DR. KHAIRI KHALID - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by DR. KHAIRI KHALID
Background: Changes in runoff will affect sediment input into rivers and coastal seas resulted ch... more Background: Changes in runoff will affect sediment input into rivers and coastal seas resulted changes in sediment cycling and transport. Moreover, high sediment loads can cause contamination and surroundings degradation in river systems such affects algal growth and river ecosystem. During the last forty years, numerical models have proven to be useful research tools in environmental studies. Objective: The integrated modelling is designed to simulate and assess catchment-scale land to appropriately quantify sediment and stream flow delivery to receiving waters. The study evaluated the performance and suitability of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in assessing sediment loading and stream flow loading under Malaysian climate. Results: The SWAT was calibrated and both r2 and E value above 0.65. The simulation results based on 30 years of rainfall records indicate that average water quantity will not be significantly affected and suspended sediment and stream flow will inc...
Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2016), 2018
The idea of distributed hydrologic modeling is embedded in the interrelationships of geospatial a... more The idea of distributed hydrologic modeling is embedded in the interrelationships of geospatial and hydro-meteorological data and represented by mathematical abstractions. The behavior of each process is controlled by its attributes as well as by its interaction with other processes active in the catchment. Model calibration is the process of estimating model parameters by comparing model predictions to a given set of assumed conditions with observed data under the same circumstances. The Soil Water Assessment Tool-Calibration Uncertainties Program (SWAT-CUP) is a computer model for calibrations of SWAT model is utilized in the study for the simulation of the daily streamflow. For Langat River Basin, the coefficient of determination (R 2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and PBIAS for the calibration period were found as 0.75, 0.70, and 0.15, respectively, which confirms the satisfactory performance of the model.
ARPN journal of engineering and applied sciences, 2017
In December 2014, Kuala Krau which is located inthe state of Pahang, Malaysia has been hit by sev... more In December 2014, Kuala Krau which is located inthe state of Pahang, Malaysia has been hit by severe floods which caused a lot of destruction of property and damage to the project catfish in cages along Sungai Pahang. This study focused on the Kuala Krau area because this area is among the worst-hit areas in Pahang. The study aims to quantify nutrients concentrations such as nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2), and other parameters that are necessary to know because it could affect the health of local residents such as iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg) and Zinc (Zn) as well as to investigate their potential environmental risk. GIS software is used to map the environmental risk assessment at each of the sampling location. The results of the study found that most of the parameter concentration is below the limit set out in the Malaysian Water Quality Standard and the trend of transport for most parameters showed a linear correlation when the river flows downstream, the concentration of the parame...
Highly accurate Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is not easy to be obtained by individuals mainly be... more Highly accurate Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is not easy to be obtained by individuals mainly because access for data is strictly limited from public use. Other factors include partial area of coverage, timely work and high cost from conducting traditional land surveying. These matters become more difficult especially in highland areas where ground surveying could not penetrate every corner of the area. With the latest technology from satellite imagery, restrictions could be resolved because free DEM data covering almost the entire Earth surface and digital copies are available for download from the internet. However, reliability of open-source DEM data still needs to be studied especially in priority areas such as highland areas with dense vegetation. This study will access on the performance of free DEM data, namely ASTER GDEM 30 meters and SRTM DEM 30 meters followed by assessment to compare these data with official contour maps generated from JUPEM at 20 meters' interval. T...
Hydrological model is an important tool in enabling the researchers to predict the runoff in the ... more Hydrological model is an important tool in enabling the researchers to predict the runoff in the catchment areas and assess the water resources management practices. Distributed models must undergo calibration procedures before it is used to help in making decisions in the planning and management of water resources. Generally, manual calibration is performed repeatedly which is time-consuming and needs experienced staffs. This paper describes a semi-automatic approach for calibrating long term monthly streamflow periods estimated by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model. After 26 repetitions, 9 SWAT input parameters reflects the sensitivity on the streamflow simulation. For Cameron Highlands river basin, the Runoff Curve Number (CN2.mgt), Base flow recession constant (ALPHA_BF.gw) and Groundwater delay time (GW_DELAY.gw) is found to be the most sensitive input parameters. CN2.mgt is established to be the most sensitive to surface respond parameter and followed...
Hydrologic models are particularly useful tools for investigating the many practical issues that ... more Hydrologic models are particularly useful tools for investigating the many practical issues that arise during the planning, design, operation, and management of water resource systems. In Malaysia, several commercial hydrologic models have been used to model river basin dynamics, at both small and larger watershed scales. These include empirical, physical, stochastic, and distributed models such as InfoWorks River Simulation (IWRS), InfoWorks Collection System (IWCS), MIKE-SHE, and Stormwater Management Model (XP-SWMM). Open-source watershed models have also been used to model river basin dynamics in Malaysia. These models include the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), Hydrologic Engineering Centre – The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS), Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model (KINEROS) software, and the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Analysis (L-THIA) program. Among these models, SWAT is a well-established, physically based distributed model used for analyzing the impacts of land manag...
Flood is a primary hazard affecting Malaysia, often responsible for loss of lives and a severe th... more Flood is a primary hazard affecting Malaysia, often responsible for loss of lives and a severe threat to infrastructure and environment. Activities in flood plain and catchment such as land clearing for other developments effort may increase the magnitude of a flood. The problem of flood management cannot be solved simply by providing more construction of dams and reservoirs. The adoption of a strategic approach is needed for planning and managing that flood management in any watershed. The evolution of distributed watershed models has been established for more accurate representation of the hydrological system by considering the spatial variability of model parameters and inputs. The research aims to evaluate the performance and hydrological response of the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) process-based model in tropical river basin using Malaysia soil data. This study was specific to the upper part of Langat River Basin (UPLRB) in the context of Greater Kuala Lumpur Plan in the s...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2016
Heavy metal, particularly cadmium, lead, and arsenic, constitute a significant potential threat t... more Heavy metal, particularly cadmium, lead, and arsenic, constitute a significant potential threat to human health. Some metals are extremely toxic to humans and the toxic heavy metals of greatest concern include cadmium, lead, and arsenic. The objective of the study conducted was to determine the accumulation and distribution status of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in the sediment of Bertam River from September 2014 to February 2015 in the agricultural areas of Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. The sediment samples were collected randomly in three replicates from ten sampling points in the agricultural areas of Cameron Highlands. The heavy metals in the sediment were extracted using the wet acid method and the sample concentrations are then tested for metal concentrations by the spectrography method using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) spectrography. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was used to create a map of metal concentrations for a point on the polygon dataset spatial interpolation. There is an increasing trend of Cd from the upstream to downstream stations along Bertam River during the rainy season. The activity range of Cd is 0.07 to 2.83 µg/g during the rainy season, whereas, during the dry season, Cd activity ranged from 0.26-0.83µg/g.
ISFRAM 2014, 2015
The concept of watershed modeling is embedded in the interrelationships of geo-spatial data and h... more The concept of watershed modeling is embedded in the interrelationships of geo-spatial data and hydro-meteorological data and represented through mathematical abstractions. The behavior of each process is controlled by its own characteristics as well as by its interaction with other processes active in the catchment. The hydrological models vary from empirical models to stochastic models of various kinds and finally to the more recent distributed models. In recent years, distributed watershed models have been increasingly used to implement alternative management strategies in the areas of water resource allocation, flood control, impact assessments for land use and climate change, and pollution control. Many of these models share a common base in their endeavor to incorporate the heterogeneity of the watershed and the spatial distribution of topography, vegetation, land use, soil characteristics, and rainfall. This study attempts to provide a framework of hydrological assessment using a Malaysian soil data as a soil characteristics input in Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in its place of using the USDA Soil Taxonomy database. This chapter reports a SWAT simulation output using a Malaysian soil data from the SWAT input file. It was found that the SWAT model can be successfully applied for hydrological evaluation of the Langat River basin, Malaysia. To the Langat River basin, SCS runoff curve number (CN), base flow alpha factor (ALPHA_BF), and groundwater delay (GW_Delay) were found to be the most sensitive input parameters. The works attempting a hydrological simulation using a local soil data directly from Malaysian soil database are still in the programming stages. A same methodology is suggested to be practiced in other open source hydrological models.
InCIEC 2013, 2014
The degradation of the water quality and ecosystem are vulnerable to urbanization processes and a... more The degradation of the water quality and ecosystem are vulnerable to urbanization processes and activities. Increase numbers of population and industrial activities continue to increase a consumption of water and followed by the increasing of waste discharges to the natural waterways. These issues are very critical mostly in the developing countries and not excluded to the upper part of the Klang River basin. The current Water Quality Index (WQI) at both inlet and outlet of the study area is falling under Class III. The mitigation processes are needed to improve the index value before further degradation of the river downstream Furthermore the stream flows that passage the city centre of Kuala Lumpur needed to be maintained in order to boost economic sector growth like tourism and other business activities. The Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Government of Malaysia is currently initiating the River of Life (RoL) rehabilitation program to mitigate the water quality and quantity of Klang River. This paper presents the current water quality study of the upper part of Klang River, which consists of six water quality parameter. This study involved an in situ works and followed by a laboratory investigation. Data analysis was carried out using QUAL2E software and proposes mitigation measures which to satisfy the objective of the RoL program. The study area was exposed to a high concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN) which contributed to the pollution of the river. At high numbers of total coliform also redound to the unsafe and unhealthy for portable water. In QUAL2E, a total maximum daily load (TMDL) analysis was calculated from a stream outfall and Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) outlet and finally the prediction load was carried out in order to be conformed for Class II. The study shows that the QUAL2E software was performed well in simulating the water quality parameter and able to incorporate in the rehabilitation program at the study area in order to conserve the natural qualities of the environment.
The idea of watershed modeling is implanted in the interrelationships of geospatial and hydro-met... more The idea of watershed modeling is implanted in the interrelationships of geospatial and hydro-meteorological data and represented through mathematical abstractions. The behaviour of each process is controlled by its attributes as well as by its interaction with other processes active in the catchment. In recent years, distributed watershed models have been increasingly used to implement alternative management strategies in the areas of water resources study. Many of these models share a common base in their endeavour to incorporate the heterogeneity of the watershed and the spatial distribution of topography, vegetation, land use, soil characteristics and rainfall. For soil maps, all the physical properties were used as input files for SWAT models. The study attempts to assess the whole simulation processes of the SWAT hydrological model using a Malaysia soil data. It was found that the SWAT model can be successfully applied for hydrological evaluation of the Langat River Basin with...
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are general-purpose techniques that can be used for nonlinear d... more Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are general-purpose techniques that can be used for nonlinear data-driven rainfall-runoff modeling. The fundamental issue to build a worthwhile model by means of ANNs is to recognize their structural features and the difficulties related to their construction. Without a doubt, the magnitude and quality of data, the type of noise, and the mathematical properties of the algorithm for estimating the usual large number of parameters are critical for the simplification performances of ANNs. There are many avoiding overfitting techniques in improving the generalization of ANNs. This paper was reported the optimization of the hidden neurons of nonlinear autoregressive with external inputs (NARX) neural network of the tropical river basin. For the Langat River Basin, eight or ten hidden neurons were found to be the most optimal for the ANN model. The next steps should be conducting the optimum numbers of inputs delay to be used for the model since the preci...
Lawatan akademikpelajar ke lapangan telah menjadi satu keperluan bagi fakultiyang berasaskan sain... more Lawatan akademikpelajar ke lapangan telah menjadi satu keperluan bagi fakultiyang berasaskan sains dan teknologi. Proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran (P&P) pelajar akan dapat dipertingkatkan melalui pendedahan langsung ini. Lawatan ini meliputi semua aspek penting di da I am cabang ilmu kejuruteraan awam. Bagi program Diploma Kejuruteraan Awam, UiTM terdapat 6 kod kursus yang meletakkan syarat lawatan ini di dalam silibus yang berkenaan. Menyedari keperluan ini, Kumpulan KIK Pinnacle, Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam, UiTM Pahang telah mengambil satu inisiatif penambahbaikan bagi memudahkan urusan permohonan, peruntukan kewangan dan aspek pengurusan yang perlu dilakukan sebelum lawatan dapat dijalankan. Elektronik-Lawatan Akademik (e-LA) telah dibangunkan dengan mengelektronikkan semua data konvensional yang perlu dilakukan di peringkat fakulti dan pentadbiran permohonan sebelum lawatan ini dibenarkan oleh pihak pengurusan kampus. Kajian awalan penggunaan sistem ini yang telah dijalankan di...
The aeration of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is based on the mass transfer rate of VOCs from ... more The aeration of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is based on the mass transfer rate of VOCs from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase. Principle of air stripping involves the mass transfer of volatile organic contaminant from water to air. The system can be easily upgraded to strip greater amount of VOCs with relatively small increase in capital cost. Aeration tanks strip volatile compounds by bubbling air into tank through which contaminated water flows. The present study shows power input in VOC by using advanced designed gas dispersing radial impeller that is, Rushton, CD-6 and BT-6, the factors which affect the design of aeration tank baffles and the impeller used for best possible result. This study also shows the power input of VOCs at different height of submergence. A comparison of the result from experiment that shows the power input of VOCs during aeration is a function of mass transfer coefficient of air and it increases with the increase of submergence of height, by supply of air, and increase in impeller speed. Best power input result can be obtained at the 2/3rd height of the submergence of the total depth of water for impeller used.
InCIEC 2013, 2014
Water supply and demand is one of the hot topics discussed in the community today. Higher growth ... more Water supply and demand is one of the hot topics discussed in the community today. Higher growth rate of the population has drawn heavily on the natural resource base in Malaysia. Trend of supply and demand in the Langat catchment, water availability assessment and water storage capacity to supply and demand were investigated using a new accounting concept and analytical approach, Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system. The assessment model is computed based on three scenarios—Scenario 1: Higher Population Growth, Scenario 2: Water Year Method and Scenario 3: Extended Dry Climate Sequence. The study found that Langat catchment is relatively sensitive to the growth of demands, suggesting that slight changes in population growth will alter the present water availability. Furthermore, the populations increase to 7 % with the increment of climate variation of the current condition, thus exposing the study area with water scarcity problem.
Local conditions wind multiplier map considered as one of the essential supporting tool in windst... more Local conditions wind multiplier map considered as one of the essential supporting tool in windstorm disaster management because through this map affected of local conditions to windstorm intensity (gust/wind speed) in any grid area of 1 km x 1 km can be made known. Local conditions multiplier for each grid area need to be multiplied with predicted windstorm intensity from the source (downdraft) in order to determine the actual intensity on land surface. Next, through the actual intensity, potential damages can be identified. Information regarding potential damages enables local authorities and public in the affected area to make early preparation in minimizing the impacts caused by windstorm occurrence. Production of this map is according to severe wind gust risk assessment which taking into account of terrain (roughness), shielding multiplier and topographic (hill-shape) factors. Multiplier for each factor are based on the Malaysian Standard (MS1553: 2000) and Australian/New Zeala...
Background: Changes in runoff will affect sediment input into rivers and coastal seas resulted ch... more Background: Changes in runoff will affect sediment input into rivers and coastal seas resulted changes in sediment cycling and transport. Moreover, high sediment loads can cause contamination and surroundings degradation in river systems such affects algal growth and river ecosystem. During the last forty years, numerical models have proven to be useful research tools in environmental studies. Objective: The integrated modelling is designed to simulate and assess catchment-scale land to appropriately quantify sediment and stream flow delivery to receiving waters. The study evaluated the performance and suitability of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in assessing sediment loading and stream flow loading under Malaysian climate. Results: The SWAT was calibrated and both r2 and E value above 0.65. The simulation results based on 30 years of rainfall records indicate that average water quantity will not be significantly affected and suspended sediment and stream flow will inc...
Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2016), 2018
The idea of distributed hydrologic modeling is embedded in the interrelationships of geospatial a... more The idea of distributed hydrologic modeling is embedded in the interrelationships of geospatial and hydro-meteorological data and represented by mathematical abstractions. The behavior of each process is controlled by its attributes as well as by its interaction with other processes active in the catchment. Model calibration is the process of estimating model parameters by comparing model predictions to a given set of assumed conditions with observed data under the same circumstances. The Soil Water Assessment Tool-Calibration Uncertainties Program (SWAT-CUP) is a computer model for calibrations of SWAT model is utilized in the study for the simulation of the daily streamflow. For Langat River Basin, the coefficient of determination (R 2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and PBIAS for the calibration period were found as 0.75, 0.70, and 0.15, respectively, which confirms the satisfactory performance of the model.
ARPN journal of engineering and applied sciences, 2017
In December 2014, Kuala Krau which is located inthe state of Pahang, Malaysia has been hit by sev... more In December 2014, Kuala Krau which is located inthe state of Pahang, Malaysia has been hit by severe floods which caused a lot of destruction of property and damage to the project catfish in cages along Sungai Pahang. This study focused on the Kuala Krau area because this area is among the worst-hit areas in Pahang. The study aims to quantify nutrients concentrations such as nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2), and other parameters that are necessary to know because it could affect the health of local residents such as iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg) and Zinc (Zn) as well as to investigate their potential environmental risk. GIS software is used to map the environmental risk assessment at each of the sampling location. The results of the study found that most of the parameter concentration is below the limit set out in the Malaysian Water Quality Standard and the trend of transport for most parameters showed a linear correlation when the river flows downstream, the concentration of the parame...
Highly accurate Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is not easy to be obtained by individuals mainly be... more Highly accurate Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is not easy to be obtained by individuals mainly because access for data is strictly limited from public use. Other factors include partial area of coverage, timely work and high cost from conducting traditional land surveying. These matters become more difficult especially in highland areas where ground surveying could not penetrate every corner of the area. With the latest technology from satellite imagery, restrictions could be resolved because free DEM data covering almost the entire Earth surface and digital copies are available for download from the internet. However, reliability of open-source DEM data still needs to be studied especially in priority areas such as highland areas with dense vegetation. This study will access on the performance of free DEM data, namely ASTER GDEM 30 meters and SRTM DEM 30 meters followed by assessment to compare these data with official contour maps generated from JUPEM at 20 meters' interval. T...
Hydrological model is an important tool in enabling the researchers to predict the runoff in the ... more Hydrological model is an important tool in enabling the researchers to predict the runoff in the catchment areas and assess the water resources management practices. Distributed models must undergo calibration procedures before it is used to help in making decisions in the planning and management of water resources. Generally, manual calibration is performed repeatedly which is time-consuming and needs experienced staffs. This paper describes a semi-automatic approach for calibrating long term monthly streamflow periods estimated by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model. After 26 repetitions, 9 SWAT input parameters reflects the sensitivity on the streamflow simulation. For Cameron Highlands river basin, the Runoff Curve Number (CN2.mgt), Base flow recession constant (ALPHA_BF.gw) and Groundwater delay time (GW_DELAY.gw) is found to be the most sensitive input parameters. CN2.mgt is established to be the most sensitive to surface respond parameter and followed...
Hydrologic models are particularly useful tools for investigating the many practical issues that ... more Hydrologic models are particularly useful tools for investigating the many practical issues that arise during the planning, design, operation, and management of water resource systems. In Malaysia, several commercial hydrologic models have been used to model river basin dynamics, at both small and larger watershed scales. These include empirical, physical, stochastic, and distributed models such as InfoWorks River Simulation (IWRS), InfoWorks Collection System (IWCS), MIKE-SHE, and Stormwater Management Model (XP-SWMM). Open-source watershed models have also been used to model river basin dynamics in Malaysia. These models include the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), Hydrologic Engineering Centre – The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS), Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model (KINEROS) software, and the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Analysis (L-THIA) program. Among these models, SWAT is a well-established, physically based distributed model used for analyzing the impacts of land manag...
Flood is a primary hazard affecting Malaysia, often responsible for loss of lives and a severe th... more Flood is a primary hazard affecting Malaysia, often responsible for loss of lives and a severe threat to infrastructure and environment. Activities in flood plain and catchment such as land clearing for other developments effort may increase the magnitude of a flood. The problem of flood management cannot be solved simply by providing more construction of dams and reservoirs. The adoption of a strategic approach is needed for planning and managing that flood management in any watershed. The evolution of distributed watershed models has been established for more accurate representation of the hydrological system by considering the spatial variability of model parameters and inputs. The research aims to evaluate the performance and hydrological response of the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) process-based model in tropical river basin using Malaysia soil data. This study was specific to the upper part of Langat River Basin (UPLRB) in the context of Greater Kuala Lumpur Plan in the s...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2016
Heavy metal, particularly cadmium, lead, and arsenic, constitute a significant potential threat t... more Heavy metal, particularly cadmium, lead, and arsenic, constitute a significant potential threat to human health. Some metals are extremely toxic to humans and the toxic heavy metals of greatest concern include cadmium, lead, and arsenic. The objective of the study conducted was to determine the accumulation and distribution status of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in the sediment of Bertam River from September 2014 to February 2015 in the agricultural areas of Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. The sediment samples were collected randomly in three replicates from ten sampling points in the agricultural areas of Cameron Highlands. The heavy metals in the sediment were extracted using the wet acid method and the sample concentrations are then tested for metal concentrations by the spectrography method using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) spectrography. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was used to create a map of metal concentrations for a point on the polygon dataset spatial interpolation. There is an increasing trend of Cd from the upstream to downstream stations along Bertam River during the rainy season. The activity range of Cd is 0.07 to 2.83 µg/g during the rainy season, whereas, during the dry season, Cd activity ranged from 0.26-0.83µg/g.
ISFRAM 2014, 2015
The concept of watershed modeling is embedded in the interrelationships of geo-spatial data and h... more The concept of watershed modeling is embedded in the interrelationships of geo-spatial data and hydro-meteorological data and represented through mathematical abstractions. The behavior of each process is controlled by its own characteristics as well as by its interaction with other processes active in the catchment. The hydrological models vary from empirical models to stochastic models of various kinds and finally to the more recent distributed models. In recent years, distributed watershed models have been increasingly used to implement alternative management strategies in the areas of water resource allocation, flood control, impact assessments for land use and climate change, and pollution control. Many of these models share a common base in their endeavor to incorporate the heterogeneity of the watershed and the spatial distribution of topography, vegetation, land use, soil characteristics, and rainfall. This study attempts to provide a framework of hydrological assessment using a Malaysian soil data as a soil characteristics input in Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in its place of using the USDA Soil Taxonomy database. This chapter reports a SWAT simulation output using a Malaysian soil data from the SWAT input file. It was found that the SWAT model can be successfully applied for hydrological evaluation of the Langat River basin, Malaysia. To the Langat River basin, SCS runoff curve number (CN), base flow alpha factor (ALPHA_BF), and groundwater delay (GW_Delay) were found to be the most sensitive input parameters. The works attempting a hydrological simulation using a local soil data directly from Malaysian soil database are still in the programming stages. A same methodology is suggested to be practiced in other open source hydrological models.
InCIEC 2013, 2014
The degradation of the water quality and ecosystem are vulnerable to urbanization processes and a... more The degradation of the water quality and ecosystem are vulnerable to urbanization processes and activities. Increase numbers of population and industrial activities continue to increase a consumption of water and followed by the increasing of waste discharges to the natural waterways. These issues are very critical mostly in the developing countries and not excluded to the upper part of the Klang River basin. The current Water Quality Index (WQI) at both inlet and outlet of the study area is falling under Class III. The mitigation processes are needed to improve the index value before further degradation of the river downstream Furthermore the stream flows that passage the city centre of Kuala Lumpur needed to be maintained in order to boost economic sector growth like tourism and other business activities. The Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Government of Malaysia is currently initiating the River of Life (RoL) rehabilitation program to mitigate the water quality and quantity of Klang River. This paper presents the current water quality study of the upper part of Klang River, which consists of six water quality parameter. This study involved an in situ works and followed by a laboratory investigation. Data analysis was carried out using QUAL2E software and proposes mitigation measures which to satisfy the objective of the RoL program. The study area was exposed to a high concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN) which contributed to the pollution of the river. At high numbers of total coliform also redound to the unsafe and unhealthy for portable water. In QUAL2E, a total maximum daily load (TMDL) analysis was calculated from a stream outfall and Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) outlet and finally the prediction load was carried out in order to be conformed for Class II. The study shows that the QUAL2E software was performed well in simulating the water quality parameter and able to incorporate in the rehabilitation program at the study area in order to conserve the natural qualities of the environment.
The idea of watershed modeling is implanted in the interrelationships of geospatial and hydro-met... more The idea of watershed modeling is implanted in the interrelationships of geospatial and hydro-meteorological data and represented through mathematical abstractions. The behaviour of each process is controlled by its attributes as well as by its interaction with other processes active in the catchment. In recent years, distributed watershed models have been increasingly used to implement alternative management strategies in the areas of water resources study. Many of these models share a common base in their endeavour to incorporate the heterogeneity of the watershed and the spatial distribution of topography, vegetation, land use, soil characteristics and rainfall. For soil maps, all the physical properties were used as input files for SWAT models. The study attempts to assess the whole simulation processes of the SWAT hydrological model using a Malaysia soil data. It was found that the SWAT model can be successfully applied for hydrological evaluation of the Langat River Basin with...
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are general-purpose techniques that can be used for nonlinear d... more Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are general-purpose techniques that can be used for nonlinear data-driven rainfall-runoff modeling. The fundamental issue to build a worthwhile model by means of ANNs is to recognize their structural features and the difficulties related to their construction. Without a doubt, the magnitude and quality of data, the type of noise, and the mathematical properties of the algorithm for estimating the usual large number of parameters are critical for the simplification performances of ANNs. There are many avoiding overfitting techniques in improving the generalization of ANNs. This paper was reported the optimization of the hidden neurons of nonlinear autoregressive with external inputs (NARX) neural network of the tropical river basin. For the Langat River Basin, eight or ten hidden neurons were found to be the most optimal for the ANN model. The next steps should be conducting the optimum numbers of inputs delay to be used for the model since the preci...
Lawatan akademikpelajar ke lapangan telah menjadi satu keperluan bagi fakultiyang berasaskan sain... more Lawatan akademikpelajar ke lapangan telah menjadi satu keperluan bagi fakultiyang berasaskan sains dan teknologi. Proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran (P&P) pelajar akan dapat dipertingkatkan melalui pendedahan langsung ini. Lawatan ini meliputi semua aspek penting di da I am cabang ilmu kejuruteraan awam. Bagi program Diploma Kejuruteraan Awam, UiTM terdapat 6 kod kursus yang meletakkan syarat lawatan ini di dalam silibus yang berkenaan. Menyedari keperluan ini, Kumpulan KIK Pinnacle, Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam, UiTM Pahang telah mengambil satu inisiatif penambahbaikan bagi memudahkan urusan permohonan, peruntukan kewangan dan aspek pengurusan yang perlu dilakukan sebelum lawatan dapat dijalankan. Elektronik-Lawatan Akademik (e-LA) telah dibangunkan dengan mengelektronikkan semua data konvensional yang perlu dilakukan di peringkat fakulti dan pentadbiran permohonan sebelum lawatan ini dibenarkan oleh pihak pengurusan kampus. Kajian awalan penggunaan sistem ini yang telah dijalankan di...
The aeration of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is based on the mass transfer rate of VOCs from ... more The aeration of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is based on the mass transfer rate of VOCs from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase. Principle of air stripping involves the mass transfer of volatile organic contaminant from water to air. The system can be easily upgraded to strip greater amount of VOCs with relatively small increase in capital cost. Aeration tanks strip volatile compounds by bubbling air into tank through which contaminated water flows. The present study shows power input in VOC by using advanced designed gas dispersing radial impeller that is, Rushton, CD-6 and BT-6, the factors which affect the design of aeration tank baffles and the impeller used for best possible result. This study also shows the power input of VOCs at different height of submergence. A comparison of the result from experiment that shows the power input of VOCs during aeration is a function of mass transfer coefficient of air and it increases with the increase of submergence of height, by supply of air, and increase in impeller speed. Best power input result can be obtained at the 2/3rd height of the submergence of the total depth of water for impeller used.
InCIEC 2013, 2014
Water supply and demand is one of the hot topics discussed in the community today. Higher growth ... more Water supply and demand is one of the hot topics discussed in the community today. Higher growth rate of the population has drawn heavily on the natural resource base in Malaysia. Trend of supply and demand in the Langat catchment, water availability assessment and water storage capacity to supply and demand were investigated using a new accounting concept and analytical approach, Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system. The assessment model is computed based on three scenarios—Scenario 1: Higher Population Growth, Scenario 2: Water Year Method and Scenario 3: Extended Dry Climate Sequence. The study found that Langat catchment is relatively sensitive to the growth of demands, suggesting that slight changes in population growth will alter the present water availability. Furthermore, the populations increase to 7 % with the increment of climate variation of the current condition, thus exposing the study area with water scarcity problem.
Local conditions wind multiplier map considered as one of the essential supporting tool in windst... more Local conditions wind multiplier map considered as one of the essential supporting tool in windstorm disaster management because through this map affected of local conditions to windstorm intensity (gust/wind speed) in any grid area of 1 km x 1 km can be made known. Local conditions multiplier for each grid area need to be multiplied with predicted windstorm intensity from the source (downdraft) in order to determine the actual intensity on land surface. Next, through the actual intensity, potential damages can be identified. Information regarding potential damages enables local authorities and public in the affected area to make early preparation in minimizing the impacts caused by windstorm occurrence. Production of this map is according to severe wind gust risk assessment which taking into account of terrain (roughness), shielding multiplier and topographic (hill-shape) factors. Multiplier for each factor are based on the Malaysian Standard (MS1553: 2000) and Australian/New Zeala...