Dagmar Stahlberg - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Dagmar Stahlberg
Social Psychological and Personality Science, Mar 11, 2022
We propose that an organizational culture where playing politics is important for advancement, co... more We propose that an organizational culture where playing politics is important for advancement, compared with an organizational culture where showing competencies is important, elicits stronger lack of fit experiences for women than for men. In a pre-study, playing politics was perceived as dominant, typically male work behaviors, whereas showing competencies was perceived as competent, typically female work behaviors. We then tested in two experiments (689 individuals, integrated in a small-scale meta-analysis) the joint effect of organizational culture and gender on four lack of fit indicators (self-concept conflict, fear of backlash, intention to seek power positions, concerns about one’s skills). As expected, women indicated more lack of fit experiences than men in politics cultures, but not in competencies cultures. Our findings suggest that perceived organizational culture may play an important role in understanding the dynamics of career advancement of women and men.
Social Cognition, Feb 1, 2007
Hindsight bias is the well researched phenomenon that people falsely believe that they would have... more Hindsight bias is the well researched phenomenon that people falsely believe that they would have correctly predicted the outcome of an event once it is known. In recent years, several authors have doubted the ubiquity of the effect and have reported a reversal under certain conditions. This article presents an integrative model on the role of surprise as one factor explaining the malleability of the hindsight bias. Three ways in which surprise influences the reconstruction of pre-outcome predictions are assumed: (1) Surprise is used as direct metacognitive heuristic to estimate the distance between outcome and prediction. (2) Surprise triggers a deliberate sense-making process, and (3) also biases this process by enhancing the retrieval of surprise-congruent information and expectancy-based hypothesis testing.
In Bezug auf Fuhrung werden Frauen, die die gleichen Qualitaten und Verhaltensweisen aufweisen wi... more In Bezug auf Fuhrung werden Frauen, die die gleichen Qualitaten und Verhaltensweisen aufweisen wie Manner, anders wahrgenommen, weil der Prototyp der erfolgreichen Fuhrungskraft in der Fremdwahrnehmung starker mit dem mannlichen als mit dem weiblichen Geschlechtsstereotyp korreliert ist. Die in dem Beitrag im Uberblick vorgestellten empirischen Untersuchungen bestatigen dieses sogenannte think-manager-think-male-Phanomen. Wahrend sich in der Selbstwahrnehmung von weiblichen und mannlichen (zukunftigen) Fuhrungskraften keine derartigen geschlechtsstereotypen Zuschreibungen finden, zeigt sich in den vorgestellten Studien zur Fremdwahrnehmung, dass das Geschlecht einer Stimulusperson die ihr zugeschriebenen Fuhrungseigenschaften beeinflusst, insbesondere dann, wenn die befragten Personen sich eines solchen potentiellen Einflusses gar nicht bewusst sind. Nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen beeinflussen des weiteren gerade subtilere mit Geschlecht assoziierte Hinweisreize wie die korperliche Erscheinung oder das benutzte Parfum einer Person die Zuschreibung von Fuhrungseigenschaften im o.g. Sinne
Journal of Language and Social Psychology, Sep 9, 2012
Language attitudes may be differentiated into attitudes towards speakers and attitudes towards la... more Language attitudes may be differentiated into attitudes towards speakers and attitudes towards languages. However, to date, no systematic and differentiated instrument exists that measures attitudes towards language. Accordingly, we developed, validated, and applied the Attitudes Towards Languages (AToL) scale in four studies. In Study 1, we selected 15 items for the AToL scale, which represented the three dimensions of value, sound, and structure. The following studies replicated and validated the three-factor structure and differential mean profiles along the three dimensions for different languages (a) in a more diverse German sample (Study 2), (b) in different countries (Study 3), and (c) when participants based their evaluations on speech samples (Study 4). Moreover, we investigated the relation between the AToL dimensions and stereotypic speaker evaluations. Results confirm the reliability, validity, and generalizability of the AToL scale and its incremental value to mere speaker evaluations.
Psychologie Verlags Union eBooks, 1999
One of the most fundamental human motives is the need for security. Individuals desire predictabl... more One of the most fundamental human motives is the need for security. Individuals desire predictable, structured, and sheltered niches. They want to experience control over their lives, render their social interactions understandable, and make sense of themselves and their social environment. Already in his theory of motivation, Maslow (1943) highlighted the importance of the need for security. He distinguished among five categories of needs: physiological needs, security, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization. He proposed that these needs form a hierarchy, such that a higher-order need is activated only when the lower-order need is satisfied. Security occupies a basic position in this hierarchy and is preceded only by physiological needs. Establishing and maintaining security, then, is primary to belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization. Times of terrorism, political upheavals, economic crises, national conflicts, and increasingly demanding social interactions pose substantial threats to the need for security for individuals in many cultures. Of course, these threats differ on several dimensions. Yet they all entail unpredictability, loss of control, and potential harm. As such, they may impact negatively on the individual. One such negative impact is self-uncertainty (cf. Kagan, 1972). In order to cope with self-uncertainty, individuals might implement several strategies (e.g., seeking social support, attempting to stabilize their environment, disengaging from their environment) that will help them to reestablish a sense of security. In the present chapter, we focus on a strategy that has received limited empirical attention: preference for a specific leadership style. We address the questions of when and why individuals who normally endorse democratic values prefer an autocratic over a democratic leadership style, and we discuss the relevant role of self-uncertainty as a situational trigger and of self-esteem as a dispositional moderator. Self-Uncertainty The concept of uncertainty has had its share of definitional bids. In this chapter, we focus on self-uncertainty. The self is conceived of as an organizing structure that directs thinking, feeling, and behaving (Markus, 1977; Sedikides & Gregg, 2003). As such, self-uncertainty arises when subjectively important self-aspects are in question (Sedikides & Strube, 1997; Trope, 1983). Some persons are prone to experiencing this sort of uncertainty more persistently than others. Consistently, De Cremer and Sedikides (2005) operationalized dispositional self-uncertainty in terms of self-doubt, self-esteem instability, and self-concept unclarity. Self-doubt refers to individuals' lingering doubts and concerns about their competence and abilities (Braslow, Guerretaz, Arkin, & Oleson, 2012).
Psychology Press eBooks, 2007
Page 174. 6 Representation of the Sexes in Language DAGMAR STAHLBERG, FRIEDERIKE BRAUN, LISA IRME... more Page 174. 6 Representation of the Sexes in Language DAGMAR STAHLBERG, FRIEDERIKE BRAUN, LISA IRMEN, and SABINE SCZESNY INTRODUCTION In the context of social perception we automatically sort people into social categories. ...
European Review of Social Psychology, 1997
The hindsight bias is the tendency for people to believe falsely that they would have predicted t... more The hindsight bias is the tendency for people to believe falsely that they would have predicted the outcome of an event, once the outcome is known. Although there is a rich literature on hindsight distortions, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. ...
Psychology Press eBooks, Aug 7, 2003
Hindsight bias is the tendency of people to falsely believe that they would have correctly predic... more Hindsight bias is the tendency of people to falsely believe that they would have correctly predicted the outcome of an event once it is known. The present paper addresses the ongoing debate as to whether the hindsight bias is due to memory impairment or biased reconstruction. The memory impairment approach maintains that outcome information alters the memory trace of the initial judgement, whereas the biased reconstruction approach assumes that people who have forgotten their initial judgements are forced to guess and, in the presence of outcome information, are likely to use this information as an anchor. Whereas the latter approach emphasises the role of meta-cognitive considerations, meta-cognitions are not included in the memory impairment explanation. Two experiments show that the biased reconstruction approach provides a better explanation for empirical findings in hindsight bias research than does the memory impairment explanation.
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Apr 2, 1999
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Apr 14, 1999
ABSTRACT
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Dec 2, 2000
The term 'hindsight bias' describes the tendency of peoples´ recalled predictio... more The term 'hindsight bias' describes the tendency of peoples´ recalled predictions of events to shift towards the real or alleged outcome, once the outcome of the event is known. Although this phenomenon has often been replicated since it was first investigated in the mid-seventies, the underlying processes are not yet fully understood. Within the last decade, numerous studies led to the conclusion that the hindsight bias is (at least to a large extent) a biased judgment rather than a memory, or a (pure) motivation phenomenon. Some theoretical models were formulated during the last few years, which concentrate on biased judgement processes. The Active Reconstruction Model (STAHLBERG et al. 1990) in particular, was proved to predict hindsight effects very well. The main emphasis of this model deals with the role of meta-cognitions. Another model (Accuracy Assessment Model, WINMAN et al. 1998) was presented recently, which stresses that a probability matching strategy is responsible for hindsight distortions. The uniqueness of this model, which is based on assumptions of 'ecological rationality' of the ABC-research group (see GIGERENZER, TODD & THE ABC RESEARCH GROUP (eds.) 1999), is its comprehension of the theoretical and practical relevance of the hindsight bias. The hindsight bias is said to be no more than a pseudo-phenomenon created in psychological laboratories. The aim of this study is to compare different predictions of the strength and/or direction of hindsight effects when subjects have to work with material that provokes complex knowledge-based decisions. The Accuracy Assessment Model has not yet been tested with this kind of material. In an experiment, 62 advanced psychology students worked on clinical psychology records (diagnostic decisions had to be made). The results (pattern of hindsight effects) revealed more evidence in favour of the Active Reconstruction Model. Specific hypotheses derived from the Accuracy Assessment Model gained no confirmation. The observed data could not be explained by this model. On the other hand, they provided evidence in favour of the relevance of meta-cognitve processes and biased information processing (as mentioned in the Active Reconstruction Model).
Sonderforschungsbereich 504 Publications, 1999
ABSTRACT
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Apr 15, 2002
ABSTRACT
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Jun 22, 1999
Hindsight bias ("Knew it all along effect") describes the tendency for people t... more Hindsight bias ("Knew it all along effect") describes the tendency for people to falsely believe that they would have predicted the outcome of an event, once the outcome is known. Some authors (e.g. Bukszar and Connolly, 1988, Hoch and Loewenstein, 1989, Fischhoff, 1975) assumed, that in retrospect, people who are subject to the hindsight bias perceive the outcome of a
Springer eBooks, 1997
Das Konzept der Einstellung „gehort wahrscheinlich zu den bedeutendsten und unentbehrlichsten Kon... more Das Konzept der Einstellung „gehort wahrscheinlich zu den bedeutendsten und unentbehrlichsten Konstrukten in der zeitgenossischen amerikanischen Sozialpsychologie“ (Allport 1954, S. 43). Dies trifft nicht nur auf die Sozialpsychologie Amerikas Mitte der 5oer Jahre zu, sondern gilt in gleichem Mase auch fur die gegenwartige Sozialpsychologie (z. B. Eagly u. Chaiken 1993; Olson u. Zanna 1993).
Behavioral sciences, Mar 6, 2020
Poor sleep quality is highly prevalent in modern societies and negatively linked to various healt... more Poor sleep quality is highly prevalent in modern societies and negatively linked to various health outcomes. While previous research has demonstrated preliminary evidence for self-compassion as a tool for improving sleep quality, this review provides a meta-analysis of respective published and unpublished results of our own research group using German samples. A total of nine studies are included (N = 956 participants), consisting of both correlational and experimental data. Across these studies, there was a medium correlation between self-compassion and subjective sleep quality, r = 0.303, 95% CI (0.244; 0.360). In three experimental studies, a small increase in participants' self-reported sleep quality emerged, in comparison to control conditions, Hedges' s g = 0.484, 95% CI (0.148; 0.821). Limitations on study level concern both the small sample sizes and short-term analyses of intervention effects. As a conclusion, this review supports both the correlational and causal relationship between self-compassion and increased subjective sleep quality across diverse operationalizations and samples. Future research should focus on the moderating effects of intervention type, duration of intervention effects, and type of target population.
Social Psychological and Personality Science, Mar 11, 2022
We propose that an organizational culture where playing politics is important for advancement, co... more We propose that an organizational culture where playing politics is important for advancement, compared with an organizational culture where showing competencies is important, elicits stronger lack of fit experiences for women than for men. In a pre-study, playing politics was perceived as dominant, typically male work behaviors, whereas showing competencies was perceived as competent, typically female work behaviors. We then tested in two experiments (689 individuals, integrated in a small-scale meta-analysis) the joint effect of organizational culture and gender on four lack of fit indicators (self-concept conflict, fear of backlash, intention to seek power positions, concerns about one’s skills). As expected, women indicated more lack of fit experiences than men in politics cultures, but not in competencies cultures. Our findings suggest that perceived organizational culture may play an important role in understanding the dynamics of career advancement of women and men.
Social Cognition, Feb 1, 2007
Hindsight bias is the well researched phenomenon that people falsely believe that they would have... more Hindsight bias is the well researched phenomenon that people falsely believe that they would have correctly predicted the outcome of an event once it is known. In recent years, several authors have doubted the ubiquity of the effect and have reported a reversal under certain conditions. This article presents an integrative model on the role of surprise as one factor explaining the malleability of the hindsight bias. Three ways in which surprise influences the reconstruction of pre-outcome predictions are assumed: (1) Surprise is used as direct metacognitive heuristic to estimate the distance between outcome and prediction. (2) Surprise triggers a deliberate sense-making process, and (3) also biases this process by enhancing the retrieval of surprise-congruent information and expectancy-based hypothesis testing.
In Bezug auf Fuhrung werden Frauen, die die gleichen Qualitaten und Verhaltensweisen aufweisen wi... more In Bezug auf Fuhrung werden Frauen, die die gleichen Qualitaten und Verhaltensweisen aufweisen wie Manner, anders wahrgenommen, weil der Prototyp der erfolgreichen Fuhrungskraft in der Fremdwahrnehmung starker mit dem mannlichen als mit dem weiblichen Geschlechtsstereotyp korreliert ist. Die in dem Beitrag im Uberblick vorgestellten empirischen Untersuchungen bestatigen dieses sogenannte think-manager-think-male-Phanomen. Wahrend sich in der Selbstwahrnehmung von weiblichen und mannlichen (zukunftigen) Fuhrungskraften keine derartigen geschlechtsstereotypen Zuschreibungen finden, zeigt sich in den vorgestellten Studien zur Fremdwahrnehmung, dass das Geschlecht einer Stimulusperson die ihr zugeschriebenen Fuhrungseigenschaften beeinflusst, insbesondere dann, wenn die befragten Personen sich eines solchen potentiellen Einflusses gar nicht bewusst sind. Nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen beeinflussen des weiteren gerade subtilere mit Geschlecht assoziierte Hinweisreize wie die korperliche Erscheinung oder das benutzte Parfum einer Person die Zuschreibung von Fuhrungseigenschaften im o.g. Sinne
Journal of Language and Social Psychology, Sep 9, 2012
Language attitudes may be differentiated into attitudes towards speakers and attitudes towards la... more Language attitudes may be differentiated into attitudes towards speakers and attitudes towards languages. However, to date, no systematic and differentiated instrument exists that measures attitudes towards language. Accordingly, we developed, validated, and applied the Attitudes Towards Languages (AToL) scale in four studies. In Study 1, we selected 15 items for the AToL scale, which represented the three dimensions of value, sound, and structure. The following studies replicated and validated the three-factor structure and differential mean profiles along the three dimensions for different languages (a) in a more diverse German sample (Study 2), (b) in different countries (Study 3), and (c) when participants based their evaluations on speech samples (Study 4). Moreover, we investigated the relation between the AToL dimensions and stereotypic speaker evaluations. Results confirm the reliability, validity, and generalizability of the AToL scale and its incremental value to mere speaker evaluations.
Psychologie Verlags Union eBooks, 1999
One of the most fundamental human motives is the need for security. Individuals desire predictabl... more One of the most fundamental human motives is the need for security. Individuals desire predictable, structured, and sheltered niches. They want to experience control over their lives, render their social interactions understandable, and make sense of themselves and their social environment. Already in his theory of motivation, Maslow (1943) highlighted the importance of the need for security. He distinguished among five categories of needs: physiological needs, security, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization. He proposed that these needs form a hierarchy, such that a higher-order need is activated only when the lower-order need is satisfied. Security occupies a basic position in this hierarchy and is preceded only by physiological needs. Establishing and maintaining security, then, is primary to belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization. Times of terrorism, political upheavals, economic crises, national conflicts, and increasingly demanding social interactions pose substantial threats to the need for security for individuals in many cultures. Of course, these threats differ on several dimensions. Yet they all entail unpredictability, loss of control, and potential harm. As such, they may impact negatively on the individual. One such negative impact is self-uncertainty (cf. Kagan, 1972). In order to cope with self-uncertainty, individuals might implement several strategies (e.g., seeking social support, attempting to stabilize their environment, disengaging from their environment) that will help them to reestablish a sense of security. In the present chapter, we focus on a strategy that has received limited empirical attention: preference for a specific leadership style. We address the questions of when and why individuals who normally endorse democratic values prefer an autocratic over a democratic leadership style, and we discuss the relevant role of self-uncertainty as a situational trigger and of self-esteem as a dispositional moderator. Self-Uncertainty The concept of uncertainty has had its share of definitional bids. In this chapter, we focus on self-uncertainty. The self is conceived of as an organizing structure that directs thinking, feeling, and behaving (Markus, 1977; Sedikides & Gregg, 2003). As such, self-uncertainty arises when subjectively important self-aspects are in question (Sedikides & Strube, 1997; Trope, 1983). Some persons are prone to experiencing this sort of uncertainty more persistently than others. Consistently, De Cremer and Sedikides (2005) operationalized dispositional self-uncertainty in terms of self-doubt, self-esteem instability, and self-concept unclarity. Self-doubt refers to individuals' lingering doubts and concerns about their competence and abilities (Braslow, Guerretaz, Arkin, & Oleson, 2012).
Psychology Press eBooks, 2007
Page 174. 6 Representation of the Sexes in Language DAGMAR STAHLBERG, FRIEDERIKE BRAUN, LISA IRME... more Page 174. 6 Representation of the Sexes in Language DAGMAR STAHLBERG, FRIEDERIKE BRAUN, LISA IRMEN, and SABINE SCZESNY INTRODUCTION In the context of social perception we automatically sort people into social categories. ...
European Review of Social Psychology, 1997
The hindsight bias is the tendency for people to believe falsely that they would have predicted t... more The hindsight bias is the tendency for people to believe falsely that they would have predicted the outcome of an event, once the outcome is known. Although there is a rich literature on hindsight distortions, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. ...
Psychology Press eBooks, Aug 7, 2003
Hindsight bias is the tendency of people to falsely believe that they would have correctly predic... more Hindsight bias is the tendency of people to falsely believe that they would have correctly predicted the outcome of an event once it is known. The present paper addresses the ongoing debate as to whether the hindsight bias is due to memory impairment or biased reconstruction. The memory impairment approach maintains that outcome information alters the memory trace of the initial judgement, whereas the biased reconstruction approach assumes that people who have forgotten their initial judgements are forced to guess and, in the presence of outcome information, are likely to use this information as an anchor. Whereas the latter approach emphasises the role of meta-cognitive considerations, meta-cognitions are not included in the memory impairment explanation. Two experiments show that the biased reconstruction approach provides a better explanation for empirical findings in hindsight bias research than does the memory impairment explanation.
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Apr 2, 1999
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Apr 14, 1999
ABSTRACT
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Dec 2, 2000
The term 'hindsight bias' describes the tendency of peoples´ recalled predictio... more The term 'hindsight bias' describes the tendency of peoples´ recalled predictions of events to shift towards the real or alleged outcome, once the outcome of the event is known. Although this phenomenon has often been replicated since it was first investigated in the mid-seventies, the underlying processes are not yet fully understood. Within the last decade, numerous studies led to the conclusion that the hindsight bias is (at least to a large extent) a biased judgment rather than a memory, or a (pure) motivation phenomenon. Some theoretical models were formulated during the last few years, which concentrate on biased judgement processes. The Active Reconstruction Model (STAHLBERG et al. 1990) in particular, was proved to predict hindsight effects very well. The main emphasis of this model deals with the role of meta-cognitions. Another model (Accuracy Assessment Model, WINMAN et al. 1998) was presented recently, which stresses that a probability matching strategy is responsible for hindsight distortions. The uniqueness of this model, which is based on assumptions of 'ecological rationality' of the ABC-research group (see GIGERENZER, TODD & THE ABC RESEARCH GROUP (eds.) 1999), is its comprehension of the theoretical and practical relevance of the hindsight bias. The hindsight bias is said to be no more than a pseudo-phenomenon created in psychological laboratories. The aim of this study is to compare different predictions of the strength and/or direction of hindsight effects when subjects have to work with material that provokes complex knowledge-based decisions. The Accuracy Assessment Model has not yet been tested with this kind of material. In an experiment, 62 advanced psychology students worked on clinical psychology records (diagnostic decisions had to be made). The results (pattern of hindsight effects) revealed more evidence in favour of the Active Reconstruction Model. Specific hypotheses derived from the Accuracy Assessment Model gained no confirmation. The observed data could not be explained by this model. On the other hand, they provided evidence in favour of the relevance of meta-cognitve processes and biased information processing (as mentioned in the Active Reconstruction Model).
Sonderforschungsbereich 504 Publications, 1999
ABSTRACT
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Apr 15, 2002
ABSTRACT
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Jun 22, 1999
Hindsight bias ("Knew it all along effect") describes the tendency for people t... more Hindsight bias ("Knew it all along effect") describes the tendency for people to falsely believe that they would have predicted the outcome of an event, once the outcome is known. Some authors (e.g. Bukszar and Connolly, 1988, Hoch and Loewenstein, 1989, Fischhoff, 1975) assumed, that in retrospect, people who are subject to the hindsight bias perceive the outcome of a
Springer eBooks, 1997
Das Konzept der Einstellung „gehort wahrscheinlich zu den bedeutendsten und unentbehrlichsten Kon... more Das Konzept der Einstellung „gehort wahrscheinlich zu den bedeutendsten und unentbehrlichsten Konstrukten in der zeitgenossischen amerikanischen Sozialpsychologie“ (Allport 1954, S. 43). Dies trifft nicht nur auf die Sozialpsychologie Amerikas Mitte der 5oer Jahre zu, sondern gilt in gleichem Mase auch fur die gegenwartige Sozialpsychologie (z. B. Eagly u. Chaiken 1993; Olson u. Zanna 1993).
Behavioral sciences, Mar 6, 2020
Poor sleep quality is highly prevalent in modern societies and negatively linked to various healt... more Poor sleep quality is highly prevalent in modern societies and negatively linked to various health outcomes. While previous research has demonstrated preliminary evidence for self-compassion as a tool for improving sleep quality, this review provides a meta-analysis of respective published and unpublished results of our own research group using German samples. A total of nine studies are included (N = 956 participants), consisting of both correlational and experimental data. Across these studies, there was a medium correlation between self-compassion and subjective sleep quality, r = 0.303, 95% CI (0.244; 0.360). In three experimental studies, a small increase in participants' self-reported sleep quality emerged, in comparison to control conditions, Hedges' s g = 0.484, 95% CI (0.148; 0.821). Limitations on study level concern both the small sample sizes and short-term analyses of intervention effects. As a conclusion, this review supports both the correlational and causal relationship between self-compassion and increased subjective sleep quality across diverse operationalizations and samples. Future research should focus on the moderating effects of intervention type, duration of intervention effects, and type of target population.