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Formaldehyde emission reduction in panel products is critical and it can be partially controlled ... more Formaldehyde emission reduction in panel products is critical and it can be partially controlled by using resin. As part of the emission reduction exercise, incorporation of acrylamide to urea formaldehyde (UF) was done for UF at molar ratio1.4. The produced UF and UF-acrylamide (UFA) were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) for functional groups identification. Resins were also tested using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the activation energy of both was determined using Kissinger method. The thermal decomposition profile for both samples followed similar trend. Two stages of decompositions were seen, where the first stage decomposed between 100 to 150°C, while the second stage ranges between 200 to 250°C. The low molecular weight material loss and degradation process was well defined. The activation energy was 130-140 kJ/mol for UFA and 150-170 kJ/mol for UF showing the UF resin to be more stable than UFA. Resultant panel product produced using UF and UFA, tested by Desiccator method, gave similar formaldehyde emission.

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2010

To lower the formaldehyde emission of wood-based composite panels bonded with urea–formaldehyde (... more To lower the formaldehyde emission of wood-based composite panels bonded with urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin adhesive, this study investigated the influence of acrylamide copolymerization of UF resin adhesives to their chemical structure and performance such as formaldehyde emission, adhesion strength, and mechanical properties of plywood. The acrylamide-copolymerized UF resin adhesives dramatically reduced the formaldehyde emission of plywood. The 13C-NMR spectra indicated that the acrylamide has been copolymerized by reacting with either methylene glycol remained or methylol group of UF resin, which subsequently contributed in lowering the formaldehyde emission. In addition, an optimum level for the acrylamide for the copolymerization of UF resin adhesives was determined as 1%, when the formaldehyde emission and adhesion strength of plywood were taken into consideration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Springer Proceedings in Materials, Nov 25, 2022

Formaldehyde emission reduction in panel products is critical and it can be partially controlled ... more Formaldehyde emission reduction in panel products is critical and it can be partially controlled by using resin. As part of the emission reduction exercise, incorporation of acrylamide to urea formaldehyde (UF) was done for UF at molar ratio1.4. The produced UF and UF-acrylamide (UFA) were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) for functional groups identification. Resins were also tested using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the activation energy of both was determined using Kissinger method. The thermal decomposition profile for both samples followed similar trend. Two stages of decompositions were seen, where the first stage decomposed between 100 to 150°C, while the second stage ranges between 200 to 250°C. The low molecular weight material loss and degradation process was well defined. The activation energy was 130-140 kJ/mol for UFA and 150-170 kJ/mol for UF showing the UF resin to be more stable than UFA. Resultant panel product produced using UF and UFA,...

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2010

To lower the formaldehyde emission of wood-based composite panels bonded with urea–formaldehyde (... more To lower the formaldehyde emission of wood-based composite panels bonded with urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin adhesive, this study investigated the influence of acrylamide copolymerization of UF resin adhesives to their chemical structure and performance such as formaldehyde emission, adhesion strength, and mechanical properties of plywood. The acrylamide-copolymerized UF resin adhesives dramatically reduced the formaldehyde emission of plywood. The 13C-NMR spectra indicated that the acrylamide has been copolymerized by reacting with either methylene glycol remained or methylol group of UF resin, which subsequently contributed in lowering the formaldehyde emission. In addition, an optimum level for the acrylamide for the copolymerization of UF resin adhesives was determined as 1%, when the formaldehyde emission and adhesion strength of plywood were taken into consideration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2009

Urea‐formaldehyde (UF) resins are prone to hydrolysis that results in low‐moisture resistance and... more Urea‐formaldehyde (UF) resins are prone to hydrolysis that results in low‐moisture resistance and subsequent formaldehyde emission from UF resin‐bonded wood panels. This study was conducted to investigate hydrolytic stability of modified UF resins as a way of lowering the formaldehyde emission of cured UF resin. Neat UF resins with three different formaldehyde/urea (F/U) mole ratios (1.4, 1.2, and 1.0) were modified, after resin synthesis, by adding four additives such as sodium hydrosulfite, sodium bisulfite, acrylamide, and polymeric 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI). All additives were added to UF resins with three different F/U mole ratios before curing the resin. The hydrolytic stability of UF resins was determined by measuring the mass loss and liberated formaldehyde concentration of cured and modified UF resins after acid hydrolysis. Modified UF resins of lower F/U mole ratios of 1.0 and 1.2 showed better hydrolytic stability than the one of higher F/U mole ratio of 1....

Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2014), 2016

The increasing number of timber producers in Malaysia causes the increments in wood waste. The so... more The increasing number of timber producers in Malaysia causes the increments in wood waste. The sources of wood wastes in Malaysia come from wood residues from logging, wood processing, and agriculture. Wood waste has the potential to be utilized. This can minimize the wood waste and maximize the wood waste into a value–added product to help the industries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard from oil palm trunk (OPT) and resam. Oil palm trunk mixed with resam can be utilized to produce various types of value–added products which are the resources of the substitute’s material on wood-based industry. Single-layered and hybrid particleboard from OPT and resam were fabricated with 600 kg/m3 and 10 % resin content. Phenol formaldehyde (PF) was used as a binder. The properties of bending strength (MOR & MOE), internal bonding strength (IB), thickness swelling (TS), and water absorption (WA) were evaluated based on Japanese Industrial Standard; JIS A 5908:2003. Results showed that both resam and OPT particles can be used in co-mixtures to produce particleboards. Particleboard from single-layered boards made from OPT met the MOR and MOE requirement of the JIS standard. Utilization of OPT and resam is one innovative way to reduce the usage of wood-based material and at the same time reduced the abundance of agricultural waste.

Formaldehyde emission reduction in panel products is critical and it can be partially controlled ... more Formaldehyde emission reduction in panel products is critical and it can be partially controlled by using resin. As part of the emission reduction exercise, incorporation of acrylamide to urea formaldehyde (UF) was done for UF at molar ratio1.4. The produced UF and UF-acrylamide (UFA) were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) for functional groups identification. Resins were also tested using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the activation energy of both was determined using Kissinger method. The thermal decomposition profile for both samples followed similar trend. Two stages of decompositions were seen, where the first stage decomposed between 100 to 150°C, while the second stage ranges between 200 to 250°C. The low molecular weight material loss and degradation process was well defined. The activation energy was 130-140 kJ/mol for UFA and 150-170 kJ/mol for UF showing the UF resin to be more stable than UFA. Resultant panel product produced using UF and UFA, tested by Desiccator method, gave similar formaldehyde emission.

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2010

To lower the formaldehyde emission of wood-based composite panels bonded with urea–formaldehyde (... more To lower the formaldehyde emission of wood-based composite panels bonded with urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin adhesive, this study investigated the influence of acrylamide copolymerization of UF resin adhesives to their chemical structure and performance such as formaldehyde emission, adhesion strength, and mechanical properties of plywood. The acrylamide-copolymerized UF resin adhesives dramatically reduced the formaldehyde emission of plywood. The 13C-NMR spectra indicated that the acrylamide has been copolymerized by reacting with either methylene glycol remained or methylol group of UF resin, which subsequently contributed in lowering the formaldehyde emission. In addition, an optimum level for the acrylamide for the copolymerization of UF resin adhesives was determined as 1%, when the formaldehyde emission and adhesion strength of plywood were taken into consideration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Springer Proceedings in Materials, Nov 25, 2022

Formaldehyde emission reduction in panel products is critical and it can be partially controlled ... more Formaldehyde emission reduction in panel products is critical and it can be partially controlled by using resin. As part of the emission reduction exercise, incorporation of acrylamide to urea formaldehyde (UF) was done for UF at molar ratio1.4. The produced UF and UF-acrylamide (UFA) were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) for functional groups identification. Resins were also tested using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the activation energy of both was determined using Kissinger method. The thermal decomposition profile for both samples followed similar trend. Two stages of decompositions were seen, where the first stage decomposed between 100 to 150°C, while the second stage ranges between 200 to 250°C. The low molecular weight material loss and degradation process was well defined. The activation energy was 130-140 kJ/mol for UFA and 150-170 kJ/mol for UF showing the UF resin to be more stable than UFA. Resultant panel product produced using UF and UFA,...

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2010

To lower the formaldehyde emission of wood-based composite panels bonded with urea–formaldehyde (... more To lower the formaldehyde emission of wood-based composite panels bonded with urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin adhesive, this study investigated the influence of acrylamide copolymerization of UF resin adhesives to their chemical structure and performance such as formaldehyde emission, adhesion strength, and mechanical properties of plywood. The acrylamide-copolymerized UF resin adhesives dramatically reduced the formaldehyde emission of plywood. The 13C-NMR spectra indicated that the acrylamide has been copolymerized by reacting with either methylene glycol remained or methylol group of UF resin, which subsequently contributed in lowering the formaldehyde emission. In addition, an optimum level for the acrylamide for the copolymerization of UF resin adhesives was determined as 1%, when the formaldehyde emission and adhesion strength of plywood were taken into consideration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2009

Urea‐formaldehyde (UF) resins are prone to hydrolysis that results in low‐moisture resistance and... more Urea‐formaldehyde (UF) resins are prone to hydrolysis that results in low‐moisture resistance and subsequent formaldehyde emission from UF resin‐bonded wood panels. This study was conducted to investigate hydrolytic stability of modified UF resins as a way of lowering the formaldehyde emission of cured UF resin. Neat UF resins with three different formaldehyde/urea (F/U) mole ratios (1.4, 1.2, and 1.0) were modified, after resin synthesis, by adding four additives such as sodium hydrosulfite, sodium bisulfite, acrylamide, and polymeric 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI). All additives were added to UF resins with three different F/U mole ratios before curing the resin. The hydrolytic stability of UF resins was determined by measuring the mass loss and liberated formaldehyde concentration of cured and modified UF resins after acid hydrolysis. Modified UF resins of lower F/U mole ratios of 1.0 and 1.2 showed better hydrolytic stability than the one of higher F/U mole ratio of 1....

Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2014), 2016

The increasing number of timber producers in Malaysia causes the increments in wood waste. The so... more The increasing number of timber producers in Malaysia causes the increments in wood waste. The sources of wood wastes in Malaysia come from wood residues from logging, wood processing, and agriculture. Wood waste has the potential to be utilized. This can minimize the wood waste and maximize the wood waste into a value–added product to help the industries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard from oil palm trunk (OPT) and resam. Oil palm trunk mixed with resam can be utilized to produce various types of value–added products which are the resources of the substitute’s material on wood-based industry. Single-layered and hybrid particleboard from OPT and resam were fabricated with 600 kg/m3 and 10 % resin content. Phenol formaldehyde (PF) was used as a binder. The properties of bending strength (MOR & MOE), internal bonding strength (IB), thickness swelling (TS), and water absorption (WA) were evaluated based on Japanese Industrial Standard; JIS A 5908:2003. Results showed that both resam and OPT particles can be used in co-mixtures to produce particleboards. Particleboard from single-layered boards made from OPT met the MOR and MOE requirement of the JIS standard. Utilization of OPT and resam is one innovative way to reduce the usage of wood-based material and at the same time reduced the abundance of agricultural waste.