D. Schaad - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by D. Schaad
Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2013
Background Communication failures in healthcare teams are associated with medical errors and nega... more Background Communication failures in healthcare teams are associated with medical errors and negative health outcomes. These findings have increased emphasis on training future health professionals to work effectively within teams. The Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS) communication training model, widely employed to train healthcare teams, has been less commonly used to train student interprofessional teams. The present study reports the effectiveness of a simulation-based interprofessional TeamSTEPPS training in impacting student attitudes, knowledge and skills around interprofessional communication. Methods Three hundred and six fourth-year medical, third-year nursing, second-year pharmacy and second-year physician assistant students took part in a 4 h training that included a 1 h TeamSTEPPS didactic session and three 1 h team simulation and feedback sessions. Students worked in groups balanced by a professional programme in a self...
Journal of Dental Education, 2003
Providing oral health care to rural populations in the United States is a major challenge. Lack o... more Providing oral health care to rural populations in the United States is a major challenge. Lack of community water fluoridation, dental workforce shortages, and geographical barriers all aggravate oral health and access problems in the largely rural Northwest. Children from low‐income and minority families and children with special needs are at particular risk. Family‐centered disease prevention strategies are needed to reduce oral health disparities in children. Oral health promotion can take place in a primary care practitioner's office, but medical providers often lack relevant training. In this project, dental, medical, and educational faculty at a large academic health center partnered to provide evidence‐based, culturally competent pediatric oral health training to family medicine residents in five community‐based training programs. The curriculum targets children birth to five years and covers dental development, the caries process, dental emergencies, and oral health in ...
Annals of the American Thoracic Society, Jan 10, 2016
Most trainees in combined Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine fellowship programs complete in-tr... more Most trainees in combined Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine fellowship programs complete in-training examinations (ITE) that tests knowledge in both disciplines. Whether ITE scores predict performance on the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine Certification Examinations is unknown. To determine whether Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine ITE scores predict performance on subspecialty board certification examinations independent of trainee demographics, program director competency ratings, fellowship program characteristics, and prior medical knowledge assessments. 1st and 2nd year fellows that enrolled in the study from 2008 to 2012 completed a questionnaire encompassing demographics and fellowship training characteristics. These data and ITE scores were matched to fellows' subsequent scores on subspecialty certification examinations, program director ratings, and previous scores on their ABIM Internal Medicine Certificatio...
Academic Medicine, 2003
In the United States there are shortages of health care providers for both rural and underserved ... more In the United States there are shortages of health care providers for both rural and underserved populations. There are also shortages of interprofessional or team-based training programs. To address these problems, the University of Washington's Area Health Education Center program and School of Medicine offer a voluntary extracurricular program for students in the university's six health science schools. The Student Providers Aspiring to Rural and Underserved Experiences (SPARX) program is an interprofessional, student-operated, center/school-supported program consisting of a wide range of activities. SPARX supports students interested in practicing among rural and urban medically underserved patients and in interacting with their peers in other health professions schools. A brief history and description of the program are presented, along with results of a survey of students indicating that SPARX reinforces their interest in practice among the underserved and influences their understanding of other health professions. Data on residency choices of medical students who have participated in the SPARX program are presented, indicating that these students are more likely to select primary care residency programs than the average students in their classes.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1997
The effect of changes in physical activity levels during chronic exercise on plasma lipids and li... more The effect of changes in physical activity levels during chronic exercise on plasma lipids and lipoproteins has not been reported. We examine the relationships between changes in VO2max, leisure time physical activity (LTPA), and percent body fat on changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in 137 men without coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or dyslipidemia, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus who participated in an employee exercise program. Measurements obtained at entry and 1- and 4-yr follow-up include VO2max, LTPA in kcal.wk-1, percent body fat, and plasma lipids and lipoproteins. The relationship between changes in the measurements between 1 and 4 yr of follow-up (N = 34) revealed the following significant (P < 0.05) correlations: i) changes in VO2max with changes in percent body fat (r = -0.289) and changes in plasma triglycerides (r = -0.354), ii) changes in LTPA with changes in percent body fat (-0.361), and iii) changes in percent body fat with changes in the total/high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol ratio (0.358), HDL-cholesterol (-0.212), and triglycerides (0.289). Multiple regression analysis revealed that changes in percent body fat affected changes in plasma triglycerides (P < 0.05). The effects of chronic physical activity on plasma triglycerides appear to result from exercise-related effects on body adiposity. These findings support the role of regular physical activity as mandated by Healthy People 2000 for CAD risk reduction.
Medical Education Online, 2006
The Journal of Rural Health, 2006
Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1995
To examine the relationship between resident physicians' perceptions of their preventive ... more To examine the relationship between resident physicians' perceptions of their preventive cardiology practices and a chart audit assessment of their documented services. A criterion standard comparison of two methods used to assess resident physicians' practices: self-report and chart audit. Physician ambulatory care in a residency program. Coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factor assessment was evaluated by self-report for 72 resident physicians and by chart audit of randomly selected records of 544 of their patients who did not have CAD or a debilitating chronic disease during a one-year period. Measurements of the residents' perceived CAD risk factor assessment practice by self-report, and chart audit assessments of their recorded care. The relationship between self-reported and chart audit assessments of CAD risk factors. Chart audit assessment of CAD risk factor management was highly significantly (p < 0.01) lower than self-reported behaviors for evaluation of cigarette smoking, diet, physical activity, stress, plasma cholesterol, blood pressure, and body weight/obesity. Three different interpretations of these findings are apparent. 1) Physician self-report is a poor tool for the measurement of clinical behavior, and therefore research of physician behavior should not rely solely on self-reported data; 2) physicians' chart recording of their clinical practice is insufficient to reflect actual care; or 3) neither is an accurate measure of actual practice.
Academic Medicine, 1998
To describe the development of the Washington Primary Care Interest Inventory (WPCII), which was ... more To describe the development of the Washington Primary Care Interest Inventory (WPCII), which was designed to assess attitudes toward what constitutes appropriate psychosocial concerns for visiting a family physician, and to demonstrate the relationship between these attitudes and specialty selection in matriculating medical students. Five entering classes of medical students (1990 to 1995, without 1992) at the University of Washington were administered the WPCII during orientation. Reliability, factor, and predictive validity analyses were performed to measure the utility of the WPCII. Factor analysis revealed three interpretable factors to underlie the WPCII: stressors, physical complaints, and familial complaints. Scales developed from these factors correlated with students' early career preferences and showed significant differences across students who were selected under different interviewing formats. Differences between the sexes were found for both specific items and scales. The WPCII is a reliable and valid measure of attitudes toward the appropriateness of family physicians' treating psychosocial complaints. These attitudes have implications for the selection of medical students, curriculum development, assessment, and health education research.
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1991
American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 2009
Pharmacists must collaborate with other health professionals to promote the optimal use of medica... more Pharmacists must collaborate with other health professionals to promote the optimal use of medications, relying on coordinated, interprofessional communication and care to do so. In 2003, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended ''all health professionals should be educated to deliver patientcentered care as members of an interdisciplinary team, emphasizing evidence-based practice, quality improvement approaches, and informatics.'' 2 At the University of Washington, the Center for Health Sciences Interprofessional Education (CHSIE) was established in 1997 to promote interprofessional curricular and clinical innovation in education, faculty development, and student activities, and to conduct evaluative research regarding the impact of interprofessional innovations. In this manuscript, we will describe the Center for Health Sciences Interprofessional Education, and highlight key projects that serve as examples of pharmacy involvement in interprofessional education, research, and service.
Academic Medicine, 2006
The Institute of Medicine's vision for health professions education specifies working together ac... more The Institute of Medicine's vision for health professions education specifies working together across professions and schools to provide patient-centered care. Improvement in collaborative preparation of health professionals is seen as central to achieving substantial improvement in the quality of health care.
American journal of preventive medicine, 1990
This paper presents results from two studies of primary care residency programs. Study I was a su... more This paper presents results from two studies of primary care residency programs. Study I was a survey of preventive cardiology attitudes and practice-related intentions of internal medicine and family medicine residents from throughout the United States. Study II consisted of an examination of family medicine residents' perceptions regarding preventive practices and a series of 1,528 medical record reviews of their related assessment and counseling practices. The specific aims were to examine residents' perceptions about their residency programs and to determine the percentages of patients who were assessed for and, if necessary, counseled for coronary heart disease prevention. Results indicated that internal and family medicine residents believe that they should be prepared by their residency training to offer these services and that their residencies were preparing most of them to do so. While they report that they intend to assess and counsel patients in these areas, they...
American journal of clinical pathology, 1998
The interpretation of peripheral blood smears has an important role in the diagnosis of hematolog... more The interpretation of peripheral blood smears has an important role in the diagnosis of hematologic diseases and is, therefore, part of the education of physicians and technologists. We describe a computer program, PeripheralBlood-Tutor (Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, Pa), that teaches the morphologic features of normal and abnormal peripheral blood smears; we also describe the evaluation of the effectiveness of the program in 133 second-year medical students who were required to use the program in their hematology course. The version of the PeripheralBlood-Tutor used in the study had 2 distinct but equivalent 20-question examinations; one examination, the pretest, was taken before the students viewed the contents of the program, and the other examination, the posttest, was taken after completing the program. The mean score on the pretest was 61% (SD, 14%), the mean on the posttest was 91% (SD, 10%), and the improvement was significant. In addition, 4 questions about peripheral blo...
The Western journal of medicine, 1996
We describe how market-oriented and governmental reforms were shaping students' career choice... more We describe how market-oriented and governmental reforms were shaping students' career choice and outlook toward future clinical practice during the 1993-1994 academic year. A random sample of a third of University of Washington, Seattle, medical students (n = 212) was surveyed regarding attitudes toward health care reform, specialty choice, and future clinical practice; 171 responded (81%). Most students (90%) thought that the health care system required fundamental change. An equal proportion favored managed competition and single-payer proposals (40% and 39%, respectively). Most (72%) were confident that they would be able to practice medicine in a professionally satisfying environment. More than half the students interested in specialty careers thought that they might not be able to practice in their chosen field, but only 21% of these were more likely to choose a career in primary care in light of anticipated reforms. Most students were optimistic about their future medical...
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
This paper presents results from two studies of primary care residency programs. Study I was a su... more This paper presents results from two studies of primary care residency programs. Study I was a survey of preventive cardiology attitudes and practice-related intentions of internal medicine and family medicine residents from throughout the United States. Study II consisted of an examination of family medicine residents' perceptions regarding preventive practices and a series of 1,528 medical record reviews of their related assessment and counseling practices. The specific aims were to examine residents' perceptions about their residency programs and to determine the percentages of patients who were assessed for and, if necessary, counseled for coronary heart disease prevention. Results indicated that internal and family medicine residents believe that they should be prepared by their residency training to offer these services and that their residencies were preparing most of them to do so. While they report that they intend to assess and counsel patients in these areas, they do not seem to be doing so. The medical record reviews strongly indicated that they are not providing these services at the recommended levels, especially for assessment of and counseling for smoking and blood cholesterol levels.
Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 2000
Computing and biomedical informatics technologies are providing almost instantaneous access to va... more Computing and biomedical informatics technologies are providing almost instantaneous access to vast amounts of possibly relevant information. Although students are entering medical school with increasingly sophisticated basic technological skills, medical educators must determine what curricular enhancements are needed to prepare learners for the world of electronic information. The purpose was to examine opinions of academic affairs and informatics administrators, curriculum deans and recently matriculated medical students about prematriculation competence and medical education learning expectations. Two surveys were administered: an Information Literacy Survey for curriculum/informatics deans and a Computing Skills Survey for entering medical students. Results highlight differences of opinion about entering competencies. They also indicate that medical school administrators believe that most basic information skills fall within the domain of undergraduate medical education. Further investigations are needed to determine precise entry-level skills and whether information literacy will increase as a result of rising levels of technical competence.
Medical Education Online, 2006
ABSTRACT
Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2013
Background Communication failures in healthcare teams are associated with medical errors and nega... more Background Communication failures in healthcare teams are associated with medical errors and negative health outcomes. These findings have increased emphasis on training future health professionals to work effectively within teams. The Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS) communication training model, widely employed to train healthcare teams, has been less commonly used to train student interprofessional teams. The present study reports the effectiveness of a simulation-based interprofessional TeamSTEPPS training in impacting student attitudes, knowledge and skills around interprofessional communication. Methods Three hundred and six fourth-year medical, third-year nursing, second-year pharmacy and second-year physician assistant students took part in a 4 h training that included a 1 h TeamSTEPPS didactic session and three 1 h team simulation and feedback sessions. Students worked in groups balanced by a professional programme in a self...
Journal of Dental Education, 2003
Providing oral health care to rural populations in the United States is a major challenge. Lack o... more Providing oral health care to rural populations in the United States is a major challenge. Lack of community water fluoridation, dental workforce shortages, and geographical barriers all aggravate oral health and access problems in the largely rural Northwest. Children from low‐income and minority families and children with special needs are at particular risk. Family‐centered disease prevention strategies are needed to reduce oral health disparities in children. Oral health promotion can take place in a primary care practitioner's office, but medical providers often lack relevant training. In this project, dental, medical, and educational faculty at a large academic health center partnered to provide evidence‐based, culturally competent pediatric oral health training to family medicine residents in five community‐based training programs. The curriculum targets children birth to five years and covers dental development, the caries process, dental emergencies, and oral health in ...
Annals of the American Thoracic Society, Jan 10, 2016
Most trainees in combined Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine fellowship programs complete in-tr... more Most trainees in combined Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine fellowship programs complete in-training examinations (ITE) that tests knowledge in both disciplines. Whether ITE scores predict performance on the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine Certification Examinations is unknown. To determine whether Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine ITE scores predict performance on subspecialty board certification examinations independent of trainee demographics, program director competency ratings, fellowship program characteristics, and prior medical knowledge assessments. 1st and 2nd year fellows that enrolled in the study from 2008 to 2012 completed a questionnaire encompassing demographics and fellowship training characteristics. These data and ITE scores were matched to fellows' subsequent scores on subspecialty certification examinations, program director ratings, and previous scores on their ABIM Internal Medicine Certificatio...
Academic Medicine, 2003
In the United States there are shortages of health care providers for both rural and underserved ... more In the United States there are shortages of health care providers for both rural and underserved populations. There are also shortages of interprofessional or team-based training programs. To address these problems, the University of Washington&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s Area Health Education Center program and School of Medicine offer a voluntary extracurricular program for students in the university&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s six health science schools. The Student Providers Aspiring to Rural and Underserved Experiences (SPARX) program is an interprofessional, student-operated, center/school-supported program consisting of a wide range of activities. SPARX supports students interested in practicing among rural and urban medically underserved patients and in interacting with their peers in other health professions schools. A brief history and description of the program are presented, along with results of a survey of students indicating that SPARX reinforces their interest in practice among the underserved and influences their understanding of other health professions. Data on residency choices of medical students who have participated in the SPARX program are presented, indicating that these students are more likely to select primary care residency programs than the average students in their classes.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1997
The effect of changes in physical activity levels during chronic exercise on plasma lipids and li... more The effect of changes in physical activity levels during chronic exercise on plasma lipids and lipoproteins has not been reported. We examine the relationships between changes in VO2max, leisure time physical activity (LTPA), and percent body fat on changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in 137 men without coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or dyslipidemia, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus who participated in an employee exercise program. Measurements obtained at entry and 1- and 4-yr follow-up include VO2max, LTPA in kcal.wk-1, percent body fat, and plasma lipids and lipoproteins. The relationship between changes in the measurements between 1 and 4 yr of follow-up (N = 34) revealed the following significant (P < 0.05) correlations: i) changes in VO2max with changes in percent body fat (r = -0.289) and changes in plasma triglycerides (r = -0.354), ii) changes in LTPA with changes in percent body fat (-0.361), and iii) changes in percent body fat with changes in the total/high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol ratio (0.358), HDL-cholesterol (-0.212), and triglycerides (0.289). Multiple regression analysis revealed that changes in percent body fat affected changes in plasma triglycerides (P < 0.05). The effects of chronic physical activity on plasma triglycerides appear to result from exercise-related effects on body adiposity. These findings support the role of regular physical activity as mandated by Healthy People 2000 for CAD risk reduction.
Medical Education Online, 2006
The Journal of Rural Health, 2006
Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1995
To examine the relationship between resident physicians' perceptions of their preventive ... more To examine the relationship between resident physicians' perceptions of their preventive cardiology practices and a chart audit assessment of their documented services. A criterion standard comparison of two methods used to assess resident physicians' practices: self-report and chart audit. Physician ambulatory care in a residency program. Coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factor assessment was evaluated by self-report for 72 resident physicians and by chart audit of randomly selected records of 544 of their patients who did not have CAD or a debilitating chronic disease during a one-year period. Measurements of the residents' perceived CAD risk factor assessment practice by self-report, and chart audit assessments of their recorded care. The relationship between self-reported and chart audit assessments of CAD risk factors. Chart audit assessment of CAD risk factor management was highly significantly (p < 0.01) lower than self-reported behaviors for evaluation of cigarette smoking, diet, physical activity, stress, plasma cholesterol, blood pressure, and body weight/obesity. Three different interpretations of these findings are apparent. 1) Physician self-report is a poor tool for the measurement of clinical behavior, and therefore research of physician behavior should not rely solely on self-reported data; 2) physicians' chart recording of their clinical practice is insufficient to reflect actual care; or 3) neither is an accurate measure of actual practice.
Academic Medicine, 1998
To describe the development of the Washington Primary Care Interest Inventory (WPCII), which was ... more To describe the development of the Washington Primary Care Interest Inventory (WPCII), which was designed to assess attitudes toward what constitutes appropriate psychosocial concerns for visiting a family physician, and to demonstrate the relationship between these attitudes and specialty selection in matriculating medical students. Five entering classes of medical students (1990 to 1995, without 1992) at the University of Washington were administered the WPCII during orientation. Reliability, factor, and predictive validity analyses were performed to measure the utility of the WPCII. Factor analysis revealed three interpretable factors to underlie the WPCII: stressors, physical complaints, and familial complaints. Scales developed from these factors correlated with students' early career preferences and showed significant differences across students who were selected under different interviewing formats. Differences between the sexes were found for both specific items and scales. The WPCII is a reliable and valid measure of attitudes toward the appropriateness of family physicians' treating psychosocial complaints. These attitudes have implications for the selection of medical students, curriculum development, assessment, and health education research.
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1991
American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 2009
Pharmacists must collaborate with other health professionals to promote the optimal use of medica... more Pharmacists must collaborate with other health professionals to promote the optimal use of medications, relying on coordinated, interprofessional communication and care to do so. In 2003, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended ''all health professionals should be educated to deliver patientcentered care as members of an interdisciplinary team, emphasizing evidence-based practice, quality improvement approaches, and informatics.'' 2 At the University of Washington, the Center for Health Sciences Interprofessional Education (CHSIE) was established in 1997 to promote interprofessional curricular and clinical innovation in education, faculty development, and student activities, and to conduct evaluative research regarding the impact of interprofessional innovations. In this manuscript, we will describe the Center for Health Sciences Interprofessional Education, and highlight key projects that serve as examples of pharmacy involvement in interprofessional education, research, and service.
Academic Medicine, 2006
The Institute of Medicine's vision for health professions education specifies working together ac... more The Institute of Medicine's vision for health professions education specifies working together across professions and schools to provide patient-centered care. Improvement in collaborative preparation of health professionals is seen as central to achieving substantial improvement in the quality of health care.
American journal of preventive medicine, 1990
This paper presents results from two studies of primary care residency programs. Study I was a su... more This paper presents results from two studies of primary care residency programs. Study I was a survey of preventive cardiology attitudes and practice-related intentions of internal medicine and family medicine residents from throughout the United States. Study II consisted of an examination of family medicine residents' perceptions regarding preventive practices and a series of 1,528 medical record reviews of their related assessment and counseling practices. The specific aims were to examine residents' perceptions about their residency programs and to determine the percentages of patients who were assessed for and, if necessary, counseled for coronary heart disease prevention. Results indicated that internal and family medicine residents believe that they should be prepared by their residency training to offer these services and that their residencies were preparing most of them to do so. While they report that they intend to assess and counsel patients in these areas, they...
American journal of clinical pathology, 1998
The interpretation of peripheral blood smears has an important role in the diagnosis of hematolog... more The interpretation of peripheral blood smears has an important role in the diagnosis of hematologic diseases and is, therefore, part of the education of physicians and technologists. We describe a computer program, PeripheralBlood-Tutor (Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, Pa), that teaches the morphologic features of normal and abnormal peripheral blood smears; we also describe the evaluation of the effectiveness of the program in 133 second-year medical students who were required to use the program in their hematology course. The version of the PeripheralBlood-Tutor used in the study had 2 distinct but equivalent 20-question examinations; one examination, the pretest, was taken before the students viewed the contents of the program, and the other examination, the posttest, was taken after completing the program. The mean score on the pretest was 61% (SD, 14%), the mean on the posttest was 91% (SD, 10%), and the improvement was significant. In addition, 4 questions about peripheral blo...
The Western journal of medicine, 1996
We describe how market-oriented and governmental reforms were shaping students' career choice... more We describe how market-oriented and governmental reforms were shaping students' career choice and outlook toward future clinical practice during the 1993-1994 academic year. A random sample of a third of University of Washington, Seattle, medical students (n = 212) was surveyed regarding attitudes toward health care reform, specialty choice, and future clinical practice; 171 responded (81%). Most students (90%) thought that the health care system required fundamental change. An equal proportion favored managed competition and single-payer proposals (40% and 39%, respectively). Most (72%) were confident that they would be able to practice medicine in a professionally satisfying environment. More than half the students interested in specialty careers thought that they might not be able to practice in their chosen field, but only 21% of these were more likely to choose a career in primary care in light of anticipated reforms. Most students were optimistic about their future medical...
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
This paper presents results from two studies of primary care residency programs. Study I was a su... more This paper presents results from two studies of primary care residency programs. Study I was a survey of preventive cardiology attitudes and practice-related intentions of internal medicine and family medicine residents from throughout the United States. Study II consisted of an examination of family medicine residents' perceptions regarding preventive practices and a series of 1,528 medical record reviews of their related assessment and counseling practices. The specific aims were to examine residents' perceptions about their residency programs and to determine the percentages of patients who were assessed for and, if necessary, counseled for coronary heart disease prevention. Results indicated that internal and family medicine residents believe that they should be prepared by their residency training to offer these services and that their residencies were preparing most of them to do so. While they report that they intend to assess and counsel patients in these areas, they do not seem to be doing so. The medical record reviews strongly indicated that they are not providing these services at the recommended levels, especially for assessment of and counseling for smoking and blood cholesterol levels.
Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 2000
Computing and biomedical informatics technologies are providing almost instantaneous access to va... more Computing and biomedical informatics technologies are providing almost instantaneous access to vast amounts of possibly relevant information. Although students are entering medical school with increasingly sophisticated basic technological skills, medical educators must determine what curricular enhancements are needed to prepare learners for the world of electronic information. The purpose was to examine opinions of academic affairs and informatics administrators, curriculum deans and recently matriculated medical students about prematriculation competence and medical education learning expectations. Two surveys were administered: an Information Literacy Survey for curriculum/informatics deans and a Computing Skills Survey for entering medical students. Results highlight differences of opinion about entering competencies. They also indicate that medical school administrators believe that most basic information skills fall within the domain of undergraduate medical education. Further investigations are needed to determine precise entry-level skills and whether information literacy will increase as a result of rising levels of technical competence.
Medical Education Online, 2006
ABSTRACT