Dale Greenwalt - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Dale Greenwalt

Research paper thumbnail of Diversity of culicomorphan dipterans in the Eocene Kishenehn Konservat-Lagerstätte (Montana, USA) and its palaeoecological implications

Palaeontologia Electronica

This report highlights the eight new morphotypes of culicomorphan dipterans from the 46-million-y... more This report highlights the eight new morphotypes of culicomorphan dipterans from the 46-million-year-old Kishenehn Formation (Montana, USA). Five of these morphotypes are non-biting midges of the family Chironomidae (cf. Conchapelopia, cf. Psectrotanypus, Hintelamannia noncatafractata sp. nov., cf. Tanytarsus, and Rheotanytarsus lacustris sp. nov.), one morphotype is a biting midge of the family Ceratopogonidae (cf. Alluaudomyia), one is a phantom midge of the family Chaoboridae (Chaoborus kishenehnicus sp. nov.), and the last one is a true mosquito, family Culicidae (Culex [Neoculex]). We also discuss implications of the diversity and abundance of representatives of Culicomorpha in the Formation for understanding the palaeoecology of the deposit. Abundance of the Chaoboridae and presence of the seemingly surface skating Chioronomidae indicate a large, lacustrine habitat.

Research paper thumbnail of Taphonomic studies of fossil insects from the new Kishenehn Formation Konservat-Lagerstätte

The 7th International Conference on Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of The oldest jumping plant-louse (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) with comments on the classification and nomenclature of the Palaeogene

Sternorrhyncha) with comments on the classification and nomenclature of the Palaeogene Psylloidea... more Sternorrhyncha) with comments on the classification and nomenclature of the Palaeogene Psylloidea. In:

Research paper thumbnail of Comment on the letter of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) dated April 21, 2020 regarding “Fossils from conflict zones and reproducibility of fossil-based scientific data”: the importance of private collections

Research paper thumbnail of Remnants of Ancient Life

Princeton University Press eBooks, Dec 31, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Blood to Molecules: The Fossil Record of Blood and Its Constituents

Research paper thumbnail of Two new and disparate fossil bee flies (Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) from the Americas and reassessment of Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969

Palaeontologia Electronica

In this study, two new species of anthracine bee flies are described and one previously described... more In this study, two new species of anthracine bee flies are described and one previously described species is reassessed. Anthrax succini Greenwalt and Evenhuis sp. nov. is the first of the very speciose genus Anthrax and only the second bombyliid to be described from Dominican amber. The previously described Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969 was reexamined and reassigned to Anthracinae incertae sedis due to lack of morphological detail required for generic assignment. Eoanomala melas Greenwalt and Evenhuis gen. and sp. nov. is described from the Middle Eocene oil shales of the Kishenehn Formation. Eoanomala melas contains a number of character states that are not found together in any extant genera and, although it may fit within the tribe Villini, it does not appear to be closely related to the extant constituents of that clade.

Research paper thumbnail of Two Eocene species of Culiseta (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Kishenehn Formation in Montana

Zootaxa

Culiseta kishenehn, sp. n. and Cs. lemniscata, sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae: Culisetini) are descri... more Culiseta kishenehn, sp. n. and Cs. lemniscata, sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae: Culisetini) are described from compression fos-sils from the 46 million year old Kishenehn shale deposits in Montana, USA. The new species appear to share featureswith extant species of subgenera Climacura and Culicella, respectively. The antiquity of Culiseta is examined and previ-ously described Eocene fossil species are discussed. Eoaedes gen. n. and Aetheapnomyia gen. n. are established for Aedes damzeni Podėnas and Ae. hoffeinsorum Szadziewski, two Eocene fossil species in Baltic amber.

Research paper thumbnail of Erratum: HARBACH, RALPH E. & GREENWALT, DALE (2012) Two Eocene species of Culiseta (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Kishenehn Formation in Montana. Zootaxa, 3530, 25–34

Research paper thumbnail of The first fossil New World Dixidae with a critical discussion of generic definitions

Palaeontologia Electronica

Four new fossil species of the dipteran family Dixidae, including the first fossil specimens of f... more Four new fossil species of the dipteran family Dixidae, including the first fossil specimens of females in this family, are described from the Middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation oil shales of northwestern Montana. These new species, Dixella intacta sp. nov., D. eomarginata sp. nov., D. spinilobata sp. nov. and D. curvistyla sp. nov., are the first fossils of Dixidae to be described from the New World. The morphological bases of all generic assignments of extant and extinct dixids are critically reviewed, and new data on wing venation pattern variability in extant Dixidae are presented. It is concluded that it is impossible to distinguish between adults of the two major genera, Dixa and Dixella, based solely on wing venation. Given the lack of distinguishing features, the names of the two Cenozoic species that consist only of a single wing, Dixa priscula and D. cimbrica, are declared nomina dubia and the fossils are assigned to Dixidae incertae sedis.

Research paper thumbnail of Preservation of mandibular zinc in a beetle from the Eocene Kishenehn Formation of Montana, USA1

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2016

Fossil insects of the 46 million-year-old Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation exhibit ex... more Fossil insects of the 46 million-year-old Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation exhibit exceptional preservation as evidenced by the preservation of color and the blood-derived pigment heme in a blood-engorged mosquito. In the present study, analysis of a fossil rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Kishenehn Formation document preservation of zinc, a metal often used to harden the cutting surfaces of mandibles in extant insects, localized to the mandibles of the fossil insect. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrate that the carbonaceous bodies of preserved insects are physically homogeneous, composed primarily of carbon, and are distinct from the adjacent microbial mat within which the insects are thought to have been preserved. The microbial mat that covered the fossil insects is shown to consist of, in part, well-consolidated silicates. This thin layer, while completely transparent when wet, obscures the fossil when dry...

Research paper thumbnail of High throughput cell-based assay kits

Research paper thumbnail of Methods and tools for detecting collagen degradation

Research paper thumbnail of Osteoclast Culture Vessels and Methods of Use

Research paper thumbnail of Ptenidium kishenehnicum (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae), a New Fossil Described from the Kishenehn Oil Shales, with a Checklist of Previously Known Fossil Ptiliids

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 2013

Ptenidium kishenehnicum Shockley and Greenwalt, a new species of feather-winged beetle (Coleopter... more Ptenidium kishenehnicum Shockley and Greenwalt, a new species of feather-winged beetle (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae), is described from 46 million year old Kishenehn oil shales in Montana, USA. This compression fossil is the first beetle species to be described from this formation. A checklist of known fossils and their ages is provided.

Research paper thumbnail of Diptera of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation. I. Documentation of diversity at the family level

Palaeontologia Electronica

The Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation in northwestern Montana, USA, is an emerging mid... more The Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation in northwestern Montana, USA, is an emerging middle Eocene Lagerstätte. While fish, plant, mammal and molluscan fossils are present, the most numerous and well-preserved fossils are those of insects. In this study, we initiate an effort to enumerate, at the family level, the diversity of flies (Insecta: Diptera) at this locality. Seventeen specimens from 17 different families (15 families with Limoniinae and Cylindrotominae within Tipulidae s.l.), 15 new species and three new genera are described. These include Tipula fji sp. nov. (Tipulidae), Ellipteroides kishenehn sp. nov. (Limoniidae), Cyttaromyia lynnae sp. nov. (Cylindrotomidae), Sylvicola silibrarius sp. nov. (Anisopodidae), Efcookella nigra sp. nov. (first fossil known in the genus) (Scatopsidae), Bibiodes kishenehnensis sp. nov. (Bibionidae), Eosciarites hermes gen. et sp. nov. (Sciaridae), Rymosia hypnolithica sp. nov. (Mycetophilidae), Litoleptis araeostylus sp. nov. (Rhagionidae), Kishenehnoasilus bhl gen. et sp. nov. (Asilidae), Drapetis adelomedos sp. nov. (Hybotidae), Salishomyia eocenica gen. et sp. nov. (Dolichopodidae), Agathomyia eocenica sp. nov. (first known fossil in genus) (Platypezidae), Lonchoptera eocenica sp. nov. (Lonchopteridae) and Aenigmatias kishenehnensis sp. nov. (Phoridae). Two specimens in the families Psychodidae and Pipunculidae are described but not assigned to a genus. In addition, we revise several related fossil species housed at the NMNH. Asilopsis fusculus Cockerell, 1921, formerly described in Asilidae, is transferred to Cyttaromyia (Cylindrotomidae) as C. fuscula, Sciara florissantensis Cockerell, 1917 is assigned to Sciaroidea incertae sedis, and Sciara gurnetensis Cockerell, 1916, Sciara lacoei Cockerell, 1915 and Sciara protoberidis Cockerell, 1915, are assigned to Sciaridae incertae sedis. Given their diversity and high degree of preservation, continued characterization of the Coal Creek Member fossils may help elucidate the Eocene radiation of Diptera in North America.

Research paper thumbnail of The Amazing Fossil Insects of the Eocene Kishenehn Formation in Northwestern Montana

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Aminotransferase Inhibitors on the Pattern of Free Amino Acid Accumulation in Isolated Mussel Hearts Subjected to Hyperosmotic Stress

Physiological Zoology, 1980

Page 1. EFFECT OF AMINOTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS ON THE PATTERN OF FREE AMINO ACID ACCUMULATION IN I... more Page 1. EFFECT OF AMINOTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS ON THE PATTERN OF FREE AMINO ACID ACCUMULATION IN ISOLATED MUSSEL HEARTS SUBJECTED TO HYPEROSMOTIC STRESS' DALE E. GREENWALT ...

Research paper thumbnail of Latiblattella avita sp. nov. (Blattaria: Ectobiidae) from the Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA

Palaeontologia Electronica, Apr 2, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Role of amino acids in cell volume control in the ribbed mussel: alanine and proline metabolism

Research paper thumbnail of Diversity of culicomorphan dipterans in the Eocene Kishenehn Konservat-Lagerstätte (Montana, USA) and its palaeoecological implications

Palaeontologia Electronica

This report highlights the eight new morphotypes of culicomorphan dipterans from the 46-million-y... more This report highlights the eight new morphotypes of culicomorphan dipterans from the 46-million-year-old Kishenehn Formation (Montana, USA). Five of these morphotypes are non-biting midges of the family Chironomidae (cf. Conchapelopia, cf. Psectrotanypus, Hintelamannia noncatafractata sp. nov., cf. Tanytarsus, and Rheotanytarsus lacustris sp. nov.), one morphotype is a biting midge of the family Ceratopogonidae (cf. Alluaudomyia), one is a phantom midge of the family Chaoboridae (Chaoborus kishenehnicus sp. nov.), and the last one is a true mosquito, family Culicidae (Culex [Neoculex]). We also discuss implications of the diversity and abundance of representatives of Culicomorpha in the Formation for understanding the palaeoecology of the deposit. Abundance of the Chaoboridae and presence of the seemingly surface skating Chioronomidae indicate a large, lacustrine habitat.

Research paper thumbnail of Taphonomic studies of fossil insects from the new Kishenehn Formation Konservat-Lagerstätte

The 7th International Conference on Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of The oldest jumping plant-louse (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) with comments on the classification and nomenclature of the Palaeogene

Sternorrhyncha) with comments on the classification and nomenclature of the Palaeogene Psylloidea... more Sternorrhyncha) with comments on the classification and nomenclature of the Palaeogene Psylloidea. In:

Research paper thumbnail of Comment on the letter of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) dated April 21, 2020 regarding “Fossils from conflict zones and reproducibility of fossil-based scientific data”: the importance of private collections

Research paper thumbnail of Remnants of Ancient Life

Princeton University Press eBooks, Dec 31, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Blood to Molecules: The Fossil Record of Blood and Its Constituents

Research paper thumbnail of Two new and disparate fossil bee flies (Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) from the Americas and reassessment of Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969

Palaeontologia Electronica

In this study, two new species of anthracine bee flies are described and one previously described... more In this study, two new species of anthracine bee flies are described and one previously described species is reassessed. Anthrax succini Greenwalt and Evenhuis sp. nov. is the first of the very speciose genus Anthrax and only the second bombyliid to be described from Dominican amber. The previously described Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969 was reexamined and reassigned to Anthracinae incertae sedis due to lack of morphological detail required for generic assignment. Eoanomala melas Greenwalt and Evenhuis gen. and sp. nov. is described from the Middle Eocene oil shales of the Kishenehn Formation. Eoanomala melas contains a number of character states that are not found together in any extant genera and, although it may fit within the tribe Villini, it does not appear to be closely related to the extant constituents of that clade.

Research paper thumbnail of Two Eocene species of Culiseta (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Kishenehn Formation in Montana

Zootaxa

Culiseta kishenehn, sp. n. and Cs. lemniscata, sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae: Culisetini) are descri... more Culiseta kishenehn, sp. n. and Cs. lemniscata, sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae: Culisetini) are described from compression fos-sils from the 46 million year old Kishenehn shale deposits in Montana, USA. The new species appear to share featureswith extant species of subgenera Climacura and Culicella, respectively. The antiquity of Culiseta is examined and previ-ously described Eocene fossil species are discussed. Eoaedes gen. n. and Aetheapnomyia gen. n. are established for Aedes damzeni Podėnas and Ae. hoffeinsorum Szadziewski, two Eocene fossil species in Baltic amber.

Research paper thumbnail of Erratum: HARBACH, RALPH E. & GREENWALT, DALE (2012) Two Eocene species of Culiseta (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Kishenehn Formation in Montana. Zootaxa, 3530, 25–34

Research paper thumbnail of The first fossil New World Dixidae with a critical discussion of generic definitions

Palaeontologia Electronica

Four new fossil species of the dipteran family Dixidae, including the first fossil specimens of f... more Four new fossil species of the dipteran family Dixidae, including the first fossil specimens of females in this family, are described from the Middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation oil shales of northwestern Montana. These new species, Dixella intacta sp. nov., D. eomarginata sp. nov., D. spinilobata sp. nov. and D. curvistyla sp. nov., are the first fossils of Dixidae to be described from the New World. The morphological bases of all generic assignments of extant and extinct dixids are critically reviewed, and new data on wing venation pattern variability in extant Dixidae are presented. It is concluded that it is impossible to distinguish between adults of the two major genera, Dixa and Dixella, based solely on wing venation. Given the lack of distinguishing features, the names of the two Cenozoic species that consist only of a single wing, Dixa priscula and D. cimbrica, are declared nomina dubia and the fossils are assigned to Dixidae incertae sedis.

Research paper thumbnail of Preservation of mandibular zinc in a beetle from the Eocene Kishenehn Formation of Montana, USA1

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2016

Fossil insects of the 46 million-year-old Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation exhibit ex... more Fossil insects of the 46 million-year-old Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation exhibit exceptional preservation as evidenced by the preservation of color and the blood-derived pigment heme in a blood-engorged mosquito. In the present study, analysis of a fossil rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Kishenehn Formation document preservation of zinc, a metal often used to harden the cutting surfaces of mandibles in extant insects, localized to the mandibles of the fossil insect. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrate that the carbonaceous bodies of preserved insects are physically homogeneous, composed primarily of carbon, and are distinct from the adjacent microbial mat within which the insects are thought to have been preserved. The microbial mat that covered the fossil insects is shown to consist of, in part, well-consolidated silicates. This thin layer, while completely transparent when wet, obscures the fossil when dry...

Research paper thumbnail of High throughput cell-based assay kits

Research paper thumbnail of Methods and tools for detecting collagen degradation

Research paper thumbnail of Osteoclast Culture Vessels and Methods of Use

Research paper thumbnail of Ptenidium kishenehnicum (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae), a New Fossil Described from the Kishenehn Oil Shales, with a Checklist of Previously Known Fossil Ptiliids

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 2013

Ptenidium kishenehnicum Shockley and Greenwalt, a new species of feather-winged beetle (Coleopter... more Ptenidium kishenehnicum Shockley and Greenwalt, a new species of feather-winged beetle (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae), is described from 46 million year old Kishenehn oil shales in Montana, USA. This compression fossil is the first beetle species to be described from this formation. A checklist of known fossils and their ages is provided.

Research paper thumbnail of Diptera of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation. I. Documentation of diversity at the family level

Palaeontologia Electronica

The Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation in northwestern Montana, USA, is an emerging mid... more The Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation in northwestern Montana, USA, is an emerging middle Eocene Lagerstätte. While fish, plant, mammal and molluscan fossils are present, the most numerous and well-preserved fossils are those of insects. In this study, we initiate an effort to enumerate, at the family level, the diversity of flies (Insecta: Diptera) at this locality. Seventeen specimens from 17 different families (15 families with Limoniinae and Cylindrotominae within Tipulidae s.l.), 15 new species and three new genera are described. These include Tipula fji sp. nov. (Tipulidae), Ellipteroides kishenehn sp. nov. (Limoniidae), Cyttaromyia lynnae sp. nov. (Cylindrotomidae), Sylvicola silibrarius sp. nov. (Anisopodidae), Efcookella nigra sp. nov. (first fossil known in the genus) (Scatopsidae), Bibiodes kishenehnensis sp. nov. (Bibionidae), Eosciarites hermes gen. et sp. nov. (Sciaridae), Rymosia hypnolithica sp. nov. (Mycetophilidae), Litoleptis araeostylus sp. nov. (Rhagionidae), Kishenehnoasilus bhl gen. et sp. nov. (Asilidae), Drapetis adelomedos sp. nov. (Hybotidae), Salishomyia eocenica gen. et sp. nov. (Dolichopodidae), Agathomyia eocenica sp. nov. (first known fossil in genus) (Platypezidae), Lonchoptera eocenica sp. nov. (Lonchopteridae) and Aenigmatias kishenehnensis sp. nov. (Phoridae). Two specimens in the families Psychodidae and Pipunculidae are described but not assigned to a genus. In addition, we revise several related fossil species housed at the NMNH. Asilopsis fusculus Cockerell, 1921, formerly described in Asilidae, is transferred to Cyttaromyia (Cylindrotomidae) as C. fuscula, Sciara florissantensis Cockerell, 1917 is assigned to Sciaroidea incertae sedis, and Sciara gurnetensis Cockerell, 1916, Sciara lacoei Cockerell, 1915 and Sciara protoberidis Cockerell, 1915, are assigned to Sciaridae incertae sedis. Given their diversity and high degree of preservation, continued characterization of the Coal Creek Member fossils may help elucidate the Eocene radiation of Diptera in North America.

Research paper thumbnail of The Amazing Fossil Insects of the Eocene Kishenehn Formation in Northwestern Montana

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Aminotransferase Inhibitors on the Pattern of Free Amino Acid Accumulation in Isolated Mussel Hearts Subjected to Hyperosmotic Stress

Physiological Zoology, 1980

Page 1. EFFECT OF AMINOTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS ON THE PATTERN OF FREE AMINO ACID ACCUMULATION IN I... more Page 1. EFFECT OF AMINOTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS ON THE PATTERN OF FREE AMINO ACID ACCUMULATION IN ISOLATED MUSSEL HEARTS SUBJECTED TO HYPEROSMOTIC STRESS' DALE E. GREENWALT ...

Research paper thumbnail of Latiblattella avita sp. nov. (Blattaria: Ectobiidae) from the Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA

Palaeontologia Electronica, Apr 2, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Role of amino acids in cell volume control in the ribbed mussel: alanine and proline metabolism