an aqueous solution and adsorption capacity was investigated in detail. The adsorptive removal of EBT from aqueous solution was increased with contact time, mass of TRH and temperature while declined with initial concentration of EBT aqueous solution. Similarly, adsorption capacity was enhanced from 0.71 to 1.61mg/g, 1.61 to 17.0mg/g and 1.41 to 1.68mg/g with increase in contact time, initial concentration of EBT aqueous solution and temperature respectively while decreased from 6.17 to 1.61mg/g with increase in mass of TRH. Adsorption kinetic study showed that adsorption of EBT onto TRH fitted well to pseudo-second-order kinetics because the value of correlation coefficient (R2=0.996) was close to unity. Adsorption isotherms including Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Tempkin were applied to experimental data. Results suggested that experimental data fitted well to Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Adsorption thermodynamics study indicated that adsorption of EBT onto Treated Rice Husk (TRH) was endothermic process because the value of enthalpy (∆Ho=20.57KJ/mol) was positive for it. Moreover, the negative values of Gibb’s free energy indicated that adsorption of EBT onto TRH was spontaneous process.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
Uncritical withdrawal and usage of mineral oil has reduced fossil fuel assets, causing fuel short... more Uncritical withdrawal and usage of mineral oil has reduced fossil fuel assets, causing fuel shortages and ecological deprivation. Due to fossil fuels’ environmental impact, biodiesel manufacturing has garnered interest as an alternative to Petro diesel. Biodiesel is a renewable diesel fuel made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Renewable energy seems like a good option for world energy needs, including Pakistan. Thus, a state-available feedstock-based alternative fuel must be found. Although vegetable oil can be used in diesel locomotives, using it for biodiesel production has become a major concern because it competes with food nutrition, making it difficult to defend. Thus, the search for inedible oil-yielding plant sources for biofuels has been fascinating and beneficial to the environment and food safety. Trans esterifying non-edible oil with methanol and base or strong acid catalysts make Biodiesel. Several parameters affect transesterification reaction. An optimum transesterification reaction depends on oil fatty acid composition and free fatty acid concentration. Other factors include reaction temperature, alcohol to-vegetable oil ratio, catalyst, mixing intensity and reactant purity. The kinematic viscosity, acid value, density, water content, flash point, pour point, cloud point and cold filter plugging point of biodiesel will be determined using ASTM standards (D-6751) and EN (14214) with acceptable agreement. To determine biodiesel composition and structure, FT-IR, NMR (1H & 13C), and GC-MS will be used. ICP-OES will calculate Na, K, Ca and Mg compositions. Elemental Analyzer (EA) investigations would analyze C, H, O and N ratios. Future feedstock research should reveal production costs, technological transformation opportunities for farmers, and worldwide industrial applications. Biodiesel fuel characteristics, transesterification and the most essential variables affecting the reaction are covered in this article.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
Recently, the world economy has been focusing on the possibility of a prolonged general recession... more Recently, the world economy has been focusing on the possibility of a prolonged general recession. In addition, discussions on various paradigms and policies to sustain economic development continue. This discussion on economic development changes depending on various environmental factors and as the policy paradigm changes, the method of economic development in individual countries or regions changes. The main keywords of this paradigm are issues such as economic growth, sustainable development, social security and ecofriendliness, which are gaining attention and having a significant impact on policy decisions in major countries. Among the major issues of economic development, there is a long-term plan for sustainable development and various policies to realize it are being implemented in detail. The recent global economy has faced some limitations in existing policies for sustainable development, necessitating the application of a new paradigm. To this end, the world has focused on the two goals of environmental factors and economic growth and discussions on eco-friendliness, green growth, green economy, development aid, shared growth and social economy are becoming active as new convergence policies for this purpose. According to these environmental factors, the green growth ODA covered in this study has important implications. We consider eco-friendliness and green growth as an improvement direction in response to recent limitations in global economic growth. Green growth focuses on taking one step further to overcome the limitations of economic growth by considering eco-friendly factors and reducing environmental costs accordingly. In addition, development aid helps overcome these limitations in economic growth. In general, donor countries are made up of relatively developed countries and recipient countries are made up of relatively poor countries. Therefore, in addition to the redistribution effect of resources, economic effects that occur during the process can also be expected.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
Hydrogen sulfide gas is a deadly and very dangerous gas that is formed as a result of the decompo... more Hydrogen sulfide gas is a deadly and very dangerous gas that is formed as a result of the decomposition of sulfur-containing organic materials. There are natural gas, crude oil, mines and wells. The release of this gas in mining and oil reservoirs minimizes the safety of personnel. H2S gas can cause severe pollution in the environment and cause many human and financial losses. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to use gas detectors. For this reason, the use of H2S gas detectors in mineral and hydrocarbon extractions helps us find the percentage of H2S gas emissions in different parts of a mine and oil reservoir on a ppm scale and take timely measures to deal with it. Let’s apply it by emitting gas into the environment. This device produces signals and transmits them to the controller room so that the central computer can generate the necessary warnings. It is very important to address the issue of raising the safety level in the work environment and reducing the possible damages caused by the release of H2S gas into the environment. The H2S gas detector is a type of detector with electrochemical cells, designed and produced by domestic experts in a knowledge-based company. In this study, an H2S gas detector is introduced and its design and application stages in mines, oil, gas and petrochemical industries are reviewed.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
The powerful and rapid growth of Lithium-ion batteries in the field of secondary batteries has re... more The powerful and rapid growth of Lithium-ion batteries in the field of secondary batteries has resulted in a shortage of lithium resources, which has led to an increase in the price of batteries. As a result of these factors, sodium-ion batteries, also known as NIBs, have developed into one of the most appropriate options for large-scale energy storage devices. These batteries have a low cost, limitless sodium reserves and a working principle that is similar to that of LIBs. Na-ion batteries, also known as NIBs, have gained a lot of attention as a potential excellent candidate for grid-scale energy storage systems due to the abundance and accessibility of Na as well as its electrochemistry that is very similar to that of the well-established LIBs technology. This review article provides a concise assessment of the most recent developments in the field of electrode materials for NIBs, including the discovery of new electrode materials and the Na storage mechanisms possessed by those materials.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
The environment is contaminated by different types of waste and it is a big threat for the earth.... more The environment is contaminated by different types of waste and it is a big threat for the earth. The increase of population and request for industrial organization revealed pollution in land, air, water environment. Industrial, domestic and hospital effluents contain textile dyes, heavy metals, petroleum oil, PAHs and cancer-causing amines. Petroleum oil, heavy metal, dyes contaminated wastewater is a hazard for the environment and especially marine ecosystem. Bioremediation is a good way to heal our environment. Bioremediation by microorganism is eco-friendly, effective and cheap. This mini review put forward the microorganism which is efficient on bioremediation.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
In recent years, micro-porous metal-organic frameworks, often known as MOFs, have received a grea... more In recent years, micro-porous metal-organic frameworks, often known as MOFs, have received a great deal of interest owing to the remarkable gas storage and separation characteristics that they possess. This literature review investigates the progressive concepts surrounding the integration of MetalOrganic Frameworks (MOFs) with Ionic Liquids (ILs) and Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) for the purpose of the effective capture of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). This study provides a full overview of the achievements made in this area by discussing the synergistic effects and increased performance gained via the combination of MOFs with ILs and DESs. These effects were accomplished through the combination of MOFs with ILs and DESs. In addition, the difficulties and potential benefits of the future that are related to this forward-thinking attitude are discussed.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
In this study, biodiesel was prepared by transesterification reaction of waste cooking oils using... more In this study, biodiesel was prepared by transesterification reaction of waste cooking oils using a heterogeneous catalyst (CaO/NaF) prepared from waste eggshells, which can be reused for several cycles, and the optimal conditions for the preparation were studied. This work aims to prepare and evaluate biodiesel according to the quality requirements specified in international standards and to study the possibility of mixing it with petroleum diesel fuel at the ratios of 5%, 20%. Biodiesel was obtained with a yield of 94.5% under the optimum reaction conditions: mol oil to alcohol ratio (1:9), catalyst ratio (4% of oil weight), temperature 60 °C and reaction time of 120 minutes. The pure biodiesel (B100) was characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC.MS) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The physical and chemical characteristics of the prepared biodiesel B100 and biodiesel samples mixed with petroleum diesel (B5, B20) were also studied. The results showed that the physical and chemical specifications of biodiesel samples (B100, B5, B20) were in accordance with the American (ASTM) and European (EN) standards.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
Frac-hit is defined as the communication between an existing horizontal parent well and hydraulic... more Frac-hit is defined as the communication between an existing horizontal parent well and hydraulic fracturing treatment of the new well called child well. When a parent well is “hit”, it can be very problematic both operationally and economically depending on the severity of the hit. In industry, frac-hit is considered dominantly a function of well spacing and subsequently as the number of wells in a given shale asset increases, probability of interference between parent and child wells increases
significantly. However, by increasing the distance between the wells, the recovery of hydrocarbon from the shale asset reduces. Common techniques like Rate Transient Analysis (RTA) and Numerical Reservoir
Simulation, inherited techniques from conventional reservoirs, have proven to be unrealistic due to their degree of assumptions and simplifications during modeling and evaluation of unconventional resources [1-5]. In this case-study, AI/ML techniques, which is a pure data-driven, fact-based method without any assumptions, simplifications, and interpretations, is used to predict and mitigate the frac-hit occurrence
more accurate than common practices in industry.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
In petrochemical production, the flow of oil-water mixture in pipelines is a common phenomenon re... more In petrochemical production, the flow of oil-water mixture in pipelines is a common phenomenon referred to as oil-water two-phase flow. The main purpose of oil-water two-phase flow detection is to detect the proportion of oil or water in the liquid to be tested, which is significant for crude oil extraction, storage and transportation and even sales. This article analyzes the impact of complex environments on the detection results of oil-water two-phase flow and introduces the basic principle of oil or water content detection methods in oil-water two-phase flow detection as well as the applicability, advantages and disadvantages of various detection methods. Then the domestic and foreign scholars’ efforts toward the
fundamentals are briefly introduced. Finally, existing methods are summarized, together with research trends for oil-water two-phase flow.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
Recent solar desalination-based magnetized nanofluid Silicon Oxide and Aluminum Oxide research st... more Recent solar desalination-based magnetized nanofluid Silicon Oxide and Aluminum Oxide research studies have been reviewed. It was found that Higher solar radiation increases the flash flow produced. It was concluded that higher irreversibility was experienced when water was used as a base fluid. The irreversibility increase depends upon the type of nanofluid and its thermodynamic properties. The higher the magnetic field forces the better the performance of nanofluids in the flashing chambers. The thermal energy accumulated during the thermal storage charging phase was significantly enhanced by using the magnetized nanofluid SiO2.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
The pandemic COVID-19 crisis caused the biggest decline of the Moldovan economy in the last 20 ye... more The pandemic COVID-19 crisis caused the biggest decline of the Moldovan economy in the last 20 years. In 2020 GDP decreased by 8.4%, with the most affected sectors being agriculture, food industry, HoReCa, tourism and transport. On top of that, unfavorable climate conditions
have led to a significant decrease (-27.2%) in agricultural production. Unfortunately, through 2020 and most of 2021, the Moldovan government has not been able to provide an integrated response system to the multiple challenges posed by the COVID-19 crisis. The economic
and social response package was quite modest. Mainly, VAT reductions were offered for the HORECA sector-at first by 5 percentage points, then by additional 9% (from 1st October 2021). As a result, the support to both businesses and individuals amounted to only 0.8 percent of the GDP (the lowest in the region) and only an estimated share of 6 percent of companies benefited from any form of direct or indirect support.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
Fracking has been at the forefront of public attention for a while now. One of the externalities ... more Fracking has been at the forefront of public attention for a while now. One of the externalities of the fracking practice is the anxiety and mistrust in authorities that some members of the affected communities experience. This article suggests that this social externality could be ameliorated with the help of a clear geo-communication strategy that seeks to differentiate systemic risks of the current fracking model from the preventable risks posed by poor regulation & accidents. The authorities could then be advised to show comprehensive steps for preventing the later category of risks, thus reducing the amount of mistrust and overall fracking-related stress in their communities.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
Hydroxypropyl cellulose, a semi-synthetic organic compound, is classified into high substitution ... more Hydroxypropyl cellulose, a semi-synthetic organic compound, is classified into high substitution and low substitution variants. Both display distinct physical and chemical traits, making them prevalent in a plethora of industries, including the pharmaceutical, daily chemical, construction, food and many others. For most efficient use of hydroxypropyl cellulose, it is crucial to comprehend and enhance its properties. For this reason, research in the field of hydroxypropyl cellulose modification has become a focal point. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the modification methods of hydroxypropyl cellulose and presents the current state of research in the field of hydroxypropyl cellulose modification, which has important reference value for practical application.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
This study developed a suitable process modelling technique and simulation model for the non-cata... more This study developed a suitable process modelling technique and simulation model for the non-catalytic synthesis of high purity Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) using the Reactive Distillation (RD) process. The feasibility of the RD process is demonstrated for performing the glycol reaction, dewatering and separation indistinguishable from the existing MEG production process with added advantages. Notably, a high purity MEG product of 99.8% is achieved within a single RD column configuration that avoids the need for the make-up of fresh demineralized water as in the current process. A working RD process model is generated that uses the established kinetics model parameters for MEG synthesis in combination with the equilibrium model and thermodynamic parameters in Aspen Plus® software. This included the power-law reaction variables for the main MEG synthesis along with the competing reactions that generate Diethylene Glycol (DEG), Triethylene Glycol (TEG) and Tetra Ethylene Glycol (TTEG) by-products. Hydrodynamics conditions for this process are also produced using a suitably packed column with the counter-current flow configuration of gas and liquid phases. The hydrodynamic variables including packing specification, maximum stage liquid holdup and maximum liquid superficial velocity, are generated to establish a maximum of 47.2% packing capacity and a low-pressure drop of 0.1kPa. Remarkably, compared with the conventional process RD promoted a 3.4% increase in MEG yield and a 53.2% reduction in energy usage. A lower water-to-ethylene oxide feed ratio of 12.9 is found to be suitable against the conventional ratio of 20 which reduces the separation loading while achieving a higher affinity for MEG selectivity of 91.4%. This subsequently generated a low energy usage through the utilization of reaction heat for separation with a net energy release of 0.24MW which lowers the operation cost.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
This article is a brief summary of my lecture entitled “Physicochemical mechanics approach for na... more This article is a brief summary of my lecture entitled “Physicochemical mechanics approach for natural soft mater (including inorganic polymer and liquid crystal structures) in analysis of weathering’s and formations of chemogenic, mechanogenic and biogenic sediments”, which was prepared in 2018 for the 19th International Conference “Physical-Chemical and Petrophysical Research in Earth Sciences” (Moscow, Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry named after. V.I. Vernadsky RAS (GEOKHI RAS) - Borok, Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth). This material has never been told in English and has not been published in English-language literature, which has made the corresponding discourse less widespread, although it is based on quite fundamental problems that can help applied geologists, geochemists, soil scientists and petrographers solve their applied problems. Therefore, the author considers it necessary, despite the lack of time, to provide an abbreviated machine translation of the notes from that lecture in order to support the dissemination of the ideas indicated in this lecture in the international community. The author obviously apologizes for possible inaccuracies in context and synonymy associated with machine translation (AI-Assisted Translation).
Crimson Publishers, 2024
This study examines the practicable method of lignin delignification and fractionation from Oil P... more This study examines the practicable method of lignin delignification and fractionation from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) to produce high purity products. A review on the current literature progress in this field indicated two development phases that involves several early studies on lignin delignification and lignin product purification and the later phase provides initial attempts to improve lignin recovery efficiency and overcome technical barriers for obtaining high purity lignin. It is found that there are significant gaps in understanding to achieve efficient removal of lignin, good recovery of lignin from high purity products and the removal of silica residuals on OPEFB surfaces. Accordingly, the high technical barriers to achieve high-purity lignin products are identified, including the need for an improved method to delignify and fractionate lignin for the purpose of producing a higher purity product. It can be concluded that fractions of lignin may be segregated and isolated by using the ultrafiltration method based on molecule mass and recovery to a higher purity product with over 98wt.%. High purity applications of OPEFB lignin, such as the propylene stabilizer and chemical sunscreen products, can therefore be produced. Accordingly, this review also provided an opportunity to further develop product applications towards anti ultraviolet, antioxidant and antibacterial functions.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the biosphere, influenced by both their surrounding environment ... more Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the biosphere, influenced by both their surrounding environment and the biotic and abiotic factors of ecosystems. Contaminated areas often harbor species adept at utilizing pollutants as nutrients, thus enhancing their resilience to environmental pressures. Identifying and characterizing these species can significantly benefit bioremediation processes. To contribute to this understanding, bioremediation experiments were conducted in Barreiro, a pivotal industrial hub in Portugal during the 20th century. Soil samples from two distinct locations were analyzed: one near Barreiro city, impacted by various anthropogenic activities leading to increased fuel pollutants and the other in a protected wooded area designated for recreational and educational purposes. All identified hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms belonged to the Pseudomonas genus. Bioremediation assays isolated bacteria from pure colonies, compared with mixtures of all bacterial morphotypes capable of growth in the pollutant’s presence. Consistently higher bioremediation rates for gasoline and toluene were observed using mixed cultures. Effective degradation-capable bacterial strains were identified in both locations, demonstrating bioremediation potential. Mixed bacterial cultures exhibited superior degradation rates, underscoring the importance of microbial diversity for bioremediation effectiveness. Also, the composition and bioremediate activity of microbial communities change in response to hydrocarbon concentration were analyzed, providing insights into the resilience of microbial communities to environmental stressors and their capacity to adapt to contaminated conditions. These findings emphasize the importance of in-depth, on-site investigations to elucidate the interplay between native microbial communities and pollutant degradation potential in soil.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
High-valent transition metal-oxo complexes exhibit a wide range of reactivities and play essentia... more High-valent transition metal-oxo complexes exhibit a wide range of reactivities and play essential roles as active Oxygen Atom Transfer (OAT) species in many chemical and biological oxidation processes. However, the detection and characterization of these intermediates are still challenging in view of their high reactivity and short lifetimes and their transient nature makes their study complex. This review highlights recent advancements in how photochemical reactions with visible light have emerged as promising approaches to generate and study high-valent transition metal-oxo species with different metals on various macrocyclic ligands. Investigating the reactivity of photo-induced high-valent metaloxo species through practical kinetic studies has offered valuable insights into the structure-function relationships and an understanding of their involvement in oxidation reactions.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) is a non-crude oil-based technique for conversion of syngas to a ... more Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) is a non-crude oil-based technique for conversion of syngas to a wide range of hydrocarbons including light olefins, and liquid transportation fuels. Syngas, which is a combination of H2 and CO gases can be produced through natural gas reforming, biomass or coal gasification processes. FTS is a catalytic polymerization reaction, therefore rational design of the catalyst including active sites, support and promoters plays a significant role in improving the selectivity of the process to desired range of products. This mini review presents a summary of the different catalyst designs in FTS to synthesize light olefins or heavier hydrocarbons. Iron and cobalt are the industrially used active metals for FTS, due to the lower price and higher hydrogenation activity, respectively. Supports are a key factor in designing efficient FTS catalysts, which provide mechanical, thermal strength for the active sites and a high surface area for dispersion of the active metal particles. Herein we discuss two categories of the widely used support material for FTS: metal oxide supports and carbon materials. Another significant element in formulating a high-performance catalyst for FTS process is the promoters, which can be divided into electronical and structural promoters. This work highlights the roles of active metal, support and promoters in understanding the structure-activity correlations to design high-performance FTS catalysts for production clean and sustainable fuels.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
This article reports batch adsorption of Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) dye from an aqueous solution on... more This article reports batch adsorption of Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) dye from an aqueous solution onto NaOH Treated Rice Husk (TRH). The morphology of untreated and treated rice husk was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Adsorption of EBT from an aqueous solution onto TRH was demonstrated by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effect of operational parameters on the percentage removal of EBT from an aqueous solution and adsorption capacity was investigated in detail. The adsorptive removal of EBT from aqueous solution was increased with contact time, mass of TRH and temperature while declined with initial concentration of EBT aqueous solution. Similarly, adsorption capacity was enhanced from 0.71 to 1.61mg/g, 1.61 to 17.0mg/g and 1.41 to 1.68mg/g with increase in contact time, initial concentration of EBT aqueous solution and temperature respectively while decreased from 6.17 to 1.61mg/g with increase in mass of TRH. Adsorption kinetic study showed that adsorption of EBT onto TRH fitted well to pseudo-second-order kinetics because the value of correlation coefficient (R2=0.996) was close to unity. Adsorption isotherms including Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Tempkin were applied to experimental data. Results suggested that experimental data fitted well to Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Adsorption thermodynamics study indicated that adsorption of EBT onto Treated Rice Husk (TRH) was endothermic process because the value of enthalpy (∆Ho=20.57KJ/mol) was positive for it. Moreover, the negative values of Gibb’s free energy indicated that adsorption of EBT onto TRH was spontaneous process.
Crimson Publishers, 2024
Uncritical withdrawal and usage of mineral oil has reduced fossil fuel assets, causing fuel short... more Uncritical withdrawal and usage of mineral oil has reduced fossil fuel assets, causing fuel shortages and ecological deprivation. Due to fossil fuels’ environmental impact, biodiesel manufacturing has garnered interest as an alternative to Petro diesel. Biodiesel is a renewable diesel fuel made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Renewable energy seems like a good option for world energy needs, including Pakistan. Thus, a state-available feedstock-based alternative fuel must be found. Although vegetable oil can be used in diesel locomotives, using it for biodiesel production has become a major concern because it competes with food nutrition, making it difficult to defend. Thus, the search for inedible oil-yielding plant sources for biofuels has been fascinating and beneficial to the environment and food safety. Trans esterifying non-edible oil with methanol and base or strong acid catalysts make Biodiesel. Several parameters affect transesterification reaction. An optimum transesterification reaction depends on oil fatty acid composition and free fatty acid concentration. Other factors include reaction temperature, alcohol to-vegetable oil ratio, catalyst, mixing intensity and reactant purity. The kinematic viscosity, acid value, density, water content, flash point, pour point, cloud point and cold filter plugging point of biodiesel will be determined using ASTM standards (D-6751) and EN (14214) with acceptable agreement. To determine biodiesel composition and structure, FT-IR, NMR (1H & 13C), and GC-MS will be used. ICP-OES will calculate Na, K, Ca and Mg compositions. Elemental Analyzer (EA) investigations would analyze C, H, O and N ratios. Future feedstock research should reveal production costs, technological transformation opportunities for farmers, and worldwide industrial applications. Biodiesel fuel characteristics, transesterification and the most essential variables affecting the reaction are covered in this article.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
Recently, the world economy has been focusing on the possibility of a prolonged general recession... more Recently, the world economy has been focusing on the possibility of a prolonged general recession. In addition, discussions on various paradigms and policies to sustain economic development continue. This discussion on economic development changes depending on various environmental factors and as the policy paradigm changes, the method of economic development in individual countries or regions changes. The main keywords of this paradigm are issues such as economic growth, sustainable development, social security and ecofriendliness, which are gaining attention and having a significant impact on policy decisions in major countries. Among the major issues of economic development, there is a long-term plan for sustainable development and various policies to realize it are being implemented in detail. The recent global economy has faced some limitations in existing policies for sustainable development, necessitating the application of a new paradigm. To this end, the world has focused on the two goals of environmental factors and economic growth and discussions on eco-friendliness, green growth, green economy, development aid, shared growth and social economy are becoming active as new convergence policies for this purpose. According to these environmental factors, the green growth ODA covered in this study has important implications. We consider eco-friendliness and green growth as an improvement direction in response to recent limitations in global economic growth. Green growth focuses on taking one step further to overcome the limitations of economic growth by considering eco-friendly factors and reducing environmental costs accordingly. In addition, development aid helps overcome these limitations in economic growth. In general, donor countries are made up of relatively developed countries and recipient countries are made up of relatively poor countries. Therefore, in addition to the redistribution effect of resources, economic effects that occur during the process can also be expected.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
Hydrogen sulfide gas is a deadly and very dangerous gas that is formed as a result of the decompo... more Hydrogen sulfide gas is a deadly and very dangerous gas that is formed as a result of the decomposition of sulfur-containing organic materials. There are natural gas, crude oil, mines and wells. The release of this gas in mining and oil reservoirs minimizes the safety of personnel. H2S gas can cause severe pollution in the environment and cause many human and financial losses. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to use gas detectors. For this reason, the use of H2S gas detectors in mineral and hydrocarbon extractions helps us find the percentage of H2S gas emissions in different parts of a mine and oil reservoir on a ppm scale and take timely measures to deal with it. Let’s apply it by emitting gas into the environment. This device produces signals and transmits them to the controller room so that the central computer can generate the necessary warnings. It is very important to address the issue of raising the safety level in the work environment and reducing the possible damages caused by the release of H2S gas into the environment. The H2S gas detector is a type of detector with electrochemical cells, designed and produced by domestic experts in a knowledge-based company. In this study, an H2S gas detector is introduced and its design and application stages in mines, oil, gas and petrochemical industries are reviewed.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
The powerful and rapid growth of Lithium-ion batteries in the field of secondary batteries has re... more The powerful and rapid growth of Lithium-ion batteries in the field of secondary batteries has resulted in a shortage of lithium resources, which has led to an increase in the price of batteries. As a result of these factors, sodium-ion batteries, also known as NIBs, have developed into one of the most appropriate options for large-scale energy storage devices. These batteries have a low cost, limitless sodium reserves and a working principle that is similar to that of LIBs. Na-ion batteries, also known as NIBs, have gained a lot of attention as a potential excellent candidate for grid-scale energy storage systems due to the abundance and accessibility of Na as well as its electrochemistry that is very similar to that of the well-established LIBs technology. This review article provides a concise assessment of the most recent developments in the field of electrode materials for NIBs, including the discovery of new electrode materials and the Na storage mechanisms possessed by those materials.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
The environment is contaminated by different types of waste and it is a big threat for the earth.... more The environment is contaminated by different types of waste and it is a big threat for the earth. The increase of population and request for industrial organization revealed pollution in land, air, water environment. Industrial, domestic and hospital effluents contain textile dyes, heavy metals, petroleum oil, PAHs and cancer-causing amines. Petroleum oil, heavy metal, dyes contaminated wastewater is a hazard for the environment and especially marine ecosystem. Bioremediation is a good way to heal our environment. Bioremediation by microorganism is eco-friendly, effective and cheap. This mini review put forward the microorganism which is efficient on bioremediation.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
In recent years, micro-porous metal-organic frameworks, often known as MOFs, have received a grea... more In recent years, micro-porous metal-organic frameworks, often known as MOFs, have received a great deal of interest owing to the remarkable gas storage and separation characteristics that they possess. This literature review investigates the progressive concepts surrounding the integration of MetalOrganic Frameworks (MOFs) with Ionic Liquids (ILs) and Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) for the purpose of the effective capture of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). This study provides a full overview of the achievements made in this area by discussing the synergistic effects and increased performance gained via the combination of MOFs with ILs and DESs. These effects were accomplished through the combination of MOFs with ILs and DESs. In addition, the difficulties and potential benefits of the future that are related to this forward-thinking attitude are discussed.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
In this study, biodiesel was prepared by transesterification reaction of waste cooking oils using... more In this study, biodiesel was prepared by transesterification reaction of waste cooking oils using a heterogeneous catalyst (CaO/NaF) prepared from waste eggshells, which can be reused for several cycles, and the optimal conditions for the preparation were studied. This work aims to prepare and evaluate biodiesel according to the quality requirements specified in international standards and to study the possibility of mixing it with petroleum diesel fuel at the ratios of 5%, 20%. Biodiesel was obtained with a yield of 94.5% under the optimum reaction conditions: mol oil to alcohol ratio (1:9), catalyst ratio (4% of oil weight), temperature 60 °C and reaction time of 120 minutes. The pure biodiesel (B100) was characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC.MS) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The physical and chemical characteristics of the prepared biodiesel B100 and biodiesel samples mixed with petroleum diesel (B5, B20) were also studied. The results showed that the physical and chemical specifications of biodiesel samples (B100, B5, B20) were in accordance with the American (ASTM) and European (EN) standards.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
Frac-hit is defined as the communication between an existing horizontal parent well and hydraulic... more Frac-hit is defined as the communication between an existing horizontal parent well and hydraulic fracturing treatment of the new well called child well. When a parent well is “hit”, it can be very problematic both operationally and economically depending on the severity of the hit. In industry, frac-hit is considered dominantly a function of well spacing and subsequently as the number of wells in a given shale asset increases, probability of interference between parent and child wells increases
significantly. However, by increasing the distance between the wells, the recovery of hydrocarbon from the shale asset reduces. Common techniques like Rate Transient Analysis (RTA) and Numerical Reservoir
Simulation, inherited techniques from conventional reservoirs, have proven to be unrealistic due to their degree of assumptions and simplifications during modeling and evaluation of unconventional resources [1-5]. In this case-study, AI/ML techniques, which is a pure data-driven, fact-based method without any assumptions, simplifications, and interpretations, is used to predict and mitigate the frac-hit occurrence
more accurate than common practices in industry.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
In petrochemical production, the flow of oil-water mixture in pipelines is a common phenomenon re... more In petrochemical production, the flow of oil-water mixture in pipelines is a common phenomenon referred to as oil-water two-phase flow. The main purpose of oil-water two-phase flow detection is to detect the proportion of oil or water in the liquid to be tested, which is significant for crude oil extraction, storage and transportation and even sales. This article analyzes the impact of complex environments on the detection results of oil-water two-phase flow and introduces the basic principle of oil or water content detection methods in oil-water two-phase flow detection as well as the applicability, advantages and disadvantages of various detection methods. Then the domestic and foreign scholars’ efforts toward the
fundamentals are briefly introduced. Finally, existing methods are summarized, together with research trends for oil-water two-phase flow.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
Recent solar desalination-based magnetized nanofluid Silicon Oxide and Aluminum Oxide research st... more Recent solar desalination-based magnetized nanofluid Silicon Oxide and Aluminum Oxide research studies have been reviewed. It was found that Higher solar radiation increases the flash flow produced. It was concluded that higher irreversibility was experienced when water was used as a base fluid. The irreversibility increase depends upon the type of nanofluid and its thermodynamic properties. The higher the magnetic field forces the better the performance of nanofluids in the flashing chambers. The thermal energy accumulated during the thermal storage charging phase was significantly enhanced by using the magnetized nanofluid SiO2.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
The pandemic COVID-19 crisis caused the biggest decline of the Moldovan economy in the last 20 ye... more The pandemic COVID-19 crisis caused the biggest decline of the Moldovan economy in the last 20 years. In 2020 GDP decreased by 8.4%, with the most affected sectors being agriculture, food industry, HoReCa, tourism and transport. On top of that, unfavorable climate conditions
have led to a significant decrease (-27.2%) in agricultural production. Unfortunately, through 2020 and most of 2021, the Moldovan government has not been able to provide an integrated response system to the multiple challenges posed by the COVID-19 crisis. The economic
and social response package was quite modest. Mainly, VAT reductions were offered for the HORECA sector-at first by 5 percentage points, then by additional 9% (from 1st October 2021). As a result, the support to both businesses and individuals amounted to only 0.8 percent of the GDP (the lowest in the region) and only an estimated share of 6 percent of companies benefited from any form of direct or indirect support.
Crimson Publishers, 2023
Fracking has been at the forefront of public attention for a while now. One of the externalities ... more Fracking has been at the forefront of public attention for a while now. One of the externalities of the fracking practice is the anxiety and mistrust in authorities that some members of the affected communities experience. This article suggests that this social externality could be ameliorated with the help of a clear geo-communication strategy that seeks to differentiate systemic risks of the current fracking model from the preventable risks posed by poor regulation & accidents. The authorities could then be advised to show comprehensive steps for preventing the later category of risks, thus reducing the amount of mistrust and overall fracking-related stress in their communities.