Astrilia Damayanti - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Astrilia Damayanti
IOP conference series, Dec 1, 2022
Tropical almond nut (Terminalia catappa Linn) seeds have potential to be developed into yogurt be... more Tropical almond nut (Terminalia catappa Linn) seeds have potential to be developed into yogurt because has a high nutritional content. In addition, honey has potential to be used as substitute for sugar in process of making yogurt. This research aims to determine effect of variations concentration honey in Tropical almond nut seed yogurt on the protein content to achieve food security. Variation of addition honey in this research is 6% (w/v), 8% (w/v), and 10% (w/v). Analysis protein content carried out using Kjeldahl method. The results showed that protein content in Tropical almond nut seed yogurt with addition of honey with concentration of 6% (w/v) is 3.06%, 8% (w/v) is 3.11%, and 10% (w/v) is 3.116%. These results had met the requirements of Indonesian National Standards (SNI) number 2981: 2009. The highest protein content was found in yogurt with the addition of 10% (w/v) honey with analysis result of 3.13%.
Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2020
Corncob is an agricultural waste which has a potential to be utilized as a raw material for bio-o... more Corncob is an agricultural waste which has a potential to be utilized as a raw material for bio-oil. One of many processes to convert the agricultural waste (biomass) into bio-oil is pyrolysis. The pyrolysis process for this study was carried out using fixed bed pyrolysis reactor, performed under temperature of 500C and 600C with residence time of 4 seconds. The bio-oil was analyzed for its components content using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The separation of phenolic compounds from bio-oil was done by a liquid-liquid extraction which carried out for 60 minutes using methanol 80% and chloroform as solvent at various extraction temperatures of 30C, 40C, 50C, and stirring speeds of 200 rpm, 250 rpm, 300 rpm. Then, the extract phase and the raffinate phase were analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperatures and stirring speeds of the liquidliquid extraction to the distribution coefficient and the yield of phenolic compound. The result showed that the main component of bio-oil obtained is phenolic compounds. The highest distribution coefficient and the highest yield of phenolic compound were obtained at 50C and 300 rpm. The highest yield was 66.31% and 58.9% obtained from pyrolysis process at 500C and 600C, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest distribution coefficient was 11.08 and 8.92 for pyrolysis at 500C and 600C.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, Mar 30, 2018
This paper presents an experimental investigation on using mixed culture for immobilization and c... more This paper presents an experimental investigation on using mixed culture for immobilization and co-immobilization for hydrogen production. The shape and diameter of the beads were investigated. Hydrogen was produced from 10 g.L 1 glucose in anaerobic batch using immobilized mixed culture with extrusion dripping method. The alginate concentrations as immobilization material were 1%, 2%, and 3%. The mixed culture had three different biodigester sources consisting of cow dung, tofu waste, and fruit waste. The pretreatment of each mixed culture was acidification and enrichment. Then the mixed culture were mixed with immobilization material and inserted into a syringe, then dropped into 0.1M CaCl 2. Activated carbon was added to alginate (coimmobilization) with ratio 1:1. The results showed that bead using 1% and 2% alginate concentrations were a pear-shaped. The highest concentration of hydrogen (mol H 2 /mol glucose) was 0.029 for immobilized beads with 2% alginate concentration and the lowest hydrogen (molH 2 /mol glucose) was 0.009 for immobilized beads with 3% alginate concentration. Acetic acid was the most dominant. The highest VFA (mg.L 1) was 695.85 for immobilized beads with 3% alginate concentration (acetic acid 271.49; propionic acid 163.33; isobutyrate acid 123.45; butyric acid 137.57). Most hydrogen was produced from 2% alginate concentration and spherical-shape.
ChemEngineering
The availability of fossil energy is dwindling, so renewable fuels are the alternative choices, o... more The availability of fossil energy is dwindling, so renewable fuels are the alternative choices, one of which is bioethanol. To increase the purity of the ethanol produced via the fermentation process, activated carbon (AC) was made from durian (Durio zibethinus) peel. The steps for making AC consist of carbonization (300 °C and 400 °C), chemical activation using phosphoric acid (10–40%), pyrolysis (700 °C and 800 °C), and neutralization. The results showed that the maximum surface area (326.72 m2/g) was obtained from 400 °C carbonization, 800 °C pyrolysis, and activation using a 40% phosphoric acid solution. Other characteristics are the surface area of 326.72 m2/g, pore radius of 1.04 nm, and total pore volume of 0.17 cc/g with phosphate residue in the form a P2O5 molecule of 3.47% by weight, with COOH, OH, CO, C=C, C=O, P-OC, and Fe-O groups with wavenumbers (cm−1), respectively, of 3836, 3225, 2103, 1555, 1143, and 494. The AC also demonstrated the highest number of carbon (86.41...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Yogurt is one of the probiotic products that is commonly consumed and widely developed across the... more Yogurt is one of the probiotic products that is commonly consumed and widely developed across the world. This experiment aims to determine the effects of red beans, dates, and starter culture addition on a certain ratio of full cream milk powder and characterized by Indonesian National Standard also known as SNI number 2981 :2009. This experiment was conducted with the ratio of red beans to dates (v/v) were 40:60, 50:50, and 60:50 and the starter cultures (%v/v) were 5, 15, and 25. This experiment method consisted of making red beans juice, dates juice and fermentation. The results of the experiment showed that the protein content (%) of the ratio of red beans to dates (v/v) and starter cultures (%v/v) were 40:60 and 5, 50:50 and 5,60:40 and 5; 40:60 and 15, 50:50 and 15, 60:40 and 15; 40:60 and 25; 50:50 and 25, 60:40 and 25 were 3.455, 3.63, 3.335, 2.805, 2.965, 2.915, 2.305, 3.10, and 3.15. While the fat content (%) were 2.22, 2.015, 1.55, 1.58, 1.515, 1.28, 1.27, 2.20, and 1.655...
Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak bumi yang terus menerus akan mengakibatkan kelangkaan bahan bakar mi... more Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak bumi yang terus menerus akan mengakibatkan kelangkaan bahan bakar minyak. Sumber energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan, salah satunya adalah biodiesel. Bahan baku potensial untuk memproduksi biodiesel yang tidak bersaing dengan bahan baku pangan contohnya adalah biji mahoni (swietenia macrophylla king). Tahapan yang diperlukan dalam percobaan biodiesel adalah proses pengambilan minyak biji mahoni dengan proses penyangraian, degumming, dan proses transesterifikasi. Alat yang diperlukan dalam pembuatan biodiesel yaitu: labu alas bulat dilengkapi kondensor, gelas ukur, pengaduk magnetik, alat-alat gelas lab, dan lain sebagainya. Proses pengambilan minyak dilakukan dengan penyangraian yang hasilnya di degumming dengan asam fosfat 5% b/b pada suhu 80ÂoC selama 15 menit. Degumming bertujuan untuk menghilangkan getah, lendir, protein, resin dan gum. Proses kedua yaitu transesterifikasi dengan metanol 1:6 (minyak dan mtanol) dengan KOH 0,1 N pada suhu 60ÂoC se...
Jurnal Kompetensi Teknik, 2011
Penggunaan bioetanol sebagai bahan bakar terus mengalami peningkatan di dunia,khususnya di Indone... more Penggunaan bioetanol sebagai bahan bakar terus mengalami peningkatan di dunia,khususnya di Indonesia. Penggunaan etanol untuk bahan bakar dapat menurunkanketergantungan terhadap minyak luar negeri, mengurangi polusi udara, dan mengurangi dampakpemanasan global. Secara umum produksi bioetanol meliputi tiga proses yaitu hidrolisis,fermentasi dan pemurnian hasil. Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh suhu terhadap kinetika reaksihidrolisis tongkol jagung dengan katalisator asam sulfat encer. Variabel suhu yang diteliti antara433 – 493 K. Model kinetika homogen dipilih untuk mempelajari kinetikanya. Percobaan dilakukandengan memasukkan 1 L larutan asam sulfat 0,18 N dan 300 g tongkol jagung ke dalam autoclave.Ketika mencapai suhu 373 K diambil sebagai waktu 0 menit dan sampel diambil kira-kira 6 ml.Setelah mencapai suhu yang diinginkan, suhu dijaga konstan. Selama proses, setiap 5 menittemperatur dicatat dan diambil sampelnya. Kemudian konsentrasi gula dalam sampel dianalisisdengan metode Fehling. Percobaan dijalankan pada variabel suhu. Percobaan menghasilkan datasuhu dan konsentrasi gula pada berbagai waktu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kinetikareaksi hidrolisis dapat didekati dengan model homogen orde dua semu. Pengaruh suhu terhadapkonstanta kecepatan reaksi mengikuti persamaan Arrhenius, dengan nilai k sebesar 1.3987.10-3,2.1658.10-3, 3.6974.10-3, dan 5.8996.10-3 L/(mol.menit) untuk masing-masing suhu 433, 453, 473,and 493 K. Kata kunci: bioetanol, hidrolisis, homogen, kinetika, tongkol jagung
Jurnal Kompetensi Teknik, 2011
... hidroksida (NaOH), dan sodium metilat (NaOCH3), sedangkan katalis asam adalah H2SO4. Katalis ... more ... hidroksida (NaOH), dan sodium metilat (NaOCH3), sedangkan katalis asam adalah H2SO4. Katalis yang lebih umum digunakan adalah katalis basa, karena katalis basa tidak bersifat korosif dan reaksi transesterifikasi berlangsung lebih cepat (Darmoko dan Munir, 2000). ...
Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 2021
The production of bioethanol from microalgae goes through several stages, including cultivation, ... more The production of bioethanol from microalgae goes through several stages, including cultivation, harvesting, drying, storage, and conversion to bioethanol. Nearly 40% of the total energy consumed in the bioethanol production from microalgae is from drying. This research aims to study the drying rate model of Chlorella pyrenoidosa using an oven. The drying is carried out at the temperatures of 50, 60, and 70 oC. The initial moisture content of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was 317.798% dry weight. The results showed that at the temperatures of 50, 60, and 70 oC, the critical moisture content was 9.108, 7.583, and 6.93% dry weight, while the equilibrium moisture content was 3.172, 3.158, and 3.109% dry weight. The most optimal drying is at 70 oC and the drying rate gets faster as the temperature does too. The Page model is better at describing the drying rate of Chlorella pyrenoidosa using an oven than the Newton model. The drying speed constants (k) were 0.00056, 0.00061, and 0.00208, at 50,...
Abdimas: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Merdeka Malang
Snake fruit peel is an organic waste that is often not utilized, while the flower of the butterfl... more Snake fruit peel is an organic waste that is often not utilized, while the flower of the butterfly pea is known as a natural dye for food and beverages. The COVID-19 pandemic causes susceptibility to the human body. Therefore, it is necessary to process healthy drinks in order to utilize organic waste. This community service program activity aims to introduce fermented food processing to the community, especially the Family Welfare Development (PKK) Group RT 3 RW 3, Ngijo Village, Gunungpati District, Semarang City by utilizing snake fruit peel (Salacca zalacca) and butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) as kombucha tea. The method of this program is in the form of delivering material either through posters, videos, demonstrations, and youtube links. A positive response was given by community after conducting a taste test on the product that was socialized in the form of many questions submitted including other alternative raw materials and the volume of kombucha tea served. This ...
One of the microalgae that can be potentially used to produce bioethanol is Chlorella vulgaris, a... more One of the microalgae that can be potentially used to produce bioethanol is Chlorella vulgaris, as it is rich in carbohydrates. However, the carbohydrates in C. vulgaris cannot be converted directly into ethanol. This study aimed to investigate the chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of C. vulgaris, which is subsequently followed by fermentation. The catalysts used in the chemical hydrolysis were hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide, while the enzymes used were the mixture of alpha-amylase + glucoamylase, alpha-amylase + cellulase, and alpha-amylase + glucoamylase + cellulase. The hydrolysate obtained from chemical hydrolysis was fermented through Separate Hydrolysis Fermentation (SHF), while the one from enzymatic hydrolysis was fermented through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF), in which both processes used S. cerevisiae. After undergoing five hours of enzymatic hydrolysis (using alpha-amylase + glucoamylase), the maximum glucose concentra...
Trends in Sciences
This study focuses on the effect of fortification with soybean flour and fermentation with Rhizop... more This study focuses on the effect of fortification with soybean flour and fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus on the nutrition of sorghum flour. The result shows that pre-treatment by using dilute alkali solution for 10 h could reduce condensed tannins up to 86.92 %. After 60 h of fermentation, the amount of condensed tannins decreased gradually to 0.24 %. The optimum of the fortification and fermentation experiment characterized by 0.29 % of condensed tannins and 9.09 % of crude protein. These values were obtained by using 7.5 % (w/w) of soybean flour fortification and 2.5 % (w/w) of R. oligosporus. The highest swelling power was obtained 8.15 g/g at 95 °C and the water solubility index reaches 26.15 % after fortification and fermentation for 60 h which is caused by changes in the structure of sorghum flour. The proximate analysis shows the results of 79.5 % carbohydrate, 3.1 % fat, 4.8 % moisture content, and 1.6 % ash content. Fermentation using R. oligosporus and fortification...
Antosianin merupakan sumber bahan pewarna alami, di mana selain karotenoid, klorofil, dan flavono... more Antosianin merupakan sumber bahan pewarna alami, di mana selain karotenoid, klorofil, dan flavonoid yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mendukung performa Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) atau sel surya peka warna. Ekstraksi dengan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) meningkatkan hasil dan laju reaksi. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan variabel penelitian daya microwave yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh daya microwave dalam proses ekstraksi antosanin bunga dadap merah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gelombang mikro dalam microwave mampu mempercepat proses ekstraksi dibutuhkan 12-15 menit dengan daya 300 W, 450 W dan 600 W. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa total antosianin yang dihasilkan secara berurutan 9,518 mg/L (menit ke-12 daya, 300W); 2,755 mg/L (menit ke-15, daya 450W) dan 2,839 mg/L (menit ke-12, daya 600W). Ekstraksi antosianin dadap merah menggunakan mikrowave lebih cepat 10 kali dan lebih besar yield 3-10 kali daripada konvensional 180 menit (0,8350 mg/L
Cogent engineering, Mar 24, 2022
Materials Science Forum, 2022
S. platensis is a microalga that contains carbohydrate composition of 30.21% which makes it poten... more S. platensis is a microalga that contains carbohydrate composition of 30.21% which makes it potential to be used as raw material for ethanol production. Hydrolysis of S. platensis is the first step for converting its carbohydrates into monosaccharides. The second step is fermentation of monosaccharides into ethanol. This research aims to study the effect of temperature and microalgae concentration on the hydrolysis of S. platensis using sulfuric acid as catalyst. This research was conducted using 300 mL sulfuric acid of 2 mol/L, hydrolysis temperatures of 70, 80 and 90 °C, and microalgae concentrations of 20, 26.7, and 33.3 g/L. The effect of temperature is significant in the hydrolysis of S. platensis using sulfuric acid. At microalgae concentration of 20 g/L and hydrolysis time of 35 minutes, the higher the temperatures (70, 80, and 90 °C), the more the glucose yields would be (8.9, 13.5, and 22.9%). This temperature effect got stronger when the hydrolysis was running for 15 minut...
Minyak mawar merupakan salah satu produk minyak bunga yang memungkinkan diproduksi di Indonesia d... more Minyak mawar merupakan salah satu produk minyak bunga yang memungkinkan diproduksi di Indonesia dengan kualitas ekspor. Manfaat dari minyak mawar adalah untuk parfum, kosmestik, dan obat-obatan. Minyak mawar dapat diproduksi dengan menggunakan metode diantaranya maserasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui rendemen minyak atsiri mawar merah (Rosa damascena) dan komponen minyak atsiri yang terambil dengan etanol dan n-heksana. Bahan baku yang digunakan berupa mahkota bunga mawar sebanyak 50 gram yang dipotong kecil-kecil, kemudian direndam dalam pelarut dengan perbandingan 1:3. Pelarut yang digunakan yaitu etanol dan n-heksana. Proses maserasi dilakukan dengan pengadukan selama 1 menit secara manual pada suhu ruang dan didiamkan selama 12 jam di tempat tertutup dan gelap (tanpa terkena cahaya). Hasil maserasi berupa ekstrak mawar dipisahkan dengan cara penyaringan dan pemerasan bunga. Filtrat yang mengandung minyak bunga mawar dievaporasi dengan rotary vacuum evaporator. Masera...
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020
Coffee shell is an agricultural waste with high lignocellulose content which potentially produces... more Coffee shell is an agricultural waste with high lignocellulose content which potentially produces bio-oil as an environmentally alternative fuel. Bio-oil was produced from agricultural waste (biomass) using pyrolysis process that was carried out at 700°C and 1 atm. Bio-oil contains about 28.4% of caffeine, an alkaloid compounds that contains nitrogen atoms from primary metabolites of amino acids. It formed gum in the fuel oil and caused the engine damaged. Separation of phenolic compound from bio-oil was done by liquid-liquid extraction using chloroform and n-hexane as a solvent for 10, 30, 50 minutes at 30°C and stirring speed 250 rpm with feed-solvent ratio 1:4, 1:6, 1:8. The phenolic compound in the extract and raffinate phase were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The aim of this research is to obtain the effect of solvent, time of extraction process and feed-solvent ratio on the yield of phenolic compound. The result showed that the highest yield is 77.93% which were obtained using chloroform as solvent for 50 minutes extraction process with feed-solvent ratio of 1:8.
Jurnal Kompetensi Teknik, 2011
Pohon ketapang sering dijadikan sebagai pohon peneduh di taman-taman dan tepi jalan. Adanya kandu... more Pohon ketapang sering dijadikan sebagai pohon peneduh di taman-taman dan tepi jalan. Adanya kandungan minyak pada biji ketapang dimungkinkan untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi metil ester (biodiesel). Biodiesel merupakan salah satu bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar diesel yang dibuat dari bahan baku yang dapat diperbaharui seperti minyak nabati dan lemak hewan. Sintesis biodiesel terdiri dari ekstraksi biji ketapang dan transesterifikasi menggunakan metanol dan minyak biji ketapang dengan perbandingan mol metanol terhadap minyak yang digunakan adalah 6:1 dengan katalis basa sebesar 0,5-1% berat minyak. Rendemen metil ester minyak biji ketapang dari Kampus Unnes Sekaran lebih besar dari Kampus UI Depok, yaitu 85,067% serta hasil analisis metil ester minyak biji ketapang dari Kampus Unnes Sekaran memenuhi persyaratan Biodiesel SNI 04-7182-2006. Kata kunci: metil ester, biji ketapang, rendemen metil ester
International Journal of Science and Engineering, 2012
Indonesia is a potential country in developing essential oils which is each part of the plants pr... more Indonesia is a potential country in developing essential oils which is each part of the plants produce essential oils such as leaf, seed, fruit, and root. One of the potential plants is fennel. Fennel oil distillation used fennel seed from Cepogo District, Boyolali Regency. The characteristics of the seed are; the color is black and the length is 0,2 centimeters. The condition operation to exctract of the fennel seed are 1 atm and 7,5 hours. The calculation of the time started when the first fennel oil dropped into the decanter. It finished when the fennel oil was not dropped anymore. The color is bright and muddy. The last process is add 1% (m/m) Na 2 SO 4 anhidrous into fennel oil to absorp remain water in it. The distillation process produce fennel oil102,125 grams. Sample of fennel oil tested which are density test, solubility on 90% alcohol, GC-MS test, and AAS test. The result shows that fennel oil from the fennel seed is 2,0425%. The tested samples contain the brightest and the muddies sample. The density of 0,9500 and 0,949 g/cc respectively that is not fulfill to the Food Chemical Codex (FCC). Samples solubility in 90% alcohol (1:3) is fulfill to the the Food Chemical Codex (FCC). Three main components of the brightest sample are anethole (47,51%), estragole (22,41%), and α-fensone (21,92%) while the muddiest sample's components are anethole (52,38%), estragole (21,37%),and α-fensone (15,74%). The AAS test shows that fennel oil contains 65,1473 ppm which does not fulfill the Indonesian National Standards of patchouli and clove leaf oil.
The use of natural dyes in various fields of technology today can use plants because it can be re... more The use of natural dyes in various fields of technology today can use plants because it can be renewed, dadap merah flowers become one of the sources of anthocyanin color pigments that are found in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the best acid solvents in the extraction process in terms of total anthocyanin levels. The dadap merah extraction process is carried out by microwave using the microwave method. Microwave power used was 600 W. Anthocyanin extraction was carried out with different solvents namely Journal of Chemical Process Engineering e-ISSN Number 2655 2967 34 acidified ethanol using 4% citric acid, 4% tartaric acid and 1% HCl. The solvent ratio used is 1:25 and the time is 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 minutes. The highest level of anthocyanin obtained by each solvent was tested for its color intensity characteristics. The highest anthocyanin extraction using 4% citric acid was obtained at 3.673754647 mg / L in 12 minutes. The highest anthocyanin using 4% tartaric acid was o...
IOP conference series, Dec 1, 2022
Tropical almond nut (Terminalia catappa Linn) seeds have potential to be developed into yogurt be... more Tropical almond nut (Terminalia catappa Linn) seeds have potential to be developed into yogurt because has a high nutritional content. In addition, honey has potential to be used as substitute for sugar in process of making yogurt. This research aims to determine effect of variations concentration honey in Tropical almond nut seed yogurt on the protein content to achieve food security. Variation of addition honey in this research is 6% (w/v), 8% (w/v), and 10% (w/v). Analysis protein content carried out using Kjeldahl method. The results showed that protein content in Tropical almond nut seed yogurt with addition of honey with concentration of 6% (w/v) is 3.06%, 8% (w/v) is 3.11%, and 10% (w/v) is 3.116%. These results had met the requirements of Indonesian National Standards (SNI) number 2981: 2009. The highest protein content was found in yogurt with the addition of 10% (w/v) honey with analysis result of 3.13%.
Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2020
Corncob is an agricultural waste which has a potential to be utilized as a raw material for bio-o... more Corncob is an agricultural waste which has a potential to be utilized as a raw material for bio-oil. One of many processes to convert the agricultural waste (biomass) into bio-oil is pyrolysis. The pyrolysis process for this study was carried out using fixed bed pyrolysis reactor, performed under temperature of 500C and 600C with residence time of 4 seconds. The bio-oil was analyzed for its components content using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The separation of phenolic compounds from bio-oil was done by a liquid-liquid extraction which carried out for 60 minutes using methanol 80% and chloroform as solvent at various extraction temperatures of 30C, 40C, 50C, and stirring speeds of 200 rpm, 250 rpm, 300 rpm. Then, the extract phase and the raffinate phase were analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperatures and stirring speeds of the liquidliquid extraction to the distribution coefficient and the yield of phenolic compound. The result showed that the main component of bio-oil obtained is phenolic compounds. The highest distribution coefficient and the highest yield of phenolic compound were obtained at 50C and 300 rpm. The highest yield was 66.31% and 58.9% obtained from pyrolysis process at 500C and 600C, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest distribution coefficient was 11.08 and 8.92 for pyrolysis at 500C and 600C.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, Mar 30, 2018
This paper presents an experimental investigation on using mixed culture for immobilization and c... more This paper presents an experimental investigation on using mixed culture for immobilization and co-immobilization for hydrogen production. The shape and diameter of the beads were investigated. Hydrogen was produced from 10 g.L 1 glucose in anaerobic batch using immobilized mixed culture with extrusion dripping method. The alginate concentrations as immobilization material were 1%, 2%, and 3%. The mixed culture had three different biodigester sources consisting of cow dung, tofu waste, and fruit waste. The pretreatment of each mixed culture was acidification and enrichment. Then the mixed culture were mixed with immobilization material and inserted into a syringe, then dropped into 0.1M CaCl 2. Activated carbon was added to alginate (coimmobilization) with ratio 1:1. The results showed that bead using 1% and 2% alginate concentrations were a pear-shaped. The highest concentration of hydrogen (mol H 2 /mol glucose) was 0.029 for immobilized beads with 2% alginate concentration and the lowest hydrogen (molH 2 /mol glucose) was 0.009 for immobilized beads with 3% alginate concentration. Acetic acid was the most dominant. The highest VFA (mg.L 1) was 695.85 for immobilized beads with 3% alginate concentration (acetic acid 271.49; propionic acid 163.33; isobutyrate acid 123.45; butyric acid 137.57). Most hydrogen was produced from 2% alginate concentration and spherical-shape.
ChemEngineering
The availability of fossil energy is dwindling, so renewable fuels are the alternative choices, o... more The availability of fossil energy is dwindling, so renewable fuels are the alternative choices, one of which is bioethanol. To increase the purity of the ethanol produced via the fermentation process, activated carbon (AC) was made from durian (Durio zibethinus) peel. The steps for making AC consist of carbonization (300 °C and 400 °C), chemical activation using phosphoric acid (10–40%), pyrolysis (700 °C and 800 °C), and neutralization. The results showed that the maximum surface area (326.72 m2/g) was obtained from 400 °C carbonization, 800 °C pyrolysis, and activation using a 40% phosphoric acid solution. Other characteristics are the surface area of 326.72 m2/g, pore radius of 1.04 nm, and total pore volume of 0.17 cc/g with phosphate residue in the form a P2O5 molecule of 3.47% by weight, with COOH, OH, CO, C=C, C=O, P-OC, and Fe-O groups with wavenumbers (cm−1), respectively, of 3836, 3225, 2103, 1555, 1143, and 494. The AC also demonstrated the highest number of carbon (86.41...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Yogurt is one of the probiotic products that is commonly consumed and widely developed across the... more Yogurt is one of the probiotic products that is commonly consumed and widely developed across the world. This experiment aims to determine the effects of red beans, dates, and starter culture addition on a certain ratio of full cream milk powder and characterized by Indonesian National Standard also known as SNI number 2981 :2009. This experiment was conducted with the ratio of red beans to dates (v/v) were 40:60, 50:50, and 60:50 and the starter cultures (%v/v) were 5, 15, and 25. This experiment method consisted of making red beans juice, dates juice and fermentation. The results of the experiment showed that the protein content (%) of the ratio of red beans to dates (v/v) and starter cultures (%v/v) were 40:60 and 5, 50:50 and 5,60:40 and 5; 40:60 and 15, 50:50 and 15, 60:40 and 15; 40:60 and 25; 50:50 and 25, 60:40 and 25 were 3.455, 3.63, 3.335, 2.805, 2.965, 2.915, 2.305, 3.10, and 3.15. While the fat content (%) were 2.22, 2.015, 1.55, 1.58, 1.515, 1.28, 1.27, 2.20, and 1.655...
Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak bumi yang terus menerus akan mengakibatkan kelangkaan bahan bakar mi... more Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak bumi yang terus menerus akan mengakibatkan kelangkaan bahan bakar minyak. Sumber energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan, salah satunya adalah biodiesel. Bahan baku potensial untuk memproduksi biodiesel yang tidak bersaing dengan bahan baku pangan contohnya adalah biji mahoni (swietenia macrophylla king). Tahapan yang diperlukan dalam percobaan biodiesel adalah proses pengambilan minyak biji mahoni dengan proses penyangraian, degumming, dan proses transesterifikasi. Alat yang diperlukan dalam pembuatan biodiesel yaitu: labu alas bulat dilengkapi kondensor, gelas ukur, pengaduk magnetik, alat-alat gelas lab, dan lain sebagainya. Proses pengambilan minyak dilakukan dengan penyangraian yang hasilnya di degumming dengan asam fosfat 5% b/b pada suhu 80ÂoC selama 15 menit. Degumming bertujuan untuk menghilangkan getah, lendir, protein, resin dan gum. Proses kedua yaitu transesterifikasi dengan metanol 1:6 (minyak dan mtanol) dengan KOH 0,1 N pada suhu 60ÂoC se...
Jurnal Kompetensi Teknik, 2011
Penggunaan bioetanol sebagai bahan bakar terus mengalami peningkatan di dunia,khususnya di Indone... more Penggunaan bioetanol sebagai bahan bakar terus mengalami peningkatan di dunia,khususnya di Indonesia. Penggunaan etanol untuk bahan bakar dapat menurunkanketergantungan terhadap minyak luar negeri, mengurangi polusi udara, dan mengurangi dampakpemanasan global. Secara umum produksi bioetanol meliputi tiga proses yaitu hidrolisis,fermentasi dan pemurnian hasil. Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh suhu terhadap kinetika reaksihidrolisis tongkol jagung dengan katalisator asam sulfat encer. Variabel suhu yang diteliti antara433 – 493 K. Model kinetika homogen dipilih untuk mempelajari kinetikanya. Percobaan dilakukandengan memasukkan 1 L larutan asam sulfat 0,18 N dan 300 g tongkol jagung ke dalam autoclave.Ketika mencapai suhu 373 K diambil sebagai waktu 0 menit dan sampel diambil kira-kira 6 ml.Setelah mencapai suhu yang diinginkan, suhu dijaga konstan. Selama proses, setiap 5 menittemperatur dicatat dan diambil sampelnya. Kemudian konsentrasi gula dalam sampel dianalisisdengan metode Fehling. Percobaan dijalankan pada variabel suhu. Percobaan menghasilkan datasuhu dan konsentrasi gula pada berbagai waktu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kinetikareaksi hidrolisis dapat didekati dengan model homogen orde dua semu. Pengaruh suhu terhadapkonstanta kecepatan reaksi mengikuti persamaan Arrhenius, dengan nilai k sebesar 1.3987.10-3,2.1658.10-3, 3.6974.10-3, dan 5.8996.10-3 L/(mol.menit) untuk masing-masing suhu 433, 453, 473,and 493 K. Kata kunci: bioetanol, hidrolisis, homogen, kinetika, tongkol jagung
Jurnal Kompetensi Teknik, 2011
... hidroksida (NaOH), dan sodium metilat (NaOCH3), sedangkan katalis asam adalah H2SO4. Katalis ... more ... hidroksida (NaOH), dan sodium metilat (NaOCH3), sedangkan katalis asam adalah H2SO4. Katalis yang lebih umum digunakan adalah katalis basa, karena katalis basa tidak bersifat korosif dan reaksi transesterifikasi berlangsung lebih cepat (Darmoko dan Munir, 2000). ...
Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 2021
The production of bioethanol from microalgae goes through several stages, including cultivation, ... more The production of bioethanol from microalgae goes through several stages, including cultivation, harvesting, drying, storage, and conversion to bioethanol. Nearly 40% of the total energy consumed in the bioethanol production from microalgae is from drying. This research aims to study the drying rate model of Chlorella pyrenoidosa using an oven. The drying is carried out at the temperatures of 50, 60, and 70 oC. The initial moisture content of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was 317.798% dry weight. The results showed that at the temperatures of 50, 60, and 70 oC, the critical moisture content was 9.108, 7.583, and 6.93% dry weight, while the equilibrium moisture content was 3.172, 3.158, and 3.109% dry weight. The most optimal drying is at 70 oC and the drying rate gets faster as the temperature does too. The Page model is better at describing the drying rate of Chlorella pyrenoidosa using an oven than the Newton model. The drying speed constants (k) were 0.00056, 0.00061, and 0.00208, at 50,...
Abdimas: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Merdeka Malang
Snake fruit peel is an organic waste that is often not utilized, while the flower of the butterfl... more Snake fruit peel is an organic waste that is often not utilized, while the flower of the butterfly pea is known as a natural dye for food and beverages. The COVID-19 pandemic causes susceptibility to the human body. Therefore, it is necessary to process healthy drinks in order to utilize organic waste. This community service program activity aims to introduce fermented food processing to the community, especially the Family Welfare Development (PKK) Group RT 3 RW 3, Ngijo Village, Gunungpati District, Semarang City by utilizing snake fruit peel (Salacca zalacca) and butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) as kombucha tea. The method of this program is in the form of delivering material either through posters, videos, demonstrations, and youtube links. A positive response was given by community after conducting a taste test on the product that was socialized in the form of many questions submitted including other alternative raw materials and the volume of kombucha tea served. This ...
One of the microalgae that can be potentially used to produce bioethanol is Chlorella vulgaris, a... more One of the microalgae that can be potentially used to produce bioethanol is Chlorella vulgaris, as it is rich in carbohydrates. However, the carbohydrates in C. vulgaris cannot be converted directly into ethanol. This study aimed to investigate the chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of C. vulgaris, which is subsequently followed by fermentation. The catalysts used in the chemical hydrolysis were hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide, while the enzymes used were the mixture of alpha-amylase + glucoamylase, alpha-amylase + cellulase, and alpha-amylase + glucoamylase + cellulase. The hydrolysate obtained from chemical hydrolysis was fermented through Separate Hydrolysis Fermentation (SHF), while the one from enzymatic hydrolysis was fermented through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF), in which both processes used S. cerevisiae. After undergoing five hours of enzymatic hydrolysis (using alpha-amylase + glucoamylase), the maximum glucose concentra...
Trends in Sciences
This study focuses on the effect of fortification with soybean flour and fermentation with Rhizop... more This study focuses on the effect of fortification with soybean flour and fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus on the nutrition of sorghum flour. The result shows that pre-treatment by using dilute alkali solution for 10 h could reduce condensed tannins up to 86.92 %. After 60 h of fermentation, the amount of condensed tannins decreased gradually to 0.24 %. The optimum of the fortification and fermentation experiment characterized by 0.29 % of condensed tannins and 9.09 % of crude protein. These values were obtained by using 7.5 % (w/w) of soybean flour fortification and 2.5 % (w/w) of R. oligosporus. The highest swelling power was obtained 8.15 g/g at 95 °C and the water solubility index reaches 26.15 % after fortification and fermentation for 60 h which is caused by changes in the structure of sorghum flour. The proximate analysis shows the results of 79.5 % carbohydrate, 3.1 % fat, 4.8 % moisture content, and 1.6 % ash content. Fermentation using R. oligosporus and fortification...
Antosianin merupakan sumber bahan pewarna alami, di mana selain karotenoid, klorofil, dan flavono... more Antosianin merupakan sumber bahan pewarna alami, di mana selain karotenoid, klorofil, dan flavonoid yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mendukung performa Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) atau sel surya peka warna. Ekstraksi dengan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) meningkatkan hasil dan laju reaksi. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan variabel penelitian daya microwave yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh daya microwave dalam proses ekstraksi antosanin bunga dadap merah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gelombang mikro dalam microwave mampu mempercepat proses ekstraksi dibutuhkan 12-15 menit dengan daya 300 W, 450 W dan 600 W. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa total antosianin yang dihasilkan secara berurutan 9,518 mg/L (menit ke-12 daya, 300W); 2,755 mg/L (menit ke-15, daya 450W) dan 2,839 mg/L (menit ke-12, daya 600W). Ekstraksi antosianin dadap merah menggunakan mikrowave lebih cepat 10 kali dan lebih besar yield 3-10 kali daripada konvensional 180 menit (0,8350 mg/L
Cogent engineering, Mar 24, 2022
Materials Science Forum, 2022
S. platensis is a microalga that contains carbohydrate composition of 30.21% which makes it poten... more S. platensis is a microalga that contains carbohydrate composition of 30.21% which makes it potential to be used as raw material for ethanol production. Hydrolysis of S. platensis is the first step for converting its carbohydrates into monosaccharides. The second step is fermentation of monosaccharides into ethanol. This research aims to study the effect of temperature and microalgae concentration on the hydrolysis of S. platensis using sulfuric acid as catalyst. This research was conducted using 300 mL sulfuric acid of 2 mol/L, hydrolysis temperatures of 70, 80 and 90 °C, and microalgae concentrations of 20, 26.7, and 33.3 g/L. The effect of temperature is significant in the hydrolysis of S. platensis using sulfuric acid. At microalgae concentration of 20 g/L and hydrolysis time of 35 minutes, the higher the temperatures (70, 80, and 90 °C), the more the glucose yields would be (8.9, 13.5, and 22.9%). This temperature effect got stronger when the hydrolysis was running for 15 minut...
Minyak mawar merupakan salah satu produk minyak bunga yang memungkinkan diproduksi di Indonesia d... more Minyak mawar merupakan salah satu produk minyak bunga yang memungkinkan diproduksi di Indonesia dengan kualitas ekspor. Manfaat dari minyak mawar adalah untuk parfum, kosmestik, dan obat-obatan. Minyak mawar dapat diproduksi dengan menggunakan metode diantaranya maserasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui rendemen minyak atsiri mawar merah (Rosa damascena) dan komponen minyak atsiri yang terambil dengan etanol dan n-heksana. Bahan baku yang digunakan berupa mahkota bunga mawar sebanyak 50 gram yang dipotong kecil-kecil, kemudian direndam dalam pelarut dengan perbandingan 1:3. Pelarut yang digunakan yaitu etanol dan n-heksana. Proses maserasi dilakukan dengan pengadukan selama 1 menit secara manual pada suhu ruang dan didiamkan selama 12 jam di tempat tertutup dan gelap (tanpa terkena cahaya). Hasil maserasi berupa ekstrak mawar dipisahkan dengan cara penyaringan dan pemerasan bunga. Filtrat yang mengandung minyak bunga mawar dievaporasi dengan rotary vacuum evaporator. Masera...
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020
Coffee shell is an agricultural waste with high lignocellulose content which potentially produces... more Coffee shell is an agricultural waste with high lignocellulose content which potentially produces bio-oil as an environmentally alternative fuel. Bio-oil was produced from agricultural waste (biomass) using pyrolysis process that was carried out at 700°C and 1 atm. Bio-oil contains about 28.4% of caffeine, an alkaloid compounds that contains nitrogen atoms from primary metabolites of amino acids. It formed gum in the fuel oil and caused the engine damaged. Separation of phenolic compound from bio-oil was done by liquid-liquid extraction using chloroform and n-hexane as a solvent for 10, 30, 50 minutes at 30°C and stirring speed 250 rpm with feed-solvent ratio 1:4, 1:6, 1:8. The phenolic compound in the extract and raffinate phase were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The aim of this research is to obtain the effect of solvent, time of extraction process and feed-solvent ratio on the yield of phenolic compound. The result showed that the highest yield is 77.93% which were obtained using chloroform as solvent for 50 minutes extraction process with feed-solvent ratio of 1:8.
Jurnal Kompetensi Teknik, 2011
Pohon ketapang sering dijadikan sebagai pohon peneduh di taman-taman dan tepi jalan. Adanya kandu... more Pohon ketapang sering dijadikan sebagai pohon peneduh di taman-taman dan tepi jalan. Adanya kandungan minyak pada biji ketapang dimungkinkan untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi metil ester (biodiesel). Biodiesel merupakan salah satu bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar diesel yang dibuat dari bahan baku yang dapat diperbaharui seperti minyak nabati dan lemak hewan. Sintesis biodiesel terdiri dari ekstraksi biji ketapang dan transesterifikasi menggunakan metanol dan minyak biji ketapang dengan perbandingan mol metanol terhadap minyak yang digunakan adalah 6:1 dengan katalis basa sebesar 0,5-1% berat minyak. Rendemen metil ester minyak biji ketapang dari Kampus Unnes Sekaran lebih besar dari Kampus UI Depok, yaitu 85,067% serta hasil analisis metil ester minyak biji ketapang dari Kampus Unnes Sekaran memenuhi persyaratan Biodiesel SNI 04-7182-2006. Kata kunci: metil ester, biji ketapang, rendemen metil ester
International Journal of Science and Engineering, 2012
Indonesia is a potential country in developing essential oils which is each part of the plants pr... more Indonesia is a potential country in developing essential oils which is each part of the plants produce essential oils such as leaf, seed, fruit, and root. One of the potential plants is fennel. Fennel oil distillation used fennel seed from Cepogo District, Boyolali Regency. The characteristics of the seed are; the color is black and the length is 0,2 centimeters. The condition operation to exctract of the fennel seed are 1 atm and 7,5 hours. The calculation of the time started when the first fennel oil dropped into the decanter. It finished when the fennel oil was not dropped anymore. The color is bright and muddy. The last process is add 1% (m/m) Na 2 SO 4 anhidrous into fennel oil to absorp remain water in it. The distillation process produce fennel oil102,125 grams. Sample of fennel oil tested which are density test, solubility on 90% alcohol, GC-MS test, and AAS test. The result shows that fennel oil from the fennel seed is 2,0425%. The tested samples contain the brightest and the muddies sample. The density of 0,9500 and 0,949 g/cc respectively that is not fulfill to the Food Chemical Codex (FCC). Samples solubility in 90% alcohol (1:3) is fulfill to the the Food Chemical Codex (FCC). Three main components of the brightest sample are anethole (47,51%), estragole (22,41%), and α-fensone (21,92%) while the muddiest sample's components are anethole (52,38%), estragole (21,37%),and α-fensone (15,74%). The AAS test shows that fennel oil contains 65,1473 ppm which does not fulfill the Indonesian National Standards of patchouli and clove leaf oil.
The use of natural dyes in various fields of technology today can use plants because it can be re... more The use of natural dyes in various fields of technology today can use plants because it can be renewed, dadap merah flowers become one of the sources of anthocyanin color pigments that are found in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the best acid solvents in the extraction process in terms of total anthocyanin levels. The dadap merah extraction process is carried out by microwave using the microwave method. Microwave power used was 600 W. Anthocyanin extraction was carried out with different solvents namely Journal of Chemical Process Engineering e-ISSN Number 2655 2967 34 acidified ethanol using 4% citric acid, 4% tartaric acid and 1% HCl. The solvent ratio used is 1:25 and the time is 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 minutes. The highest level of anthocyanin obtained by each solvent was tested for its color intensity characteristics. The highest anthocyanin extraction using 4% citric acid was obtained at 3.673754647 mg / L in 12 minutes. The highest anthocyanin using 4% tartaric acid was o...