David Kramsky - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by David Kramsky
Kapitola je věnovana třem tematům: otazce povahy ceske filozofie, problemu tradice a vymezeni jed... more Kapitola je věnovana třem tematům: otazce povahy ceske filozofie, problemu tradice a vymezeni jednoho z možných pojeti filozofie.
Ceska A Slovenska Neurologie A Neurochirurgie, May 31, 2017
The purpose of this study is to introduce and br ing into the clinical practice new screen ing to... more The purpose of this study is to introduce and br ing into the clinical practice new screen ing tool Coin in the Hand Test for detection of simulat ing disability or weak results in psychological as sessment. Aim: The goal of this study was to defi ne the maximal performance in a general and clinical population and to determine the extent to which participants in experimental group are capable of fak ing weakened performance so that this fraud would not be recognized. Material and methods: The test Coin in the Hand Test was studied on a non-psychiatric group of participants (N = 153) to determine the ability to adapt to three diff erent scenarios: 1 = the best pos sible performance; 2 = acquir ing disability pension; 3 = prolong ing sick leave. In the second study the test was administered individual ly to a group of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Results: The performance score for each scenario signifi cantly diff ered suggest ing to a good ability of experimental group to adapt to the instruction. The mean performance score for the maximal performance was close to the maximum of 10 points (M = 9,98; SD = 0,13; 9– 10), while for the serious fak ing it was the lowest (M = 4,87; SD = 2,37; 0– 10). Score for moderate fak ing was found in between the previous two values (M = 6,85; SD = 1,72; 1– 10). The results of the individual as ses sment done on a group of psychiatric patients cor responded with the results of the group with a scenario for the best possible performance. Conclusion: The presented very good ability to diff erentiate between fak ing and honest individuals is an encouragement for inclusion of this test into the clinical practice. Tato studie je výsledkem badatelské činnosti podporované Grantovou agenturou České republiky, reg. č. 15-03615S, dále je studie výsledkem badatelské činnosti podporované projektem číslo LO1611 za fi nanční podpory MŠMT v rámci programu NPU I. Autoři deklarují, že v souvislosti s předmětem studie nemají žádné komerční zájmy. The authors declare they have no potential confl icts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. Redakční rada potvrzuje, že rukopis práce splnil ICMJE kritéria pro publikace zasílané do biomedicínských časopisů. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for
Frontiers in Psychiatry
ObjectiveQuality and type of early relationships with primary caregivers is considered one of the... more ObjectiveQuality and type of early relationships with primary caregivers is considered one of the key factors in the etiopathogenesis of many mental disorders including depression, anxiety, and conversion disorders. This study focused on the type and quality of attachment style in adult patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES).Materials and methodsWe evaluated the demographic data and profiles of PNES patients (n = 262) and group of healthy volunteers (n = 51) measured by the Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI) and Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) and Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structure (ECR-RS).ResultsSignificant differences in measured values between the two groups were identified; specifically, differences in the caregiver style–father and mother overprotection (PBI) was higher in the PNES group. The most frequent type of attachment in PNES was type 2 (preoccupied). Correlations between the PBI and ECR results were also found.ConclusionTh...
Epilepsy & Behavior, 2022
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to examine the neuropsychological performance and effort in pati... more PURPOSE The aim of the study was to examine the neuropsychological performance and effort in patients with a confirmed PNES diagnosis. The second aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between validity indicators from the cognitive battery with validity and clinical scales from a personality scale. METHOD Patients with PNES (N = 250; F:M 186:64; mean age 38.32 (13.23)) were assessed utilizing the RBANS (Czech Research version) to evaluate cognitive performance and to obtain the Effort Index. The MMPI-2 was used to evaluate personality and psychopathology. RESULTS Global cognitive performance was 0.92 SD below average (according to the Gaussian distribution) in patients with PNES. The lowest scores in the sample were in the Attention domain (-1.7SD). Insufficient effort was detected in 10% of patients. Education correlated negatively with the Effort index (rs = -0.25, p = 0.01). A mild significant correlation in Scale 7 (rs = 0.21, p = 0.01) and Scale 8 (rs = 0.24, p = 0.01), and a significant correlation between Effort Index and Back F Scale (rs = 0.23, p = 0.01) were noted. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of cognitive performance and effort is an essential part of the comprehensive evaluation of patients with PNES during their hospitalization at Epilepsy centers. Many aspects of the neuropsychological assessment can offer useful indications for reaching a differential diagnosis, including clinical history, behavioral observations, cognitive and symptom validity testing, and structured psychological inventories.
Journal of Education & Social Policy, 2019
Epilepsy & Behavior, 2018
Seizure, 2020
PURPOSE The term PNES refers to a conversion disorder that mimics epileptic seizures but has a ps... more PURPOSE The term PNES refers to a conversion disorder that mimics epileptic seizures but has a psychological etiology. Recent studies report that in patients with PNES, there is reduced understanding of emotions, impulse control difficulties, and limited access to emotional regulation strategies. The aim of this study was to compare patients diagnosed with PNES with healthy volunteers on the presence of maladaptive emotional regulation. METHOD Patients (N = 64 F:M 52:12; mean age 35.5 years; duration ≥ 2 years) were assessed while inpatients at the Epilepsy Center, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague. PNES diagnosis was based on normal EEG findings, habitual seizure capture, suggestive seizure provocation, neuropsychological assessment and patients´ history. The clinical sample was compared with healthy volunteers (N = 64 F:M 52:12; mean age 35.8 years). The presence of maladaptive emotional regulation was assessed through the Czech research version of the ASQ and DERS. RESULTS Compared with a healthy sample, patients with PNES had greater emotion regulation impairments across nearly all dimensions of the DERS - Nonacceptance = 17.0 (M = 14.5), p = 0.006, Goals = 16.0 (M = 11.5), p < 0.001, Impulse control = 13.8 (M = 11.5), p = 0.005, Awareness = 16.4 (M = 15.3), p = 0.183, Strategies = 17.9 (M = 13.0), p < 0.001, Clarity = 11.8 (M = 9.5), p < 0.001 and the total score of the DERS = 92.9 (M = 75.3), p < 0.001. Similar results were found in ASQ questionnaire scales - Concealing = 24.5 (M = 21.0), p = 0.002, and Adjusting = 20.9 (M = 22.8), p = 0.076 but not on the Tolerating Scale = 14.5 (M = 14.7), p = 0.873. CONCLUSION Our results highlight that maladaptive emotional regulation is a key psychological mechanism in PNES. Emotional dysregulation may represent an important target when designing psychoeducational and psychotherapeutic approaches for patients with PNES.
Frontiers in Psychology, 2015
Social desirability as a tendency to present oneself in a better light rather than in a truthful ... more Social desirability as a tendency to present oneself in a better light rather than in a truthful manner is common feature presented during job interviews. Previous studies mainly focused on blue-collar professions and therefore authors researched contrary set of white-collar professions in three sub-studies with four different participant groups (legal professions; police officers; controls and university students influenced by scenarios; overall N = 636). It was hypothesized that candidates for legal profession would show similar tendency toward social desirability, when compared with controls. Furthermore, police officers were hypothesized to show similar levels of social desirability as legal professions. Lastly, participants in the instruction manipulation condition were hypothesized to show increased levels of social desirability in tender situation as compared to the honest situation. All groups were tested with balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR, Paulhus, 1984). Statistical analyses revealed statistically significant differences for both subscales of BIDR when comparing legal professions and control group. Similarly, increased levels of social desirability were detected in police officer candidates as well as in university students in the tender situation compared with students in the honest situation. The overall results indicated that it is typical for whitecollar candidates to adapt to the testing situation and it cannot be expected to see different behavior from legal profession candidates as was originally expected.
Kapitola je věnovana třem tematům: otazce povahy ceske filozofie, problemu tradice a vymezeni jed... more Kapitola je věnovana třem tematům: otazce povahy ceske filozofie, problemu tradice a vymezeni jednoho z možných pojeti filozofie.
Ceska A Slovenska Neurologie A Neurochirurgie, May 31, 2017
The purpose of this study is to introduce and br ing into the clinical practice new screen ing to... more The purpose of this study is to introduce and br ing into the clinical practice new screen ing tool Coin in the Hand Test for detection of simulat ing disability or weak results in psychological as sessment. Aim: The goal of this study was to defi ne the maximal performance in a general and clinical population and to determine the extent to which participants in experimental group are capable of fak ing weakened performance so that this fraud would not be recognized. Material and methods: The test Coin in the Hand Test was studied on a non-psychiatric group of participants (N = 153) to determine the ability to adapt to three diff erent scenarios: 1 = the best pos sible performance; 2 = acquir ing disability pension; 3 = prolong ing sick leave. In the second study the test was administered individual ly to a group of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Results: The performance score for each scenario signifi cantly diff ered suggest ing to a good ability of experimental group to adapt to the instruction. The mean performance score for the maximal performance was close to the maximum of 10 points (M = 9,98; SD = 0,13; 9– 10), while for the serious fak ing it was the lowest (M = 4,87; SD = 2,37; 0– 10). Score for moderate fak ing was found in between the previous two values (M = 6,85; SD = 1,72; 1– 10). The results of the individual as ses sment done on a group of psychiatric patients cor responded with the results of the group with a scenario for the best possible performance. Conclusion: The presented very good ability to diff erentiate between fak ing and honest individuals is an encouragement for inclusion of this test into the clinical practice. Tato studie je výsledkem badatelské činnosti podporované Grantovou agenturou České republiky, reg. č. 15-03615S, dále je studie výsledkem badatelské činnosti podporované projektem číslo LO1611 za fi nanční podpory MŠMT v rámci programu NPU I. Autoři deklarují, že v souvislosti s předmětem studie nemají žádné komerční zájmy. The authors declare they have no potential confl icts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. Redakční rada potvrzuje, že rukopis práce splnil ICMJE kritéria pro publikace zasílané do biomedicínských časopisů. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for
Frontiers in Psychiatry
ObjectiveQuality and type of early relationships with primary caregivers is considered one of the... more ObjectiveQuality and type of early relationships with primary caregivers is considered one of the key factors in the etiopathogenesis of many mental disorders including depression, anxiety, and conversion disorders. This study focused on the type and quality of attachment style in adult patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES).Materials and methodsWe evaluated the demographic data and profiles of PNES patients (n = 262) and group of healthy volunteers (n = 51) measured by the Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI) and Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) and Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structure (ECR-RS).ResultsSignificant differences in measured values between the two groups were identified; specifically, differences in the caregiver style–father and mother overprotection (PBI) was higher in the PNES group. The most frequent type of attachment in PNES was type 2 (preoccupied). Correlations between the PBI and ECR results were also found.ConclusionTh...
Epilepsy & Behavior, 2022
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to examine the neuropsychological performance and effort in pati... more PURPOSE The aim of the study was to examine the neuropsychological performance and effort in patients with a confirmed PNES diagnosis. The second aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between validity indicators from the cognitive battery with validity and clinical scales from a personality scale. METHOD Patients with PNES (N = 250; F:M 186:64; mean age 38.32 (13.23)) were assessed utilizing the RBANS (Czech Research version) to evaluate cognitive performance and to obtain the Effort Index. The MMPI-2 was used to evaluate personality and psychopathology. RESULTS Global cognitive performance was 0.92 SD below average (according to the Gaussian distribution) in patients with PNES. The lowest scores in the sample were in the Attention domain (-1.7SD). Insufficient effort was detected in 10% of patients. Education correlated negatively with the Effort index (rs = -0.25, p = 0.01). A mild significant correlation in Scale 7 (rs = 0.21, p = 0.01) and Scale 8 (rs = 0.24, p = 0.01), and a significant correlation between Effort Index and Back F Scale (rs = 0.23, p = 0.01) were noted. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of cognitive performance and effort is an essential part of the comprehensive evaluation of patients with PNES during their hospitalization at Epilepsy centers. Many aspects of the neuropsychological assessment can offer useful indications for reaching a differential diagnosis, including clinical history, behavioral observations, cognitive and symptom validity testing, and structured psychological inventories.
Journal of Education & Social Policy, 2019
Epilepsy & Behavior, 2018
Seizure, 2020
PURPOSE The term PNES refers to a conversion disorder that mimics epileptic seizures but has a ps... more PURPOSE The term PNES refers to a conversion disorder that mimics epileptic seizures but has a psychological etiology. Recent studies report that in patients with PNES, there is reduced understanding of emotions, impulse control difficulties, and limited access to emotional regulation strategies. The aim of this study was to compare patients diagnosed with PNES with healthy volunteers on the presence of maladaptive emotional regulation. METHOD Patients (N = 64 F:M 52:12; mean age 35.5 years; duration ≥ 2 years) were assessed while inpatients at the Epilepsy Center, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague. PNES diagnosis was based on normal EEG findings, habitual seizure capture, suggestive seizure provocation, neuropsychological assessment and patients´ history. The clinical sample was compared with healthy volunteers (N = 64 F:M 52:12; mean age 35.8 years). The presence of maladaptive emotional regulation was assessed through the Czech research version of the ASQ and DERS. RESULTS Compared with a healthy sample, patients with PNES had greater emotion regulation impairments across nearly all dimensions of the DERS - Nonacceptance = 17.0 (M = 14.5), p = 0.006, Goals = 16.0 (M = 11.5), p < 0.001, Impulse control = 13.8 (M = 11.5), p = 0.005, Awareness = 16.4 (M = 15.3), p = 0.183, Strategies = 17.9 (M = 13.0), p < 0.001, Clarity = 11.8 (M = 9.5), p < 0.001 and the total score of the DERS = 92.9 (M = 75.3), p < 0.001. Similar results were found in ASQ questionnaire scales - Concealing = 24.5 (M = 21.0), p = 0.002, and Adjusting = 20.9 (M = 22.8), p = 0.076 but not on the Tolerating Scale = 14.5 (M = 14.7), p = 0.873. CONCLUSION Our results highlight that maladaptive emotional regulation is a key psychological mechanism in PNES. Emotional dysregulation may represent an important target when designing psychoeducational and psychotherapeutic approaches for patients with PNES.
Frontiers in Psychology, 2015
Social desirability as a tendency to present oneself in a better light rather than in a truthful ... more Social desirability as a tendency to present oneself in a better light rather than in a truthful manner is common feature presented during job interviews. Previous studies mainly focused on blue-collar professions and therefore authors researched contrary set of white-collar professions in three sub-studies with four different participant groups (legal professions; police officers; controls and university students influenced by scenarios; overall N = 636). It was hypothesized that candidates for legal profession would show similar tendency toward social desirability, when compared with controls. Furthermore, police officers were hypothesized to show similar levels of social desirability as legal professions. Lastly, participants in the instruction manipulation condition were hypothesized to show increased levels of social desirability in tender situation as compared to the honest situation. All groups were tested with balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR, Paulhus, 1984). Statistical analyses revealed statistically significant differences for both subscales of BIDR when comparing legal professions and control group. Similarly, increased levels of social desirability were detected in police officer candidates as well as in university students in the tender situation compared with students in the honest situation. The overall results indicated that it is typical for whitecollar candidates to adapt to the testing situation and it cannot be expected to see different behavior from legal profession candidates as was originally expected.