Cynthia McPherson Frantz - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Cynthia McPherson Frantz
Sustainability, May 16, 2024
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 2018
We report on two studies designed to test the effect of visual feedback technology on several dim... more We report on two studies designed to test the effect of visual feedback technology on several dimensions of systems thinking. Participants were exposed to ‘Citywide Dashboard’ (CWD), a visual depiction of a city designed for display on digital signage. CWD is dynamically animated based on real‐time water and electricity flow data and environmental conditions. In study 1, college students were exposed to CWD (or a control) for 6 days. Exposure enhanced perceptions of ecological embeddedness, connectedness to nature, and perceptions of responsibility and impact (causal extent) among those who were initially low in connectedness to nature. Study 2, conducted on a US adult sample, revealed that even brief exposure to the CWD expands perceptions of causal extent. Findings indicate that certain core aspects of systems thinking are malleable and can be enhanced through brief exposure to visual manipulations with technology designed to prime cognitive orientation. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, ...
Note: Funding for this paper was provided by the Andrew Mellon Foundation through the Williams Pr... more Note: Funding for this paper was provided by the Andrew Mellon Foundation through the Williams Project on the Economics of Higher Education. We thank Ethan Lewis and Lindsay Tucker for their help in conducting the research herein reported, and Gordon Winston for his overall guidance and support.
Handbook of Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development in Higher Education, 2016
Early humans experienced intimate and continuous feedback from the natural world that informed an... more Early humans experienced intimate and continuous feedback from the natural world that informed and constrained decision-making and helped individuals see themselves as part of larger wholes. This experience and perspective has been undermined by cultural, economic and ecological transformation. Characterization of universities as “ivory towers” reflects a parallel separation and alienation—a perceived disconnect between knowledge generation and practical application to solve societal challenges. This paper reviews how “environmental dashboard” is being used as a novel form of “ecofeedback” to engage educational institutions with the ecological and social communities in which they are embedded. The dashboard technology and approach incorporate three scales of feedback: (1) “building dashboards” dynamically display water and electricity consumption in individual buildings; (2) “citywide dashboards” animate whole community resource flows; (3) “community voices” combine images and words drawn from interviews to celebrate local thought and action that advance sustainability in diverse communities. A pilot implementation in Oberlin, Ohio displays all three components on digital signs in public spaces including schools, storefronts, community organizations and the Oberlin College campus. We use this as a case study to explore how students and faculty have employed an educational model emphasizing civic engagement to develop and manage the technology and co-produce knowledge and content with the larger community. Research indicates that this technology enhances systems thinking, promotes energy and water conservation and stimulates content retention. The technology and findings are widely applicable to other communities that are now implementing environmental dashboard.
Cognitive Science, 2015
Is income inequality more of a blemish or a failing organ in our economy? Both metaphors capture ... more Is income inequality more of a blemish or a failing organ in our economy? Both metaphors capture something about wealth disparities, but only failing organ seems to emphasize the fact that our economy is a complex system where activity in one region may lead to a cascade of problems in other parts of the system. In the present study, we introduce a novel method for classifying such “systemic” metaphors, which reveals that people can reliably identify the extent to which a metaphor highlights the complex causal structure of a target domain. In a second experiment, we asked whether exposing people to more systemic metaphors would induce a systems thinking mindset and influence reasoning on a seemingly unrelated task. We found that participants who were primed with systemic metaphors scored higher on subsequent tasks that measured relational and holistic thinking, supporting the view that these metaphors can promote systems thinking.
Metaphor and the Social World, 2016
Is income inequality more of a blemish or a failing organ in our economy? Both metaphors capture ... more Is income inequality more of a blemish or a failing organ in our economy? Both metaphors capture something about wealth disparities, but only failing organ seems to emphasize the fact that our economy is a complex system, where activity in one region may lead to a cascade of problems in other parts of the system. In the present study, we introduce a novel method for classifying such ‘systemic’ metaphors, which reveals that people can reliably identify the extent to which a metaphor highlights the complex causal structure of a target domain. In a second experiment, we asked whether exposing people to more systemic metaphors would induce a systems-thinking mindset and influence reasoning on a seemingly unrelated task that measured the degree to which people reasoned about a domain in terms of complex causal relations. We found that participants who were primed with systemic metaphors scored higher on subsequent tasks that measured relational and holistic thinking, supporting the view ...
Nature Communications
Public underestimation of support for climate change policy is striking. Social science research ... more Public underestimation of support for climate change policy is striking. Social science research tells us this is bad news, but also tells us what to do about it. Climate change communication must hammer home the overwhelming support for action.
As such, the material presented is the result of a collaborative research task, drawing upon stud... more As such, the material presented is the result of a collaborative research task, drawing upon studies performed by participants in IEA-ETSAP/Annex VII and guided by the ETSAP Executive Committee. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of Governments of any IEA member state, or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof; nor those of the International Energy Agency. Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme 3 HIGHLIGHTS • Using a suite of MARKAL models as an expert system, a set of recommendations were made as to how best to meet the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. • Advances were made in the ability to analyze global issues using linked bottom-up, technology-oriented models to represent international trade in energy, emission permits, capital and some commodities. • ETSAP participants cooperated in advancing the ability to model technological learning, taking into account clusters of technology and spillover among geographical regions. • A concerted multinational effort has developed TIMES, the successor to MARKAL, together with three alternative user-interface shells. • MARKAL continued to be used by member countries to evaluate national and local policies for energy, pollution control and emissions trading. • ETSAP participants are cooperating with Chinese organizations to plan energy developments in China. • U.S. Energy Information Administration adopted the ETSAP models and methodology to aid in the preparation of its annual International Energy Outlook. • ETSAP will have a key role in the preparation of the new International Energy Agency publication Energy Technology Perspectives.
Fisheries, 2015
This study investigated the possibility of gender differences in outcomes throughout the peer rev... more This study investigated the possibility of gender differences in outcomes throughout the peer review process of American Fisheries Society (AFS) journals. For each manuscript submitted to four AFS journals between January 2003 and December 2010, we collated information regarding the gender and nationality of authors, gender of associate editor, gender of reviewers, reviewer recommendations, associate editor's decision, and publication status of the manuscript. We used hierarchical linear modeling to test for differences in manuscript decision outcomes associated with author, reviewer, and associate editor gender. Gender differences were present at some but not every stage of the review process and were not equal among the four journals. Although there was a small gender difference in decision outcomes, we found no evidence of bias in editors' and reviewers' recommendations. Our results support the conclusion that the current singleblind review system does not result in bias against female authors within AFS journals. Diferencias de género en el proceso de revisión por pares en la Sociedad Americana de Pesquerías En este trabajo se investiga la posibilidad de que existan diferencias de género en los productos del proceso de revisión por pares en las revistas de la Sociedad Americana de Pesquerías (SAP). En cada manuscrito sometido a cuatro de las revistas de la SAP entre enero de 2003 y diciembre de 2010, se ordenó la información referente al género y nacionalidad de los autores, el género del editor asociado, el género de los revisores, las recomendaciones de los árbitros, la decisión del editor asociado y el estado de la publicación del manuscrito. Se utilizó modelación lineal jerárquica para probar diferencias en el veredicto de la publicación en relación al género del autor, del revisor y del editor asociado. Las diferencias de género se hicieron presentes en algunos, pero no en cada etapa del proceso de revisión; y los resultados no fueron los mismos entre revistas. Si bien hubo una pequeña diferencia ligada a género en el resultado de la decisión, no se encontraron sesgos en las recomendaciones hechas por parte del editor o de los revisores. Nuestros resultados apoyan la conclusión de que el sistema actual de revisión por pares tipo sencillo-ciego que impera en las revistas de la SAP, no existen sesgos en contra de las autoras. Une analyse des différences entre les sexes dans le processus de relecture par les pairs de l'American Fisheries Society (Société américaine de la Pêche) Cette étude a examiné la possibilité de différences entre les sexes dans les résultats du processus de relecture par les pairs des revues de l'American Fisheries Society (AFS [Société américaine de la Pêche]). Pour chaque manuscrit soumis à quatre revues de l'AFS entre janvier 2003 et décembre 2010, nous avons collecté les informations concernant le sexe et la nationalité des auteurs, le sexe du rédacteur en chef adjoint, celui des relecteurs, les recommandations des relecteurs, la décision de rédacteur en chef adjoint, et l'état de la publication du manuscrit. Nous avons utilisé la modélisation linéaire hiérarchique pour tester les différences dans les résultats des décisions manuscrites associées avec le sexe de l'auteur, du relecteur, et du rédacteur en chef adjoint. Les différences entre les sexes étaient présentes à certains endroits, mais pas à tous les stades du processus de relecture, et n'étaient pas égales entre les quatre revues. Bien qu'il y ait une petite différence entre les sexes dans les résultats des décisions, nous n'avons trouvé aucune preuve de partialité dans les recommandations des éditeurs et des relecteurs. Nos résultats appuient la conclusion que le système de relecture en simple aveugle actuel ne se traduit pas par un parti pris contre les auteurs féminins au sein de revues de l'AFS.
PloS one, 2017
Tackling complex environmental challenges requires the capacity to understand how relationships a... more Tackling complex environmental challenges requires the capacity to understand how relationships and interactions between parts result in dynamic behavior of whole systems. There has been convincing research that these "systems thinking" skills can be learned. However, there is little research on methods for teaching these skills to children or assessing their impact. The Environmental Dashboard is a technology that uses "sociotechnical" feedback-information feedback designed to affect thought and behavior. Environmental Dashboard (ED) combines real-time information on community resource use with images and words that reflect pro-environmental actions of community members. Prior research indicates that ED supports the development of systems thinking in adults. To assess its impact on children, the technology was installed in a primary school and children were passively exposed to ED displays. This resulted in no measurable impact on systems thinking skills. The ne...
People differ in the extent to which they identify with humans beyond their ingroup and with non-... more People differ in the extent to which they identify with humans beyond their ingroup and with non-human living things. We refer to the former as the Connectedness to Humanity (CH) and to the latter as the Connectedness to Nature (CN). In a sample of 324 undergraduate students, CH and CN were operationalized using the Identification with All Humanity Scale (McFarland et al., 2012) and the CN Scale (Mayer and Frantz, 2004), respectively. These variables correlated moderately with each other (r = 0.44) and shared Openness to Experience and Honesty-Humility as their primary personality correlates. CN was found to play an important role in mediating the relationships between the two personality variables and some specific pro-environmental/pro-animal attitudes and ecological behaviors.
According to the Protection Motivation Theory, threat and coping appraisals are necessary to moti... more According to the Protection Motivation Theory, threat and coping appraisals are necessary to motivate people to change their behavior. This study will analyze threat appraisals of climate change through a 2 (white or person of color) by 2 (experimental versus control condition) study design. We will run factorial ANOVAs, ANCOVAs, and t-tests.
Five studies assessed the validity and reliability of the connectedness to nature scale (CNS), a ... more Five studies assessed the validity and reliability of the connectedness to nature scale (CNS), a new measure of individuals ’ trait levels of feeling emotionally connected to the natural world. Data from two community and three college samples demonstrated that the CNS has good psychometric properties, correlates with related variables (the new environmental paradigm scale, identity as an environmentalist), and is uncorrelated with potential confounds (verbal ability, social desirability). This paper supports ecopsychologists ’ contention that connection to nature is an important predictor of ecological behavior and subjective well-being. It also extends social psychological research on self–other overlap, perspective taking, and altruistic behavior to the overlap between self and nature. The CNS promises to be a useful empirical tool for research on the relationship between humans and the natural world. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1.
Energy behaviour is embedded within the physical and social contexts of daily life; the interplay... more Energy behaviour is embedded within the physical and social contexts of daily life; the interplay between behaviour and its contextual influences can be thought of as an “energy culture”. Behaviour-based energy interventions aim to impact demand through influencing some aspect of energy culture - what people have, think, and/or do. Understanding how a program does (or doesn’t) work requires an understanding of changes in these elements of energy culture. This paper presents and tests a set of instruments that evaluate household energy culture before and after an intervention. Findings indicate that the proposed instruments are consistent with the conceptual variables they were designed to measure and have strong predictive validity. This work highlights the potential for reliable and valid methods to complement traditional measures of program effectiveness, providing deeper learning into how interventions lead to savings. Such insights can support program improvement, and ultimately...
Sustainability, May 16, 2024
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 2018
We report on two studies designed to test the effect of visual feedback technology on several dim... more We report on two studies designed to test the effect of visual feedback technology on several dimensions of systems thinking. Participants were exposed to ‘Citywide Dashboard’ (CWD), a visual depiction of a city designed for display on digital signage. CWD is dynamically animated based on real‐time water and electricity flow data and environmental conditions. In study 1, college students were exposed to CWD (or a control) for 6 days. Exposure enhanced perceptions of ecological embeddedness, connectedness to nature, and perceptions of responsibility and impact (causal extent) among those who were initially low in connectedness to nature. Study 2, conducted on a US adult sample, revealed that even brief exposure to the CWD expands perceptions of causal extent. Findings indicate that certain core aspects of systems thinking are malleable and can be enhanced through brief exposure to visual manipulations with technology designed to prime cognitive orientation. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, ...
Note: Funding for this paper was provided by the Andrew Mellon Foundation through the Williams Pr... more Note: Funding for this paper was provided by the Andrew Mellon Foundation through the Williams Project on the Economics of Higher Education. We thank Ethan Lewis and Lindsay Tucker for their help in conducting the research herein reported, and Gordon Winston for his overall guidance and support.
Handbook of Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development in Higher Education, 2016
Early humans experienced intimate and continuous feedback from the natural world that informed an... more Early humans experienced intimate and continuous feedback from the natural world that informed and constrained decision-making and helped individuals see themselves as part of larger wholes. This experience and perspective has been undermined by cultural, economic and ecological transformation. Characterization of universities as “ivory towers” reflects a parallel separation and alienation—a perceived disconnect between knowledge generation and practical application to solve societal challenges. This paper reviews how “environmental dashboard” is being used as a novel form of “ecofeedback” to engage educational institutions with the ecological and social communities in which they are embedded. The dashboard technology and approach incorporate three scales of feedback: (1) “building dashboards” dynamically display water and electricity consumption in individual buildings; (2) “citywide dashboards” animate whole community resource flows; (3) “community voices” combine images and words drawn from interviews to celebrate local thought and action that advance sustainability in diverse communities. A pilot implementation in Oberlin, Ohio displays all three components on digital signs in public spaces including schools, storefronts, community organizations and the Oberlin College campus. We use this as a case study to explore how students and faculty have employed an educational model emphasizing civic engagement to develop and manage the technology and co-produce knowledge and content with the larger community. Research indicates that this technology enhances systems thinking, promotes energy and water conservation and stimulates content retention. The technology and findings are widely applicable to other communities that are now implementing environmental dashboard.
Cognitive Science, 2015
Is income inequality more of a blemish or a failing organ in our economy? Both metaphors capture ... more Is income inequality more of a blemish or a failing organ in our economy? Both metaphors capture something about wealth disparities, but only failing organ seems to emphasize the fact that our economy is a complex system where activity in one region may lead to a cascade of problems in other parts of the system. In the present study, we introduce a novel method for classifying such “systemic” metaphors, which reveals that people can reliably identify the extent to which a metaphor highlights the complex causal structure of a target domain. In a second experiment, we asked whether exposing people to more systemic metaphors would induce a systems thinking mindset and influence reasoning on a seemingly unrelated task. We found that participants who were primed with systemic metaphors scored higher on subsequent tasks that measured relational and holistic thinking, supporting the view that these metaphors can promote systems thinking.
Metaphor and the Social World, 2016
Is income inequality more of a blemish or a failing organ in our economy? Both metaphors capture ... more Is income inequality more of a blemish or a failing organ in our economy? Both metaphors capture something about wealth disparities, but only failing organ seems to emphasize the fact that our economy is a complex system, where activity in one region may lead to a cascade of problems in other parts of the system. In the present study, we introduce a novel method for classifying such ‘systemic’ metaphors, which reveals that people can reliably identify the extent to which a metaphor highlights the complex causal structure of a target domain. In a second experiment, we asked whether exposing people to more systemic metaphors would induce a systems-thinking mindset and influence reasoning on a seemingly unrelated task that measured the degree to which people reasoned about a domain in terms of complex causal relations. We found that participants who were primed with systemic metaphors scored higher on subsequent tasks that measured relational and holistic thinking, supporting the view ...
Nature Communications
Public underestimation of support for climate change policy is striking. Social science research ... more Public underestimation of support for climate change policy is striking. Social science research tells us this is bad news, but also tells us what to do about it. Climate change communication must hammer home the overwhelming support for action.
As such, the material presented is the result of a collaborative research task, drawing upon stud... more As such, the material presented is the result of a collaborative research task, drawing upon studies performed by participants in IEA-ETSAP/Annex VII and guided by the ETSAP Executive Committee. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of Governments of any IEA member state, or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof; nor those of the International Energy Agency. Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme 3 HIGHLIGHTS • Using a suite of MARKAL models as an expert system, a set of recommendations were made as to how best to meet the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. • Advances were made in the ability to analyze global issues using linked bottom-up, technology-oriented models to represent international trade in energy, emission permits, capital and some commodities. • ETSAP participants cooperated in advancing the ability to model technological learning, taking into account clusters of technology and spillover among geographical regions. • A concerted multinational effort has developed TIMES, the successor to MARKAL, together with three alternative user-interface shells. • MARKAL continued to be used by member countries to evaluate national and local policies for energy, pollution control and emissions trading. • ETSAP participants are cooperating with Chinese organizations to plan energy developments in China. • U.S. Energy Information Administration adopted the ETSAP models and methodology to aid in the preparation of its annual International Energy Outlook. • ETSAP will have a key role in the preparation of the new International Energy Agency publication Energy Technology Perspectives.
Fisheries, 2015
This study investigated the possibility of gender differences in outcomes throughout the peer rev... more This study investigated the possibility of gender differences in outcomes throughout the peer review process of American Fisheries Society (AFS) journals. For each manuscript submitted to four AFS journals between January 2003 and December 2010, we collated information regarding the gender and nationality of authors, gender of associate editor, gender of reviewers, reviewer recommendations, associate editor's decision, and publication status of the manuscript. We used hierarchical linear modeling to test for differences in manuscript decision outcomes associated with author, reviewer, and associate editor gender. Gender differences were present at some but not every stage of the review process and were not equal among the four journals. Although there was a small gender difference in decision outcomes, we found no evidence of bias in editors' and reviewers' recommendations. Our results support the conclusion that the current singleblind review system does not result in bias against female authors within AFS journals. Diferencias de género en el proceso de revisión por pares en la Sociedad Americana de Pesquerías En este trabajo se investiga la posibilidad de que existan diferencias de género en los productos del proceso de revisión por pares en las revistas de la Sociedad Americana de Pesquerías (SAP). En cada manuscrito sometido a cuatro de las revistas de la SAP entre enero de 2003 y diciembre de 2010, se ordenó la información referente al género y nacionalidad de los autores, el género del editor asociado, el género de los revisores, las recomendaciones de los árbitros, la decisión del editor asociado y el estado de la publicación del manuscrito. Se utilizó modelación lineal jerárquica para probar diferencias en el veredicto de la publicación en relación al género del autor, del revisor y del editor asociado. Las diferencias de género se hicieron presentes en algunos, pero no en cada etapa del proceso de revisión; y los resultados no fueron los mismos entre revistas. Si bien hubo una pequeña diferencia ligada a género en el resultado de la decisión, no se encontraron sesgos en las recomendaciones hechas por parte del editor o de los revisores. Nuestros resultados apoyan la conclusión de que el sistema actual de revisión por pares tipo sencillo-ciego que impera en las revistas de la SAP, no existen sesgos en contra de las autoras. Une analyse des différences entre les sexes dans le processus de relecture par les pairs de l'American Fisheries Society (Société américaine de la Pêche) Cette étude a examiné la possibilité de différences entre les sexes dans les résultats du processus de relecture par les pairs des revues de l'American Fisheries Society (AFS [Société américaine de la Pêche]). Pour chaque manuscrit soumis à quatre revues de l'AFS entre janvier 2003 et décembre 2010, nous avons collecté les informations concernant le sexe et la nationalité des auteurs, le sexe du rédacteur en chef adjoint, celui des relecteurs, les recommandations des relecteurs, la décision de rédacteur en chef adjoint, et l'état de la publication du manuscrit. Nous avons utilisé la modélisation linéaire hiérarchique pour tester les différences dans les résultats des décisions manuscrites associées avec le sexe de l'auteur, du relecteur, et du rédacteur en chef adjoint. Les différences entre les sexes étaient présentes à certains endroits, mais pas à tous les stades du processus de relecture, et n'étaient pas égales entre les quatre revues. Bien qu'il y ait une petite différence entre les sexes dans les résultats des décisions, nous n'avons trouvé aucune preuve de partialité dans les recommandations des éditeurs et des relecteurs. Nos résultats appuient la conclusion que le système de relecture en simple aveugle actuel ne se traduit pas par un parti pris contre les auteurs féminins au sein de revues de l'AFS.
PloS one, 2017
Tackling complex environmental challenges requires the capacity to understand how relationships a... more Tackling complex environmental challenges requires the capacity to understand how relationships and interactions between parts result in dynamic behavior of whole systems. There has been convincing research that these "systems thinking" skills can be learned. However, there is little research on methods for teaching these skills to children or assessing their impact. The Environmental Dashboard is a technology that uses "sociotechnical" feedback-information feedback designed to affect thought and behavior. Environmental Dashboard (ED) combines real-time information on community resource use with images and words that reflect pro-environmental actions of community members. Prior research indicates that ED supports the development of systems thinking in adults. To assess its impact on children, the technology was installed in a primary school and children were passively exposed to ED displays. This resulted in no measurable impact on systems thinking skills. The ne...
People differ in the extent to which they identify with humans beyond their ingroup and with non-... more People differ in the extent to which they identify with humans beyond their ingroup and with non-human living things. We refer to the former as the Connectedness to Humanity (CH) and to the latter as the Connectedness to Nature (CN). In a sample of 324 undergraduate students, CH and CN were operationalized using the Identification with All Humanity Scale (McFarland et al., 2012) and the CN Scale (Mayer and Frantz, 2004), respectively. These variables correlated moderately with each other (r = 0.44) and shared Openness to Experience and Honesty-Humility as their primary personality correlates. CN was found to play an important role in mediating the relationships between the two personality variables and some specific pro-environmental/pro-animal attitudes and ecological behaviors.
According to the Protection Motivation Theory, threat and coping appraisals are necessary to moti... more According to the Protection Motivation Theory, threat and coping appraisals are necessary to motivate people to change their behavior. This study will analyze threat appraisals of climate change through a 2 (white or person of color) by 2 (experimental versus control condition) study design. We will run factorial ANOVAs, ANCOVAs, and t-tests.
Five studies assessed the validity and reliability of the connectedness to nature scale (CNS), a ... more Five studies assessed the validity and reliability of the connectedness to nature scale (CNS), a new measure of individuals ’ trait levels of feeling emotionally connected to the natural world. Data from two community and three college samples demonstrated that the CNS has good psychometric properties, correlates with related variables (the new environmental paradigm scale, identity as an environmentalist), and is uncorrelated with potential confounds (verbal ability, social desirability). This paper supports ecopsychologists ’ contention that connection to nature is an important predictor of ecological behavior and subjective well-being. It also extends social psychological research on self–other overlap, perspective taking, and altruistic behavior to the overlap between self and nature. The CNS promises to be a useful empirical tool for research on the relationship between humans and the natural world. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1.
Energy behaviour is embedded within the physical and social contexts of daily life; the interplay... more Energy behaviour is embedded within the physical and social contexts of daily life; the interplay between behaviour and its contextual influences can be thought of as an “energy culture”. Behaviour-based energy interventions aim to impact demand through influencing some aspect of energy culture - what people have, think, and/or do. Understanding how a program does (or doesn’t) work requires an understanding of changes in these elements of energy culture. This paper presents and tests a set of instruments that evaluate household energy culture before and after an intervention. Findings indicate that the proposed instruments are consistent with the conceptual variables they were designed to measure and have strong predictive validity. This work highlights the potential for reliable and valid methods to complement traditional measures of program effectiveness, providing deeper learning into how interventions lead to savings. Such insights can support program improvement, and ultimately...