Daniel Hirshberg - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Daniel Hirshberg
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule cr... more An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2013
not Available.
Carbon, 2019
Round-shaped natural graphite is commonly used as anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion bat... more Round-shaped natural graphite is commonly used as anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. We report atypical electrochemical behavior of round-shaped graphite anodes in Li-ion batteries: an intriguing phenomenon whereby substantial progressive increase in capacity is observed over tens of cycles. To understand the reasons underlying this abnormal behavior, we investigated the surface and bulk structure properties using HRSEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Graphite particles with tense structure undergo exfoliation and fracture due to multiple transformations in intercalation/deintercalation processes. The increased capacity may result from enhanced particle exfoliation, compared with non-rounded graphite, which is accompanied by appearance of graphene sheets and fracture.
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2017
During the last two decades, we have observed a dramatic increase in the electrification of many ... more During the last two decades, we have observed a dramatic increase in the electrification of many technologies. What has enabled this transition to take place was the commercialization of Li-ion batteries in the early nineties. Mobile technologies such as cellular phones, laptops, and medical devices make these batteries crucial for our contemporary lifestyle. Like any other electrochemical cell, the Li-ion batteries are restricted to the thermodynamic limitations of the materials. It might be that the energy density of the most advance Li-ion battery is still too low for demanding technologies such as a full electric vehicle. To really convince future customers to switch from the internal combustion engine, new batteries and chemistry need to be developed. Non-aqueous metal-oxygen batteries-such as lithium-oxygen, sodium-oxygen, magnesium-oxygen, and potassium-oxygen-offer high capacity and high operation voltages. Also, by using suitable polar aprotic solvents, the oxygen reduction process that occurs during discharge can be reversed by applying an external potential during the charge process. Thus, in theory, these batteries could be electrically recharged a number of times. However, there are many scientific and technical challenges that need to be addressed. The current review highlights recent scientific insights related to these promising batteries. Nevertheless, the reader will note that many conclusions are applicable in other kinds of batteries as well.
Electrochimica Acta, 2017
Solid state synthesis of Li0.33MnO2 as positive electrode material for highly stable 2V aqueous h... more Solid state synthesis of Li0.33MnO2 as positive electrode material for highly stable 2V aqueous hybrid supercapacitors:, Electrochimica Actahttp://dx.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Jan 18, 2017
In this study, we present a new aprotic solvent, 2,4-dimethoxy-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one (DMDMP), ... more In this study, we present a new aprotic solvent, 2,4-dimethoxy-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one (DMDMP), which is designed to resist nucleophilic attack and hydrogen abstraction by reduced oxygen species. Li-O2 cells using DMDMP solutions were successfully cycled. By various analytical measurements, we showed that even after prolonged cycling only a negligible amount of DMDMP was degraded. We suggest that the observed capacity fading of the Li-O2 DMDMP-based cells was due to instability of the lithium anode during cycling. The stability toward oxygen species makes DMDMP an excellent solvent candidate for many kinds of electrochemical systems which involve oxygen reduction and assorted evaluation reactions.
![Research paper thumbnail of Publisher's Note: Review—Development of Advanced Rechargeable Batteries: A Continuous Challenge in the Choice of Suitable Electrolyte Solutions [J. Electrochem. Soc.,162, A2424 (2015)]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/92308261/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2017
Journal of Power Sources, 2016
Abstract Ionic liquids (IL's) were proposed for use in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), in order to m... more Abstract Ionic liquids (IL's) were proposed for use in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), in order to mitigate some of the well-known drawbacks of LiPF6/mixed organic carbonates solutions. However, their large cations seriously decrease lithium transference numbers and block lithium insertion sites at electrode-electrolyte interfaces, leading to poor LIB rate performance. Deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs) (which share some of the advantages of ILs but possess only one cation, Li+), were then proposed, in order to overcome the difficulties associated with ILs. We report herein on the preparation, thermal properties (melting, crystallization, and glass transition temperatures), transport properties (specific conductivity and viscosity) and thermal stability of binary DEEs based on mixtures of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide or lithium bis(fluoro)sulfonimide salts with an alkyl sulfonamide solvent. Promise for LIB applications is demonstrated by chronoamperometry on Al current collectors, and cycling behavior of negative and positive electrodes. Residual current densities of 12 and 45 nA cm−2 were observed at 5 V vs. Li/Li+ on aluminum, 1.5 and 16 nA cm−2 at 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+, respectively for LiFSI and LiTFSI based DEEs. Capacities of 220, 130, and 175 mAh· g−1 were observed at low (C/13 or C/10) rates, respectively for petroleum coke, LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 (a.k.a. NMC 111) and LiAl0.05Co0.15Ni0.8O2 (a.k.a. NCA).
ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2016
In case of soluble electrolyte catalysts for Li-O2 batteries as a redox mediator, they were utili... more In case of soluble electrolyte catalysts for Li-O2 batteries as a redox mediator, they were utilized to facilitate the exchange of electron and lithium ion, which can help formation and decomposition of discharge product. Although further researches are needed for finding proper catalysts, there is a promising approach fortunately, using lithium halides as a redox mediator in Li-O2 batteries. Related researches have been progressed vigorously. Previous paper reported in our group demonstrated the reaction mechanism and effect of the lithium iodide (LiI) in Li-O2 battery.1 Lim et al. exhibited the superior performance of Li-O2 battery using LiI additive.2 Recently, Liu et al. developed this concept and exhibited Li-O2 battery having better performance with LiOH as a discharge product by adapting more advanced electrodes.3 However, further research with LiI is necessary for clear comprehension because there is no accurate elucidation on the reaction mechanism which can be activated gr...
ECS Meeting Abstracts
Lithium oxygen (Li-O2) research generates much interest and many expectations among electrochemis... more Lithium oxygen (Li-O2) research generates much interest and many expectations among electrochemists. The high theoretical specific energy, the simplicity of preparation and operation of electrochemical cells, the sizable commercial possibilities, and the ever-increasing number of new publications, has directed many groups to Li-O2 battery research. Over the past decade, significant progress in the study of possible Li-O2 battery systems has also prompted interest from the chemical and automotive industries. Nevertheless, practical Li-O2 batteries are far from realization. Many scientific challenges are related to the oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). In aprotic Li-O2 cells the general assumption is that during discharge, oxygen is reduced on the cathode to form insoluble lithium oxide compounds. Experimental evidence support that the major final product is lithium peroxide (Li2O2). Nevertheless, the electrolyte solution and the carbon cathode instability toward reduced oxygen spec...
ECS Meeting Abstracts
Over the last decade extra efforts were invested in the development of aprotic Li-O2 cells. Early... more Over the last decade extra efforts were invested in the development of aprotic Li-O2 cells. Early research presented optimistic results that showed the great potential of this system. However in recent years more research works observed that it is hard to find suitable cell components that will enable prolong cycling of Li-O2 cells. Many challenges need to be addressed. Two dominant subjects were given special attention: the carbon cathodes and the electrolyte solutions. These factors governed Li-O2 cells’ operation during both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evaluation reaction (OER). Despite many attempts to find solvents that are stable toward active oxygen species formed by oxygen reduction (super-oxide, peroxide moieties) , no solvent was found to be fully stable during ORR & OER. Several sovents were explored and although none of them was found to be stable, they presented difference features that can affect positively the ORR. One parameter is the Guttma...
ACS applied materials & interfaces, Jan 4, 2018
Using UV-vis spectroscopy in conjunction with various electrochemical techniques, we have develop... more Using UV-vis spectroscopy in conjunction with various electrochemical techniques, we have developed a new effective operando methodology for investigating the oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) and their mechanisms in nonaqueous solutions. We can follow the in situ formation and presence of superoxide moieties during ORR as a function of solvent, cations, anions, and additives in the solution. Thus, using operando UV-vis spectroscopy, we found evidence for the formation of superoxide radical anions during oxygen reduction in LiTFSI/diglyme electrolyte solutions. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) was used to indicate the presence of superoxide moieties based on its unique spectral response. Indeed, the spectral response of NBT containing solutions undergoing ORR could provide a direct indication for the level of association of the Li cations with the electrolyte anions.
Chem. Commun., 2017
Diglyme (G2) is the highly preferred solvent choice over other types of glymes for achieving long... more Diglyme (G2) is the highly preferred solvent choice over other types of glymes for achieving longer cycling performance of Li–O2 cells.
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2015
In thiswork we have studied the stability and performance of hard carbon in comparison with petro... more In thiswork we have studied the stability and performance of hard carbon in comparison with petroleum coke (soft carbon) as electrode materials for Li-ion batteries in an ethereal and alkyl carbonate based electrolyte solutions. 1 M bis(triflouromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI) in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme)) and a mixture of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)/mono-fluorinated ethylene carbonates (FEC) 4:1 (%v) with 1 M Lithium hexaflourophosphate (LiPF6) where chosen as representative solutions for this study. The motivation for this work is the potential importance of ethereal solutions for high energy density Li-S and Li-O2 batteries and the possibility of using carbons as an alternative to Li metal anodes in these systems. An acceptable performance of hard carbon electrodes in the ether based solutions was demonstrated. In contrast, soft carbon electrodes which preform very well in alkyl carbonates solutions behave poorly in the ethereal solutions. Their failure mechanism was explored and is explained in this report.
Energy Environ. Sci., 2016
Improved efficiency and cyclability of cells containing LiBr demonstrate that the appropriate cho... more Improved efficiency and cyclability of cells containing LiBr demonstrate that the appropriate choice of electrolyte solution is the key to a successful Li–O2 battery.
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2014
Israel Journal of Chemistry, 2015
ABSTRACT Pairing lithium and oxygen in aprotic solvents can theoretically lead to one of the most... more ABSTRACT Pairing lithium and oxygen in aprotic solvents can theoretically lead to one of the most promising electrochemical cells available. If successful, this system could compete with technologies such as the internal combustion engine and provide an energy density that can accommodate electric vehicle demands. However, there are many problems that have inhibited this technology from becoming realistic. One of the main reasons is capacity fading after only a few cycles, which is caused by the instability of electrolyte solutions in the presence of reduced oxygen species like O2.− and O22−. In recent years, using various analytical tools, researchers have been able to isolate the breakdown products arising from the reactions occurring between the aprotic solvent and the reduced oxygen species. Nevertheless, no solvents have yet been found that are fully stable throughout the reduction and oxidation processes. However, an understanding of these decomposition mechanisms can help us in designing new systems that are more stable toward the aggressive conditions taking place in LiO2 cell operation. This review will include analytical studies on the most widely used solvents in current LiO2 research.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016
In thiswork we have studied the stability and performance of hard carbon in comparison with petro... more In thiswork we have studied the stability and performance of hard carbon in comparison with petroleum coke (soft carbon) as electrode
materials for Li-ion batteries in an ethereal and alkyl carbonate based electrolyte solutions. 1 M bis(triflouromethane) sulfonimide
lithium salt (LiTFSI) in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme)) and a mixture of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)/mono-fluorinated
ethylene carbonates (FEC) 4:1 (%v) with 1 M Lithium hexaflourophosphate (LiPF6) where chosen as representative solutions for
this study. The motivation for this work is the potential importance of ethereal solutions for high energy density Li-S and Li-O2
batteries and the possibility of using carbons as an alternative to Li metal anodes in these systems. An acceptable performance of
hard carbon electrodes in the ether based solutions was demonstrated. In contrast, soft carbon electrodes which preform very well
in alkyl carbonates solutions behave poorly in the ethereal solutions. Their failure mechanism was explored and is explained in this
report.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule cr... more An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2013
not Available.
Carbon, 2019
Round-shaped natural graphite is commonly used as anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion bat... more Round-shaped natural graphite is commonly used as anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. We report atypical electrochemical behavior of round-shaped graphite anodes in Li-ion batteries: an intriguing phenomenon whereby substantial progressive increase in capacity is observed over tens of cycles. To understand the reasons underlying this abnormal behavior, we investigated the surface and bulk structure properties using HRSEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Graphite particles with tense structure undergo exfoliation and fracture due to multiple transformations in intercalation/deintercalation processes. The increased capacity may result from enhanced particle exfoliation, compared with non-rounded graphite, which is accompanied by appearance of graphene sheets and fracture.
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2017
During the last two decades, we have observed a dramatic increase in the electrification of many ... more During the last two decades, we have observed a dramatic increase in the electrification of many technologies. What has enabled this transition to take place was the commercialization of Li-ion batteries in the early nineties. Mobile technologies such as cellular phones, laptops, and medical devices make these batteries crucial for our contemporary lifestyle. Like any other electrochemical cell, the Li-ion batteries are restricted to the thermodynamic limitations of the materials. It might be that the energy density of the most advance Li-ion battery is still too low for demanding technologies such as a full electric vehicle. To really convince future customers to switch from the internal combustion engine, new batteries and chemistry need to be developed. Non-aqueous metal-oxygen batteries-such as lithium-oxygen, sodium-oxygen, magnesium-oxygen, and potassium-oxygen-offer high capacity and high operation voltages. Also, by using suitable polar aprotic solvents, the oxygen reduction process that occurs during discharge can be reversed by applying an external potential during the charge process. Thus, in theory, these batteries could be electrically recharged a number of times. However, there are many scientific and technical challenges that need to be addressed. The current review highlights recent scientific insights related to these promising batteries. Nevertheless, the reader will note that many conclusions are applicable in other kinds of batteries as well.
Electrochimica Acta, 2017
Solid state synthesis of Li0.33MnO2 as positive electrode material for highly stable 2V aqueous h... more Solid state synthesis of Li0.33MnO2 as positive electrode material for highly stable 2V aqueous hybrid supercapacitors:, Electrochimica Actahttp://dx.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Jan 18, 2017
In this study, we present a new aprotic solvent, 2,4-dimethoxy-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one (DMDMP), ... more In this study, we present a new aprotic solvent, 2,4-dimethoxy-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one (DMDMP), which is designed to resist nucleophilic attack and hydrogen abstraction by reduced oxygen species. Li-O2 cells using DMDMP solutions were successfully cycled. By various analytical measurements, we showed that even after prolonged cycling only a negligible amount of DMDMP was degraded. We suggest that the observed capacity fading of the Li-O2 DMDMP-based cells was due to instability of the lithium anode during cycling. The stability toward oxygen species makes DMDMP an excellent solvent candidate for many kinds of electrochemical systems which involve oxygen reduction and assorted evaluation reactions.
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2017
Journal of Power Sources, 2016
Abstract Ionic liquids (IL's) were proposed for use in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), in order to m... more Abstract Ionic liquids (IL's) were proposed for use in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), in order to mitigate some of the well-known drawbacks of LiPF6/mixed organic carbonates solutions. However, their large cations seriously decrease lithium transference numbers and block lithium insertion sites at electrode-electrolyte interfaces, leading to poor LIB rate performance. Deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs) (which share some of the advantages of ILs but possess only one cation, Li+), were then proposed, in order to overcome the difficulties associated with ILs. We report herein on the preparation, thermal properties (melting, crystallization, and glass transition temperatures), transport properties (specific conductivity and viscosity) and thermal stability of binary DEEs based on mixtures of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide or lithium bis(fluoro)sulfonimide salts with an alkyl sulfonamide solvent. Promise for LIB applications is demonstrated by chronoamperometry on Al current collectors, and cycling behavior of negative and positive electrodes. Residual current densities of 12 and 45 nA cm−2 were observed at 5 V vs. Li/Li+ on aluminum, 1.5 and 16 nA cm−2 at 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+, respectively for LiFSI and LiTFSI based DEEs. Capacities of 220, 130, and 175 mAh· g−1 were observed at low (C/13 or C/10) rates, respectively for petroleum coke, LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 (a.k.a. NMC 111) and LiAl0.05Co0.15Ni0.8O2 (a.k.a. NCA).
ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2016
In case of soluble electrolyte catalysts for Li-O2 batteries as a redox mediator, they were utili... more In case of soluble electrolyte catalysts for Li-O2 batteries as a redox mediator, they were utilized to facilitate the exchange of electron and lithium ion, which can help formation and decomposition of discharge product. Although further researches are needed for finding proper catalysts, there is a promising approach fortunately, using lithium halides as a redox mediator in Li-O2 batteries. Related researches have been progressed vigorously. Previous paper reported in our group demonstrated the reaction mechanism and effect of the lithium iodide (LiI) in Li-O2 battery.1 Lim et al. exhibited the superior performance of Li-O2 battery using LiI additive.2 Recently, Liu et al. developed this concept and exhibited Li-O2 battery having better performance with LiOH as a discharge product by adapting more advanced electrodes.3 However, further research with LiI is necessary for clear comprehension because there is no accurate elucidation on the reaction mechanism which can be activated gr...
ECS Meeting Abstracts
Lithium oxygen (Li-O2) research generates much interest and many expectations among electrochemis... more Lithium oxygen (Li-O2) research generates much interest and many expectations among electrochemists. The high theoretical specific energy, the simplicity of preparation and operation of electrochemical cells, the sizable commercial possibilities, and the ever-increasing number of new publications, has directed many groups to Li-O2 battery research. Over the past decade, significant progress in the study of possible Li-O2 battery systems has also prompted interest from the chemical and automotive industries. Nevertheless, practical Li-O2 batteries are far from realization. Many scientific challenges are related to the oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). In aprotic Li-O2 cells the general assumption is that during discharge, oxygen is reduced on the cathode to form insoluble lithium oxide compounds. Experimental evidence support that the major final product is lithium peroxide (Li2O2). Nevertheless, the electrolyte solution and the carbon cathode instability toward reduced oxygen spec...
ECS Meeting Abstracts
Over the last decade extra efforts were invested in the development of aprotic Li-O2 cells. Early... more Over the last decade extra efforts were invested in the development of aprotic Li-O2 cells. Early research presented optimistic results that showed the great potential of this system. However in recent years more research works observed that it is hard to find suitable cell components that will enable prolong cycling of Li-O2 cells. Many challenges need to be addressed. Two dominant subjects were given special attention: the carbon cathodes and the electrolyte solutions. These factors governed Li-O2 cells’ operation during both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evaluation reaction (OER). Despite many attempts to find solvents that are stable toward active oxygen species formed by oxygen reduction (super-oxide, peroxide moieties) , no solvent was found to be fully stable during ORR & OER. Several sovents were explored and although none of them was found to be stable, they presented difference features that can affect positively the ORR. One parameter is the Guttma...
ACS applied materials & interfaces, Jan 4, 2018
Using UV-vis spectroscopy in conjunction with various electrochemical techniques, we have develop... more Using UV-vis spectroscopy in conjunction with various electrochemical techniques, we have developed a new effective operando methodology for investigating the oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) and their mechanisms in nonaqueous solutions. We can follow the in situ formation and presence of superoxide moieties during ORR as a function of solvent, cations, anions, and additives in the solution. Thus, using operando UV-vis spectroscopy, we found evidence for the formation of superoxide radical anions during oxygen reduction in LiTFSI/diglyme electrolyte solutions. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) was used to indicate the presence of superoxide moieties based on its unique spectral response. Indeed, the spectral response of NBT containing solutions undergoing ORR could provide a direct indication for the level of association of the Li cations with the electrolyte anions.
Chem. Commun., 2017
Diglyme (G2) is the highly preferred solvent choice over other types of glymes for achieving long... more Diglyme (G2) is the highly preferred solvent choice over other types of glymes for achieving longer cycling performance of Li–O2 cells.
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2015
In thiswork we have studied the stability and performance of hard carbon in comparison with petro... more In thiswork we have studied the stability and performance of hard carbon in comparison with petroleum coke (soft carbon) as electrode materials for Li-ion batteries in an ethereal and alkyl carbonate based electrolyte solutions. 1 M bis(triflouromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI) in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme)) and a mixture of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)/mono-fluorinated ethylene carbonates (FEC) 4:1 (%v) with 1 M Lithium hexaflourophosphate (LiPF6) where chosen as representative solutions for this study. The motivation for this work is the potential importance of ethereal solutions for high energy density Li-S and Li-O2 batteries and the possibility of using carbons as an alternative to Li metal anodes in these systems. An acceptable performance of hard carbon electrodes in the ether based solutions was demonstrated. In contrast, soft carbon electrodes which preform very well in alkyl carbonates solutions behave poorly in the ethereal solutions. Their failure mechanism was explored and is explained in this report.
Energy Environ. Sci., 2016
Improved efficiency and cyclability of cells containing LiBr demonstrate that the appropriate cho... more Improved efficiency and cyclability of cells containing LiBr demonstrate that the appropriate choice of electrolyte solution is the key to a successful Li–O2 battery.
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2014
Israel Journal of Chemistry, 2015
ABSTRACT Pairing lithium and oxygen in aprotic solvents can theoretically lead to one of the most... more ABSTRACT Pairing lithium and oxygen in aprotic solvents can theoretically lead to one of the most promising electrochemical cells available. If successful, this system could compete with technologies such as the internal combustion engine and provide an energy density that can accommodate electric vehicle demands. However, there are many problems that have inhibited this technology from becoming realistic. One of the main reasons is capacity fading after only a few cycles, which is caused by the instability of electrolyte solutions in the presence of reduced oxygen species like O2.− and O22−. In recent years, using various analytical tools, researchers have been able to isolate the breakdown products arising from the reactions occurring between the aprotic solvent and the reduced oxygen species. Nevertheless, no solvents have yet been found that are fully stable throughout the reduction and oxidation processes. However, an understanding of these decomposition mechanisms can help us in designing new systems that are more stable toward the aggressive conditions taking place in LiO2 cell operation. This review will include analytical studies on the most widely used solvents in current LiO2 research.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016
In thiswork we have studied the stability and performance of hard carbon in comparison with petro... more In thiswork we have studied the stability and performance of hard carbon in comparison with petroleum coke (soft carbon) as electrode
materials for Li-ion batteries in an ethereal and alkyl carbonate based electrolyte solutions. 1 M bis(triflouromethane) sulfonimide
lithium salt (LiTFSI) in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme)) and a mixture of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)/mono-fluorinated
ethylene carbonates (FEC) 4:1 (%v) with 1 M Lithium hexaflourophosphate (LiPF6) where chosen as representative solutions for
this study. The motivation for this work is the potential importance of ethereal solutions for high energy density Li-S and Li-O2
batteries and the possibility of using carbons as an alternative to Li metal anodes in these systems. An acceptable performance of
hard carbon electrodes in the ether based solutions was demonstrated. In contrast, soft carbon electrodes which preform very well
in alkyl carbonates solutions behave poorly in the ethereal solutions. Their failure mechanism was explored and is explained in this
report.