Dan Chiappe - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Dan Chiappe
Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace - HCI-Aero '14, 2014
Poetics
Figurative comparisons can be expressed as metaphors (e.g., “politics is a circus”) or similes (e... more Figurative comparisons can be expressed as metaphors (e.g., “politics is a circus”) or similes (e.g., “politics is like a circus”). What determines the form in which a comparison is expressed? We examine two potential factors—aptness and comprehensibility. To be apt is to capture important features of a topic. Comprehensibility means being relatively easy to understand. We show both of these judgments are related to errors in a recognition memory test (i.e., remembering a simile as a metaphor or a metaphor as a simile). However, aptness was a better predictor of the errors than comprehensibility. Furthermore, while both aptness and comprehensibility predicted preference for the metaphor or simile form of comparisons in a direct test of preference, aptness explained unique variance, while comprehensibility did not. We argue that although comparisons have to be comprehensible to be proper metaphors or similes, aptness is more important in determining whether a comparison is preferred ...
2009 11th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, 2009
Nano-patterned metal surfaces on dielectric substrates are become very important in nanoscale opt... more Nano-patterned metal surfaces on dielectric substrates are become very important in nanoscale optical devices such as molecular sensors, second harmonic emitters, negative index materials. Among these, self-organised approaches are a promising alternative to the conventional lithographic or scanning lithography methods, since allow low cost patterning of large macroscopic surface in a single step event. The possibility to construct tailored artificial
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2011
G. Salvendy, MJ Smith (Eds.): Human Interface, Part II, HCII 2011, LNCS 6772, pp. 493499, 2011. ... more G. Salvendy, MJ Smith (Eds.): Human Interface, Part II, HCII 2011, LNCS 6772, pp. 493499, 2011. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 ... Effects of Data Communications Failure on Air Traffic ... Joshua M. Kraut, Ariana Kiken, Sabrina Billinghurst, Corey A. Morgan, ...
2013 IEEE/AIAA 32nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2013
Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2011
Situation awareness (SA) is the understanding required to operate a complex system in a highly dy... more Situation awareness (SA) is the understanding required to operate a complex system in a highly dynamic environment. We evaluate theories of individual SA and the processes by which individuals maintain their understanding of a situation. We support a situated approach, which holds that individual operators make use of limited internal representation, and rely extensively on interactions with external props and
Here we report the second harmonic emission properties of self-organized gold nanowires arrays su... more Here we report the second harmonic emission properties of self-organized gold nanowires arrays supported on dielectric substrates with a sub-wavelength periodic pattern.The peculiar morphology of the nanowires, which are locally tilted with respect to the average plane of the substrate, allows to generate maximum second harmonic signal at normal incidence with a polarization direction driven by the orientation of the
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2013
ABSTRACT The present study examined whether early exposure of student Air Traffic Controllers (AT... more ABSTRACT The present study examined whether early exposure of student Air Traffic Controllers (ATCos) to NextGen automation technology in the form of integrated Data Comm affects the degree to which they come to rely on this tool instead of voice-based, manual tools to manage traffic. The data reported in this study comes from 24 students who took part in one of two semesters of an ATCo training course offered by our organization. One group received little or no early training with integrated Data Comm, managing no aircraft (AC) that were NextGen equipped or only 25% that were NextGen equipped in the first half of the course. A second group managed 75% aircraft (AC) that were NextGen equipped from the beginning of the training course. After the first half of the course, both groups received training with at least 50% NextGen-equipped aircraft (AC). Both groups were tested in a midterm and final exam that required them to manage traffic in a mixed equipage scenario. We found that proficiency of the students predicted their performance. Moreover, by the final exam, students converged on the same strategy, preferring to issue clearances using voice rather than Data Comm, regardless of early exposure to automation tools. This is likely because voice communication is faster than Data Comm, and is associated with greater efficiency of air traffic management.
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2013
ABSTRACT Using a simulated ground control station, this study documents the methods for measuring... more ABSTRACT Using a simulated ground control station, this study documents the methods for measuring the verbal response and execution time of unmanned aerial system (UAS) pilots to direct commands from air traffic controllers (ATCos). Although prior research has examined characteristics of ATCo-manned aircraft communication, there is very little literature on response times of UAS-ATCo communication. Thus, there is a great need to examine the measured response of UAS pilots to ATCo commands given that there will be more extensive inclusion of UAS operations in the national airspace in the near future. The present paper aims to provide a methodology for measuring part of the UAS and ATCo interaction, one that can be used in future studies involving UAS operations in the national airspace.
Theory & Psychology, 1997
ABSTRACT This paper explores the question of whether rationality can be explained. We begin by di... more ABSTRACT This paper explores the question of whether rationality can be explained. We begin by discussing Fodor's sceptical view, together with some retorts by Philip Cam and Dan Dennett. Next we outline Chemiak's theory of minimal rationality, which claims to rescue central systems from inexplicability. We argue that Chemiak comes to his conclusion about the possibility of an explanation of rationality by misconstruing the task for psychology. There is an axiological and a deontic sense of rationality, and psychology has to explain our competence for realizing the deontic sense, not merely how we manage to satisfy the axiological criteria for rationality, as Chemiak maintains. We conclude by showing that Chemiak has failed to provide such a theory. Moreover, we argue that it is unlikely that a naturalistic explanation of rationality is even possible. Explanations have to presuppose rationality, such that we cannot get beyond the Veil of Reason to explain the naturalistic genesis of rationality. Nonetheless, we maintain that much psychological work on rationality is possible, subject to the constraint that the determination of relevance is taken as a primitive operation.
Journal of Neuroscience, 2010
Increasing evidence suggests that phosphorylation may play an important role in the oligomerizati... more Increasing evidence suggests that phosphorylation may play an important role in the oligomerization, fibrillogenesis, Lewy body (LB) formation and neurotoxicity of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson's disease. Herein we demonstrate that α-syn is phosphorylated at S87 in vivo and within Lewy bodies. The levels of S87-P are increased in brains of transgenic (TG) models of synucleinopathies and human brains from Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy body disease (LBD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients. Using antibodies against phosphorylated α-syn (S129-P and S87-P), significant amount of immunoreactivity was detected in the membrane in the LBD, MSA and AD cases but not in normal controls. In brain homogenates from diseased human brains and TG animals, the majority of S87-P α-syn was detected in the membrane fractions. A battery of biophysical methods were used to dissect the effect of S87 phosphorylation on the structure, aggregation and membrane binding properties of monomeric α-syn. These studies demonstrated that phosphorylation at S87 expands the structure of α-syn, increases its conformational flexibility and blocks its fibrillization in vitro. Furthermore, phosphorylation at S87, but not S129, results in significant reduction of α-syn binding to membranes. Together, our findings provide novel mechanistic insight into the role of phosphorylation at S87 and S129 in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies and potential roles of phosphorylation in α-syn normal biology.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1995
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1999
Whymight we sometimes prefer a metaphor such as "genes are blueprints" to a simile such as "genes... more Whymight we sometimes prefer a metaphor such as "genes are blueprints" to a simile such as "genes are like blueprints"? One possibility is that metaphors are preferred when the comparison between a tenor (e.g, genes) and a vehicle (e.g., blueprints) seems especially apt. That is, metaphors might be used when the comparison captures many salient features of the tenor in question. The present experiments examined the relation between the aptness of comparisons and people's preferences for expressing those comparisons as metaphors or as similes, In Experiment 1, it was found that there is consensus on how to express particular comparisons. In Experiment 2, it was found that this preference can be predicted from the aptness of a comparison, It was also found that aptness can predict errors in the recall of comparisons. These findings have implications for theories of metaphor.
Poetics, 2003
Figurative comparisons can be expressed as metaphors (e.g., ''politics is a circus'') or similes ... more Figurative comparisons can be expressed as metaphors (e.g., ''politics is a circus'') or similes (e.g., ''politics is like a circus''). What determines the form in which a comparison is expressed? We examine two potential factors-aptness and comprehensibility. To be apt is to capture important features of a topic. Comprehensibility means being relatively easy to understand. We show both of these judgments are related to errors in a recognition memory test (i.e., remembering a simile as a metaphor or a metaphor as a simile). However, aptness was a better predictor of the errors than comprehensibility. Furthermore, while both aptness and comprehensibility predicted preference for the metaphor or simile form of comparisons in a direct test of preference, aptness explained unique variance, while comprehensibility did not. We argue that although comparisons have to be comprehensible to be proper metaphors or similes, aptness is more important in determining whether a comparison is preferred as a metaphor or as a simile. #
Metaphor and Symbol, 2008
What factors affect the processes by which vehicles are selected for metaphors and similes? What ... more What factors affect the processes by which vehicles are selected for metaphors and similes? What determines the form of figurative statement people prefer to use? To answer these questions we contrast the predictions of class-inclusion theory and the structure mapping theory and its career of metaphor variant with respect to aptness, conventionality, and working memory (WM) in a figurative statement production task. Consistent with both theories we found that property-aptness influences the time required to generate a vehicle ...
Metaphor and Symbol, 2003
Metaphor and Symbol. Read by researchers in: 50% Humanities, 50% Linguistics. Metaphors and simil... more Metaphor and Symbol. Read by researchers in: 50% Humanities, 50% Linguistics. Metaphors and similes relate a topic (eg,. Mendeley reference manager logo Create a new account or Sign in ... Reversibility, aptness, and the conventionality of metaphors and similes. ...
Metaphor and Symbol, 1999
ABSTRACT The categorization theory offered by Glucksberg and Keysar (1993) contends that metaphor... more ABSTRACT The categorization theory offered by Glucksberg and Keysar (1993) contends that metaphors are class-inclusion claims and that metaphors are stronger than similes. Indeed, when a metaphor corrects a simile-as in "Jack isn't just like a rock, he is a rock!"-it is stronger in several respects. But when the metaphor and simile are uttered on their own, and not in situations involving corrections, similes may equal metaphors in strength. The reason may be that the correction situation reminds us of corrections of literal language, for "that is a banana" involves more common features than "that is like a banana." The categorization theory offers measures of relative strength but no rationale for metaphors being stronger than similes outside of a correction situation. Also, categorization per se is not comprehension, which needs at a minimum categorization plus specification of some common features. Finding the relevant features is not achieved by categorization, though categorization can ensue once the features are found. The common features are therefore more significant than the category. These and other considerations undermine the categorization theory of metaphors.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace - HCI-Aero '14, 2014
Poetics
Figurative comparisons can be expressed as metaphors (e.g., “politics is a circus”) or similes (e... more Figurative comparisons can be expressed as metaphors (e.g., “politics is a circus”) or similes (e.g., “politics is like a circus”). What determines the form in which a comparison is expressed? We examine two potential factors—aptness and comprehensibility. To be apt is to capture important features of a topic. Comprehensibility means being relatively easy to understand. We show both of these judgments are related to errors in a recognition memory test (i.e., remembering a simile as a metaphor or a metaphor as a simile). However, aptness was a better predictor of the errors than comprehensibility. Furthermore, while both aptness and comprehensibility predicted preference for the metaphor or simile form of comparisons in a direct test of preference, aptness explained unique variance, while comprehensibility did not. We argue that although comparisons have to be comprehensible to be proper metaphors or similes, aptness is more important in determining whether a comparison is preferred ...
2009 11th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, 2009
Nano-patterned metal surfaces on dielectric substrates are become very important in nanoscale opt... more Nano-patterned metal surfaces on dielectric substrates are become very important in nanoscale optical devices such as molecular sensors, second harmonic emitters, negative index materials. Among these, self-organised approaches are a promising alternative to the conventional lithographic or scanning lithography methods, since allow low cost patterning of large macroscopic surface in a single step event. The possibility to construct tailored artificial
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2011
G. Salvendy, MJ Smith (Eds.): Human Interface, Part II, HCII 2011, LNCS 6772, pp. 493499, 2011. ... more G. Salvendy, MJ Smith (Eds.): Human Interface, Part II, HCII 2011, LNCS 6772, pp. 493499, 2011. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 ... Effects of Data Communications Failure on Air Traffic ... Joshua M. Kraut, Ariana Kiken, Sabrina Billinghurst, Corey A. Morgan, ...
2013 IEEE/AIAA 32nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2013
Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2011
Situation awareness (SA) is the understanding required to operate a complex system in a highly dy... more Situation awareness (SA) is the understanding required to operate a complex system in a highly dynamic environment. We evaluate theories of individual SA and the processes by which individuals maintain their understanding of a situation. We support a situated approach, which holds that individual operators make use of limited internal representation, and rely extensively on interactions with external props and
Here we report the second harmonic emission properties of self-organized gold nanowires arrays su... more Here we report the second harmonic emission properties of self-organized gold nanowires arrays supported on dielectric substrates with a sub-wavelength periodic pattern.The peculiar morphology of the nanowires, which are locally tilted with respect to the average plane of the substrate, allows to generate maximum second harmonic signal at normal incidence with a polarization direction driven by the orientation of the
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2013
ABSTRACT The present study examined whether early exposure of student Air Traffic Controllers (AT... more ABSTRACT The present study examined whether early exposure of student Air Traffic Controllers (ATCos) to NextGen automation technology in the form of integrated Data Comm affects the degree to which they come to rely on this tool instead of voice-based, manual tools to manage traffic. The data reported in this study comes from 24 students who took part in one of two semesters of an ATCo training course offered by our organization. One group received little or no early training with integrated Data Comm, managing no aircraft (AC) that were NextGen equipped or only 25% that were NextGen equipped in the first half of the course. A second group managed 75% aircraft (AC) that were NextGen equipped from the beginning of the training course. After the first half of the course, both groups received training with at least 50% NextGen-equipped aircraft (AC). Both groups were tested in a midterm and final exam that required them to manage traffic in a mixed equipage scenario. We found that proficiency of the students predicted their performance. Moreover, by the final exam, students converged on the same strategy, preferring to issue clearances using voice rather than Data Comm, regardless of early exposure to automation tools. This is likely because voice communication is faster than Data Comm, and is associated with greater efficiency of air traffic management.
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2013
ABSTRACT Using a simulated ground control station, this study documents the methods for measuring... more ABSTRACT Using a simulated ground control station, this study documents the methods for measuring the verbal response and execution time of unmanned aerial system (UAS) pilots to direct commands from air traffic controllers (ATCos). Although prior research has examined characteristics of ATCo-manned aircraft communication, there is very little literature on response times of UAS-ATCo communication. Thus, there is a great need to examine the measured response of UAS pilots to ATCo commands given that there will be more extensive inclusion of UAS operations in the national airspace in the near future. The present paper aims to provide a methodology for measuring part of the UAS and ATCo interaction, one that can be used in future studies involving UAS operations in the national airspace.
Theory & Psychology, 1997
ABSTRACT This paper explores the question of whether rationality can be explained. We begin by di... more ABSTRACT This paper explores the question of whether rationality can be explained. We begin by discussing Fodor's sceptical view, together with some retorts by Philip Cam and Dan Dennett. Next we outline Chemiak's theory of minimal rationality, which claims to rescue central systems from inexplicability. We argue that Chemiak comes to his conclusion about the possibility of an explanation of rationality by misconstruing the task for psychology. There is an axiological and a deontic sense of rationality, and psychology has to explain our competence for realizing the deontic sense, not merely how we manage to satisfy the axiological criteria for rationality, as Chemiak maintains. We conclude by showing that Chemiak has failed to provide such a theory. Moreover, we argue that it is unlikely that a naturalistic explanation of rationality is even possible. Explanations have to presuppose rationality, such that we cannot get beyond the Veil of Reason to explain the naturalistic genesis of rationality. Nonetheless, we maintain that much psychological work on rationality is possible, subject to the constraint that the determination of relevance is taken as a primitive operation.
Journal of Neuroscience, 2010
Increasing evidence suggests that phosphorylation may play an important role in the oligomerizati... more Increasing evidence suggests that phosphorylation may play an important role in the oligomerization, fibrillogenesis, Lewy body (LB) formation and neurotoxicity of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson's disease. Herein we demonstrate that α-syn is phosphorylated at S87 in vivo and within Lewy bodies. The levels of S87-P are increased in brains of transgenic (TG) models of synucleinopathies and human brains from Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy body disease (LBD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients. Using antibodies against phosphorylated α-syn (S129-P and S87-P), significant amount of immunoreactivity was detected in the membrane in the LBD, MSA and AD cases but not in normal controls. In brain homogenates from diseased human brains and TG animals, the majority of S87-P α-syn was detected in the membrane fractions. A battery of biophysical methods were used to dissect the effect of S87 phosphorylation on the structure, aggregation and membrane binding properties of monomeric α-syn. These studies demonstrated that phosphorylation at S87 expands the structure of α-syn, increases its conformational flexibility and blocks its fibrillization in vitro. Furthermore, phosphorylation at S87, but not S129, results in significant reduction of α-syn binding to membranes. Together, our findings provide novel mechanistic insight into the role of phosphorylation at S87 and S129 in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies and potential roles of phosphorylation in α-syn normal biology.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1995
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1999
Whymight we sometimes prefer a metaphor such as "genes are blueprints" to a simile such as "genes... more Whymight we sometimes prefer a metaphor such as "genes are blueprints" to a simile such as "genes are like blueprints"? One possibility is that metaphors are preferred when the comparison between a tenor (e.g, genes) and a vehicle (e.g., blueprints) seems especially apt. That is, metaphors might be used when the comparison captures many salient features of the tenor in question. The present experiments examined the relation between the aptness of comparisons and people's preferences for expressing those comparisons as metaphors or as similes, In Experiment 1, it was found that there is consensus on how to express particular comparisons. In Experiment 2, it was found that this preference can be predicted from the aptness of a comparison, It was also found that aptness can predict errors in the recall of comparisons. These findings have implications for theories of metaphor.
Poetics, 2003
Figurative comparisons can be expressed as metaphors (e.g., ''politics is a circus'') or similes ... more Figurative comparisons can be expressed as metaphors (e.g., ''politics is a circus'') or similes (e.g., ''politics is like a circus''). What determines the form in which a comparison is expressed? We examine two potential factors-aptness and comprehensibility. To be apt is to capture important features of a topic. Comprehensibility means being relatively easy to understand. We show both of these judgments are related to errors in a recognition memory test (i.e., remembering a simile as a metaphor or a metaphor as a simile). However, aptness was a better predictor of the errors than comprehensibility. Furthermore, while both aptness and comprehensibility predicted preference for the metaphor or simile form of comparisons in a direct test of preference, aptness explained unique variance, while comprehensibility did not. We argue that although comparisons have to be comprehensible to be proper metaphors or similes, aptness is more important in determining whether a comparison is preferred as a metaphor or as a simile. #
Metaphor and Symbol, 2008
What factors affect the processes by which vehicles are selected for metaphors and similes? What ... more What factors affect the processes by which vehicles are selected for metaphors and similes? What determines the form of figurative statement people prefer to use? To answer these questions we contrast the predictions of class-inclusion theory and the structure mapping theory and its career of metaphor variant with respect to aptness, conventionality, and working memory (WM) in a figurative statement production task. Consistent with both theories we found that property-aptness influences the time required to generate a vehicle ...
Metaphor and Symbol, 2003
Metaphor and Symbol. Read by researchers in: 50% Humanities, 50% Linguistics. Metaphors and simil... more Metaphor and Symbol. Read by researchers in: 50% Humanities, 50% Linguistics. Metaphors and similes relate a topic (eg,. Mendeley reference manager logo Create a new account or Sign in ... Reversibility, aptness, and the conventionality of metaphors and similes. ...
Metaphor and Symbol, 1999
ABSTRACT The categorization theory offered by Glucksberg and Keysar (1993) contends that metaphor... more ABSTRACT The categorization theory offered by Glucksberg and Keysar (1993) contends that metaphors are class-inclusion claims and that metaphors are stronger than similes. Indeed, when a metaphor corrects a simile-as in "Jack isn't just like a rock, he is a rock!"-it is stronger in several respects. But when the metaphor and simile are uttered on their own, and not in situations involving corrections, similes may equal metaphors in strength. The reason may be that the correction situation reminds us of corrections of literal language, for "that is a banana" involves more common features than "that is like a banana." The categorization theory offers measures of relative strength but no rationale for metaphors being stronger than similes outside of a correction situation. Also, categorization per se is not comprehension, which needs at a minimum categorization plus specification of some common features. Finding the relevant features is not achieved by categorization, though categorization can ensue once the features are found. The common features are therefore more significant than the category. These and other considerations undermine the categorization theory of metaphors.